the history of the unemployment system in america definition: out of work, especially involuntarily;...
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The History of the Unemployment System in
America• Definition: Out of work, especially involuntarily;
jobless. • The word unemployed acquired its modern
definition between 1850 and 1880, term unemployment probably did not appear in print until 1887.
• appeared in the United States only in the nineteenth century
• Civil War to World War II, unemployment rates ranged from 5 to 15 percent
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• labor unions and working-class political parties demanded public works programs, as well as relief, from municipal and state authorities
• major political parties adhered to the view that the government neither could nor should assume responsibility for solving the problem.
• views began to change early in the twentieth century
Continued…
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• New Deal
• Social Security Act of 1935
• Employment Act of 1946
• New Deal + Great Depression = beginning of an era of "managed" rather than uncontrolled unemployment
Continued…
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• Unemployment levels crept upward in the 1970s, and in 1982 the rate exceeded 10 percent for the first time since the 1930s
• 3 percent unemployment was no longer on the horizon
• 1980s, the American track record suggested that the problem of unemployment might, be growing more severe.
• A century after the term first appeared in print, unemployment remained a significant problem for American society.
Continued…
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Qualifications For Receiving Unemployment
• In order to qualify for this benefit program, you must have worked in Ohio during the past 12 to 18 months
• Earned at least a minimum amount of wages as determined by our guidelines.
• You must also be able, available and actively seeking work for each week that you are collecting benefits.
• Earnings averaging 37 times the Ohio minimum hourly wage.
• In certain seasonal occupations, an applicant may qualify for limited benefits with less than twenty credit weeks.
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Rates, Trends, and Facts for Allen County Ohio
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CENSUS 2000 ALLEN COUNTYby SEX Males Females TotalCivilian Labor Force 94,039 81,401 175,440
Employment Rate 95.40% 95.10% 95.30%Unemployment Rate 4.60% 4.90% 4.70%Participation Rate 78.00% 62.90% 70.20%
by RACE Males Females TotalWhiteCivilian Labor Force 80,674 69,044 149,718Unemployment Rate 3.50% 3.80% 3.60%Participation Rate 78.80% 62.70% 70.50%BlackCivilian Labor Force 7,924 8,684 16,608Unemployment Rate 14.00% 11.70% 12.80%Participation Rate 68.60% 65.00% 66.60%American Indian/Alaskan NativeCivilian Labor Force 412 190 602Unemployment Rate 9.00% 0.00% 6.10%Participation Rate 81.40% 44.90% 64.80%Native Hawaiian/Pacific IslanderCivilian Labor Force 66 12 78Unemployment Rate 0.00% 0.00% 0.00%Participation Rate 95.70% 41.40% 79.60%AsianCivilian Labor Force 1,306 1,107 2,413Unemployment Rate 5.70% 8.30% 6.90%Participation Rate 77.60% 62.40% 69.80%OtherCivilian Labor Force 2,362 1,387 3,749Unemployment Rate 8.00% 13.50% 10.00%Participation Rate 82.80% 65.20% 75.30%Two or More Civilian Labor Force 1,295 977 2,272Unemployment Rate 6.90% 3.00% 83.60%Hispanic (not a race)Civilian Labor Force 4,080 2,590 6,670Unemployment Rate 5.80% 11.10% 7.90%Participation Rate 78.90% 65.20% 72.90%
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8%
26%
13%15%
21%
17% White
Black
American Indian
Asian
Other
Hispanic
Unemployment Percentages for Allen County
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Positive Effects of the System on the Individual
• Allows an individual a chance to get back on their feet
• Helps the worker support his family so the children are not effected
• Allows time for the individual to seek out new employment options
• Rise in unemployment helps lead to the lowering of inflation
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Positive Effects of the System on the Company
• Helps lower interest rates• This in turn will help have a positive impact on
the company and the general economy• A tax-paying employer knows the tax rate for the
coming year and can project the annual cost based on their taxable payroll
• During the past two-three years of unusually high unemployment, paying state taxes has provided good security for agencies that experienced funding cuts and decreased donation dollars.
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Continued…
• Since the national average for nonprofits is $2.20 in taxes for every $1 paid in claims, most 501(c)(3)s will save money by becoming reimbursing employers
• Real example: A human service agency in California with a gross annual payroll of $1.6 million has an unemployment tax rate of 4.8 percent. In 2005, their SUI taxes will be more than $45,000 even though their actual claims have not exceeded $12,000 annually. Assuming similar tax rates and claims history, this agency could save more than $300,000 if they decide to reimburse over the next 10 years.
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Negative Effects of the System on the Individual
• Pay-loss (Usually only receive only 80% of pay)• Majority of people on unemployment are just getting by
on normal wages let alone 80%• Can be used as a crutch if used to long or improperly• The unemployed person has a strong incentive to take a
job without declaring it, which an employer might be content to allow because he does not pay contributions and does not run into regulatory constraints.
• People who have “unwelcomed” occupations, such as drug dealers, prostitution, etc. do not receive W2’s or file 1040z. They are receiving an income but still can file for unemployment.
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Continued…
• Many studies show the individual gives up on trying to find work
• This leads to a bad sign for the recovery rate of unemployment
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Negative Effects of the System on the Company
• Forces them to pay employees not working with them anymore.
• Unemployment taxes currently range from .1 percent to 10.96 percent on each employee's taxable wages, which vary from $7,000 to $31,000 per employee.
• Reimbursing employers are responsible for all the unemployment claims paid to their former employees by the state, no matter the amount
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• Reimbursing employers do not get "relief of charges
• If an employee resigned from your organization, went to work for another company, was terminated, and filed for unemployment, your nonprofit could be charged for a portion of that employee's benefits (even though the employee voluntarily left you).
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Possible Alternatives
• Unemployment insurance benefits – where contributions are paid, or credits provided, to earn entitlements to compensatory income, normally by the state, but possibly by a private agency
• Unemployment assistance – means-tested and/or asset-tested assistance.
• Labor market policy – state-provided combination of training and/or jobs coupled with income transfers, for both participants and others. This includes “public works” and emergency employment schemes.
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More Alternatives• Workfare –The unemployed are obliged to take a
training course or a job provided or subsidized by the state, in return for an income transfer.
• Employment or wage transfers – a sum or money or tax credit paid either to the worker on being hired or, more typically, to the firm hiring the unemployed. These include so-called “in-work” benefits intended to “make work pay”.
• Citizenship income grants – an unconditional basic income paid as a citizenship right to all, including the unemployed.
• Other areas include stricter guidelines. This would include trying to ensure the unemployed is actually unemployed, faster time finding a new job, and more advanced rules to how money is being used.
• Some other ideas given would include money to help further education. This would help the unemployed with qualifications and easier job availability