the history of the early members of the church of jesus
TRANSCRIPT
Brigham Young University Brigham Young University
BYU ScholarsArchive BYU ScholarsArchive
Theses and Dissertations
1989
The History of the Early Members of The Church of Jesus Christ The History of the Early Members of The Church of Jesus Christ
of Latter-Day Saints in Preston, Lancashire, England of Latter-Day Saints in Preston, Lancashire, England
Paul Floyd Smart Brigham Young University - Provo
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BYU ScholarsArchive Citation BYU ScholarsArchive Citation Smart, Paul Floyd, "The History of the Early Members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints in Preston, Lancashire, England" (1989). Theses and Dissertations. 5114. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/5114
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THE HISTORY OF THE EARLY MEMBERS OF
THE CHURCH OPOF JESUS CHRIST OF LATTERDAYLATTER SAINTSDAY
IN PRESTON lancashire ENGLAND
A thesis
presented to the
department of history
brigham young university
in partial fulfillment
of the requirements for the degree
master of arts
paul F smart 1989
by
paul floyd smart
december 1989
becdecded
daviddavidh H pratt committeecom chairmanmittaitt
this thesis by paul floyd smart is accepted in its present form
by the department of history of brigham young university as satisfying
the thesis requirement for the degree of master of arts
jvq ct
ronarfd W walker committee member
6ec fas9f9date
ii
d
b46cdavid C montgomeryttaduate rdinatorruinator
60go
90go
TABLE OF CONTENTS
LIST OF TABLES iv
chapter
1I PRESTON BRANCH 183718511837 1851 1
11II BRITISH LDS RECORDS 183718511837 1851
pre1851
a a a a a m a a a a a a m a a a
a 0 a a 0 a a a a a a a a 0 a a a a
a a 0 a a 4 0 a a a a a 0 9 a a a a 122.122s122
PRE 1851
28
39
76
84
88
89
92
93
122
liiIII111illlil socialeconomicsocialaconomicSOCIAL MOBILITYECONOMIC AND background
.2828
.3939
IV RELIGIOUS background .6060
V conclusions .7676
APPENDIX 1 EARLY BRITISH missionarieschurchmissionarievchurchMISSIONARIES LEADERSCHURCH .8484
APPENDIX 2 BRANCH RECORDS SURVEY .8888
APPENDIX 3 WELSH BRANCH RECORD .8989
APPENDIX 4 1852 BRANCH RECORD .9090
APPENDIX 5 PRESTON LEADERS 183718521837 1852 .9292
APPENDIX 6 EARLY PRESTON AREA CONVERTS 1837 c1852 .9393
bibliography
iglg
LIST OF TABLES
table
1 conference populations 184018481840 1848 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 4 0 6 8 6 6 0 6 6 0
41
50
55
68
.1919
2 LDS WORK FORCE occupations .4141
3 WAGE SCALECOST OF LIVING .5050
4 PLACES OF BIRTH OF THE EARLY LDS IN PRESTON .5555
5 RELIGIOUS persuasions OF THE EARLY PRESTON LDS .6868
iv
CHAPTER I11
PRESTON BRANCH 183718511837
mormonism
1851
officially known as the church of jesus christ of
latterdaylatter saintsday hereafter the LDS church was founded in the
upstate new york during the first third of the nineteenth century
joseph smith its founder was troubled over so many religions that
seemed to be vying for support he felt that he was divinely directed
to restore the church as it had existed at the time of jesus christ
the church was officially organized on april 6 1830
with the founding of the restored church also came the charge
to share the word that the church of jesus christ was again on the
earth complete with authority principles doctrines saving
ordinances and every other thing necessary for the salvation of the
human family the word spread rapidly in the eastern united states
and soon intonto eastern canada some came inquiring about the new found
church but others were formally charged by leaders of the church to
spread the word such a calling was extended to heber C kimball
and others in june 1837 however this invitation was to take the
word overseas to england
england was a land steeped in tradition and rich heritage
however during the first half of the nineteenth century she was in a
fam i I1 y rap i d I1 y i n un i ted
i i nquaqu i r i ng f
formal ly
2
state of reform the population of the country had doubled since the
beginning of the century most of the people were on the move to the
large cities where the effect of the industrial revolution was
purportedlypurported ayiy providing work opportunities the elite standing of the
welltodowell aristocracyto wasdo being challenged by the factory owners and
other business entrepreneurs the comfortable easygoingeasy villagegoing
life style enjoyed by most of england during past centuries was now in
a state of incertitude although the franchise had been somewhat
extended in 1832 chartist movements and others were afoot to
establish a truly democratic society 1
such were the conditions of the country and the city of preston
lancashire where the restored gospel was first preached why
preston was chosen over various other cities can be attributed to the
ties that one of the missionaries had with family members much the
same reason that the locations where most of the missionaries firstserved was based on their ancestral homes
preston was close to liverpool where the missionaries firstlanded after their voyage across the atlantic the livelihoodoflivelihood of the
preston people came largely from cotton and linen manufacturing iron
and brass foundries some sea trade and shipping from the ribble
river brewing and soap making although preston was 217 miles
northwest of london it was not far from other industrial population
centers in the north leeds yorkshire fifty miles liverpool
lancashire thirty miles manchester lancashire twentyseven
miles with improved access to travel on the river and the completion
of several railway connections the import of needed resources and
twenty seven
3
export of products were greatly expedited by 1841 the population of
preston just over 50000 had increased over three times since the
turn of the century
although not overly religious the people of preston supported
the church of england baptists society of friends wesleyanswesleyannWesle
primitive
yans
methodists unitarians independents roman catholics and
by the end of 1837 a mormon congregation seven missionaries of the
LDSL churchDS arrived in liverpool on july 19 1837 2 after a voyage
of eighteen days after resting for three days they were on theirway to preston having left liverpool on saturday july 21
one of these missionaries was joseph fielding his brother
james fielding was residing in preston as an itinerant minister
while the other six missionaries found private lodgings in preston
joseph spent a few days with his brother the day after their
arrival the missionaries were invited to attend services with james
fielding in his chapel at vauxhall road that sunday afternoon heber
C kimball delivered the first LDS sermon in england at the
vauxhall chapel followed by orson hyde in the evening john goodson
spoke and joseph fielding bore his testimony james fielding again
offered his chapel for wednesday evening where orson hyde and willard
richards spoke to a group that seemed eager to receive the religious
message they bore allail except the leader of the group james fielding
who began to be antagonistic toward the americans he never offered
his chapel again for their use
boreall
vakwokmok
4
on sunday morning july 30 after having spent a little over a
week in preston the first baptisms took place nine people many if
not all being part of james fieldings congregation the following
day joseph fielding baptized eight more three additional converts
were baptized by heber C kimball on thursday jennetta richards
later to be the wife of one of the future apostles and an early
missionary willard richards was baptized on august 4 the next
monday kimball again baptized one and orson hyde baptized six 3
most of these conversions were accomplished with only half of the
missionary force on tuesday august 1 two of the missionaries were
sent to bedfordshireBedford andshire two others were off to cumberland the
preston missionaries who remained were heber C kimball orson hyde
and joseph fielding
the preston branch or congregation was organized at the home of
sister ann dawson at 21 pole street on august 6 1837 by mid august
joseph fielding listed the branch population as near 40 and meeting
in the open air 4 in early september fielding reported ninety
members with meetings being held in a large and convenient building
known as the cockpit 5 and that nearly all his brother james
congregation had joined the mormonscormonsMor 6mons at a church conference held at
preston on october 8 heber C kimball indicated that there were five
branches of the church in preston consisting of about 150 members
and that the first priesthood ordinations had been administered to
eight individualsindividual 7 at the next conference held at christmas
kimball stated there were 300 in attendance likely including members
from surrounding branches and that they blessed 100 children
afeevvk i n f i rst baptbaat i smssas p I1 acenace in ne peopdeop I1 e i f
4011
S
5
ordained seventeen to the priesthood and performed fourteen
confirmations 8
the year 1838 saw the first excommunications in the preston
branch and the first change in the leadership of the church in
britain in april hyde and kimball returned to america leaving joseph
fielding as the presiding high priest with willard richards and
william clayton to assist him 9
joseph fielding felt the weight of leadership and the
discouragement that oft times accompanies the role his tenure began
with a reassessment of where the church stood he was concerned with
financial matters and the lack of steadfastness in the church he
stated no doubt we shall have a sifting there are many in the
church who will not stand but purity is better than numbers 10 yet
his discouragement in the work seemed shortlivedshort aslived in a few days he
mentioned more baptisms and confirmations and added many have been
expecting to see the work decline when our brethren left us but it is
not so nor will it be 1 meetings continued to be held at the
cockpit during 1838
confusion and other difficulties plagued the church on
september 21 fielding ai bouncednouncedainouncedannounced that the church in preston was in
disarray it appeared that there might even be a division in the
church elder thomas webster was forming a party from some of the
officers of the church plans were formulated to bring fielding and
richards before a council and level a number of charges against them
in an evening meeting webster charged joseph fielding with
partiality concerning his fieldings wife 12 elder fielding
1
I1
wouaou I1 d
6
thought this was an attempt to get at him through his wife another
accusation was leveled at willard richards charging that he had
prophesied that he wouldhould not get married until jesus christ should
come and now his forthcoming marriage to jennetta richards had been
announced to take place on september 24 still another complaint was
that when administering to the sick the use of medicine had been
forbidden another member was accused of prophesying that someone
would recover who had died it was charged that the brethren would
visit the more respectable but pass the poor by
another meeting was convened the next day a private meeting at
which only eight were present nothing ever came of the accusations
but the contention that existed among these eight proved sufficient to
lead them out of mormon ism webster and several others were cut
off interestingly enough kimbalkimball and hyde had written a prophesy
regarding websters falling away in april 1838 13 the written
prophesy seemed to calm what could have been a very serious
situation but the charges were partially revived in october 1838
when elder richards was cited in the death of alice dawson hodgson
the wife of miles hodgson she had been sick for some time and when
the doctors could not help she turned to the church she died
september 2 and charges were filed against richards he was accused
of aiding in her death because he influenced her away from the
doctors care he appeared in court october 3 and was acquitted the
same day 4
As the year came to a close it seemed bleak for joseph fielding
the church is in a state of depression almost throughout he wrote
marr i ed unt i I1 chr i st shou I1 d
daya
mormonism
14
prprophesophesprophesy i ed
7
things look very dark he had hoped to leave the lies about
mormon ism in america but they were so prevalent that the newspapers
in england were now carrying them he still felt a strong opposition
to his missionary work in his words the powers of darkness rage on
every side few will stand the tryals that will come upon them
Q 0.0 the world are persecuting us on every hand and many of the
church watch over us for evil even their faithful friend and one of
the first nine to be baptized sister ann dawson seemed to turn on
them she had lodged them periodically since their arrival in england
and now she was contemplating moving to a smaller house as fielding
imagined to be rid of them they in fact moved in december 15
according to joseph fielding 1839 began with the worst storm
witnessed in england in over a hundred years he seemed to think that
this made some temporarily repentant but conditions soon seemed
similar to the previous year troubles were everywhere fielding was
often in the surrounding countryside while willard richards somewhat
sickly and often needing to care for a less than healthy wife spent
most of his time in preston some of the preston saints found fault
with elder richards and fielding often found himself in a peacemaking
role fieldings problems were compounded by his wifes hesitancy to
have her husband traveling so often
it is not clear who was actually in charge in preston the
preston saints were certainly meeting independent of both richards and
fielding by early 1839 at the end of april neither had attended
preston meetings for the past six sundays 16 moreover fielding
thought the preston members were in a position to do more for the
mormonism
powerpoher 21
8
missionaries than they were doing such as helping with clothing and
expenses he compared the poverty of the saints in manchester with
that in preston by stating that those in preston could get twenty
suits better than they those in manchester could get one 17
sometime in early june 1839 elder fielding learned of
reinforcements coming from america on june 9 he was informed by
heber C kimball that elder orson hyde would return to england 18 he
seemed pleased when the brethren come from america he recorded on
june 19 it will be to release me I1 will then turn humble servant
again 19
in july joseph fielding described the condition of the preston
church
the church in preston is in a peaceable state at present but I1
greatly fear a lukewarm spirit the elders are diligent in goingout to preach and also in the streets in preston ourcongregation here does not increase there are not many thatdesire to learn sound doctrine but few will take up their crossand follow jesus christ and the seed that does take root is notall on good ground 20
this situation seemed to remain somewhat unchanged and yet the preston
presidency had hope fielding credited the branchs tepid spirit to
the pending arrival of apostolic power21 from america and the evil
in the world working harder because of it 22 by late september the
preston church was meeting in the open air again previously the
LDS congregation had left the cockpit and rented a large room or
hall the methodists had interfered with their meeting in the hall
and they were no longer permitted to use it thus the reason for
their being outdoors 232 1
9
the first of the hopedforhoped arrivalsfor landed in december 1839
this party of missionaries from america consisted of hiram clarkdarkoarkalexander wright and samuel muimul liner who arrived with promises of
more help in route wright and muimul liner were soon dispatched to
scotland while elder clark remained in the area two apostles
wilford woodruff and john taylor along with theodore turley arrived
in january the prospects of the added help from these six brought
new life and enthusiasm to president fielding and elder richards who
had now been serving about two and a half years
A special sunday street service was held in honor of the new
arrivals the speakers stood in the doorway of deacon likely arthur
burrows house and spoke to those gathered this situation became a
regular occurrence throughout the year with occasional meetings held
at the cockpit to alleviate the cold damp outdoor meetings during the
winter months
some of the first saints to emigrate to america left in 1840
while it is difficult to determine when the first actually sailed a
small group definitely left in march fielding records we went to
the dock with some saints on their way to america to their friends
there 24 the ship was the susanna gumming bound for new york
there were at least eight of the early mormons on board others
seemed anxious to go to america but the elders counseled them to
stay president fielding felt that they should not all desert just
when more of the church leaders were expected from america
on april 8 1840 brigham young heber C kimball orson pratt
george A smith and reuben hedlockbedlock arrived in preston joseph
mulliner
mulliner
cu
10
fielding had met them three days earlier in liverpool parley P
pratt also came with them but stayed in liverpool to work with john
taylor
four days later a special week of gospelcenteredgospel eventscentered took
place it began with sunday services at the cockpit where the
sacrament was administered contributions to help the work move ahead
were received and several of the apostles spoke all of the other
american missionaries serving in britain at this time arrived through
the early part of the week for a list of all american missionaries
that served in great britain during the churchs first decade see
appendixappend I11.1 on tuesday allail seven of the apostles met in a special
council meeting and ordained willard richards as a member of the
quorum of the twelve and resolved to send for twenty of the quorum of
seventy to assist in england with the work 25
on wednesday a general conference of the church was held in
preston three sessions morning afternoon and evening were
required asked to report on the preston branch joseph fielding
stated that there were about 300 members 7 elders 8 priests 6
teachers and 2 deacons the next closest in number of members was
manchester with about 240 members and then the church at
herefordshireHerefordshire and the potteries with 101 each most others were
considerably less than one hundred in numbers 26 at this same
conference the following decisions were made to 1 have hiram clark
replace willard richards as a counselor to joseph fielding 2 print a
hymn book 3 start a monthly publication 4 ordain a patriarch to
give patriarchal blessings and 5 convene another conference in
july 27
i x a I1 I1 apost I1 es i n spec i a I1
eveningwere
I1astlast sunday meeting held in that facility was on april 26 1840
with fielding and kimball being the last to speak the last meeting
was on wednesday april 29 and befitting the occasion george D watt
the first to be baptized in england came from bury to address the
congregation along with fielding andand0anda kimball
11
on thursday parley P pratt was chosen to be editor of a monthly
publication the melleniamMelle sicniam star 28 he john taylor and
brigham young were to select hymns for the new hymn book the way for
emigration to america was opened it was also determined that a
copyright should be secured for the book of mormon and doctrine and
covenants 29 friday found preston deserted by the brethren it was
a holiday good friday and they had all gone to penworthamworthamPen to spend
the day with the members there before leaving for all parts of the
country on the following day this same day peter mellingmoiling having
been approved the day before was ordained as patriarch
the final day of this special week in preston was sunday parley
P pratt began by speaking at the cockpit the day ended with reuben
hedlockbedlock and parley P pratt speaking in the evening service also at
the evening service the deacons collected funds from those who could
help the work this practice was part of each evening service 30
joseph fielding felt strongly about what had happened in preston he
said I1 think preston is honored by sending out the servants of god
to all parts
2 8
2 9
a3lal31ll11 he then remained in and around preston to
oversee affairs in that area
by the first part of may joseph fielding had subscribed
fortyfiveforty tofive the mi millennialilennialglennialIlenllenlien starnial mostly from the preston area he
had also terminated his dealings with those who oversaw the cockpit
the meet i ng he I1 d i n fac i I1 i ty apr i 1
12
church services the first sunday in mayhaynay wereherewergwere held in the open airat a place called the orchard 32 these outdoor sunday meetings
went on throughout the next couple of months unless the weather was
inclement at least one meeting near the end of the month was held in
the new house at the railroad station joseph fielding recorded the
first special meeting held to give patriarchal blessings as being held
in penworthamworthamPen on monday may 25 at the home of patriarch peter
melling
emigration was on the minds of many fielding noted a sizable
group left for liverpool34Liverpool on may 30 he made particular mention of
thomas moss and his wife from preston
preston had been the headquarters of the church for three years
since the first missionaries had arrived in 1837 its leading
position was presaged when parley P pratt was sent to manchester to
publish the mi millennialiiennialbiennial star the demise of preston was further
evidenced when the general conference of the church in july was held
in manchester at carpenters hall
at this conference the various branches of the church were
organized into districts or as they were more commonly referred to in
the early period conferences presided over by elders the
presidency of the church in the british isles consisting of fielding
clayton and clarkdarkoark was released 35 preston was still the largest
branch of the church in england reporting a membership of 354 followed
by manchester with 280 peter melling the patriarch was appointed
to preside over the conference consisting of preston longton
penworthamworthamPen north meolsmeals and southport branches of the church joseph
3
33
presidedover
34Liverpoo 134131
13
fielding who had for some time looked after the saints in preston was
appointed to labor in bedford where he had resided as a youth 36 at
the general conference held in october 1840 the membership of the
preston conference or district was 665 and that of the manchester
branch was 364 peter mellingmoiling still presided over the conference and
was assisted by elder H withnall
early in 1841 a number of saints sailed for america many of
them from preston 37 those still in preston must have had some
leadership from john ho I1 salsai I1 fielding indicates that it was common
to have ho I1 sal I1 lay hands on the sick in one case on hannah fielding
who was about to have a baby 3 8
apostle orson hyde brought renewed life and enthusiasm to the
preston saints he returned to england in march 1841 and joseph
fielding accompanied him from liverpool to preston his return must
have been particularly heartwarming because many of the saints had
said he would never return though hyde himself claimed otherwise
others had heard that he was having serious difficulties in keeping
the commandments and had left the church at least some of the
meetings he attended were still held out of doors
A meeting of the preston conference of the church was held on
january 3 1841 twelve branches of the conference were represented
with a membership of 728 the preston branch one of the twelve had
445 members another meeting of the same conference was held on march
21 1841 at which time there were ten branches consisting of 628
members at the general conference held at manchester on april 6 the
preston conference reported a membership of 675 at each of these
3 6
holsall
holsall31
3 twe I1 ve conferencearence
212
gatherings peter me I1 ling presided or represented the preston
conference at least one other conference was held at preston in
october of which there are no details 39 by years end william
struthers may have been presiding in preston 40 struthers wrote to
parley P pratt in november and stated that the saints were doing
well he also described the miraculous healing of fanny lee who had
been near to death 41
this year also saw the british saints lose their two
longstandinglong missionariesstanding willard richards sailed in april having
served for just under four years the man who was perhaps the
patriarch of the preston branch elder joseph fielding departed
with his family in october 1841 he had been associated with the
first branch of the church in england for over four years these were
not the only brethren to leave of the nine apostles who were at the
general conference in april only parley P pratt remained after may
1841
very little is known about preston in 1842 there was a general
conference of the church held in may 1842 at manchester preston
conference was represented by william struthers who declared there
were 665 members residing in eleven branches
the following year a general conference was held in june this
time elder william snailsnall hamhaa represented the preston conference which
consisted of 655 members in fifteen congregations in september this
same william snailhamSnail washam chosen president of the clitheroe conference
consisting of several branches just to the north of preston at the
september conference the preston branch was reported to have 417
14
melling
snailham
15
members whereas the total membership of the preston conference was
586 members in eleven branches
another general conference was held in 1844 at manchester
snailsnall hamhaa still represented clitheroe john banks reported the preston
conference as having 594 members in eleven branches at this
conference john banks was ordained a high priest to preside over the
preston conference he indicated considerable emigration had taken
place and although much opposition had been experienced the preston
conference was having success 42
in 1845 the preston conference was represented by an american
missionary elder leonard W hardy there were now ten branches and
505 members hardy said he had not been around preston for very long
but that the prospects for success seemed good 43 hardy presided in
preston during most of 1845 at the preston conference held at the
cockpit in august 1845 hardy represented eleven branches with a
membership of 542 since elder hardy was to shortly leave for home
it was suggested and approved that elder john mellingmoiling be presiding
elder of the preston branch and that elder john ho I1 saisal I1 be presiding
elder over the preston conference for the time being at years end
december 1845 a special general conference was held in manchester
preston statistics were given as 523 members
in the fall of 1846 a general conference was held in
manchester some of the quorum of the twelve had arrived from america
and those associated with the joint stock company a questionable
financial venture for the purpose of building up industries in nauvoo
and assisting the emigration scheme were dealt with in addition
snailham
4
holsall
eae4
16
elder henry B jacobs was appointed to preside over both the preston
and clitheroe conferences he was to be assisted by another
missionary elder oliver B huntington 44 at a council meeting held
in preston in december john ho I1 sal I1 was released as president of the
preston branch and john foley replaced him 45 another officer in
the branch and possibly the conference was john swindlehurst who was
the local agent for the millennial starjohn swindlehurst was a faithful agent for the mi millennialilennialglennialIlenllenlien starnial
he made payments nearly every month to the liverpool office each
issue cost 2vsd2ya and swindlehurst and his successors generally made
monthly payments of about 4 since the mi ilennialmillennialglennialIlenllen starnial was issued
twice a month nearly two hundred of each issue were being distributed
in the preston area if taken at face value and considering the
conference population rather than just the branch there were 37
percent of the members subscribing to this publication however in
examining those who were in the church most were not alone many had
a spouse children or other family members that resided in their
homes that were also members therefore an adjusted percentage of
about 70 percent would more likely represent families that were
subscribing to the star 4641 with so large a number receiving the
magazine there was more unity among the members a willingness to
conform to the wishes of the presiding authorities and the volume of
subscribers suggests that many of the members were literate and well
informed about the dealings of the church however the success of
placing the mi millennialilennialglennialllenIlenlien starnial in the homes of the saints may have been
short ii ved
i n 1 n sa I1 re I1 eased pres i dent
lived
aya
17
A big push to get the millennial star into more of the saintssaints1
hands occurred in 1850 john parkinson had been the star agent for
over two years and was charged with the task church leaders feltthat there were too many growing up in ignorance of the history of
the church and that subscribing to the star would help to alleviate
this A recent printing of this publication was near 5000 issues but
the new goal was to get 20000 issues out if the new quota could be
reached the retail price would be one penny per issue to help usher
in this new emphasis the conferences had been organized with not only
a general agent for the conference but with subagentssub foragents the
branches within the conferences 47
all the conferences had been asked to quadruple their mi millennialilennialglennialIlenllen
star
nial
subscriptions preston however was not overly supportive of
the new request nor other assignments that were requested by may 1
there was no response regarding the new goal 48 the conference was
also apathetic to the call for a statistical report for the first half
of 1850 as well figures for june 1 1850 were the same as those for
december 1849 as was the conference president G D watt 49
however it would appear that even preston was finally successful in
its increased subscriptions since it was reported in the fall of 1850
that the number of issues being printed was 23000 50
during the first half of 1847 jacobs and huntington continued to
preside in preston and clitheroe they evidently resided or at least
had their mailing address at preston 51 at the preston conference
heldheid at the cockpitcockpcocka in march 526 members were in the eight branches
of the conference it appears that jacobs presided over the
dur i ng f i rst ha I1 f hunt i ngtonagton cont i nuedaued
he I1 d i t i n i n e i ghtaht
butheouthe
18
conference and elder john foley over the preston branch foley was
the one who represented the branch which consisted of 370 members
the following sunday a conference was convened of the clitheroe
conference wherein jacobs again presided but this conference
consisting of nine branches could not reach a membership of even that
of the preston branch 52 in july 1847 both oliver B huntington and
henry B jacobs left to return to america evidently jacobs was quite
ill 53 elder george D watt was appointed in their stead to preside
over the preston conference 54
membership in the preston branch dipped to 365371365 in371 184718481847
probably
1848
due to emigration watt still presided over the conference
which consisted of eight branches at the general conference of the
church held in august 1848 george D watt reported an all time low
for the membership of the conference the preston conference had
increased from 300 in 1840 to a high of 675 in 1841 and then had
steadily decreased to just above 500 by 1848 for a comparison chart
and more exact figures see table 1
early in 1849 watt started for scotland to proselyte in the
western part of the country 55 he probably still presided over the
preston conference because an implied conference was held at preston
april 22 and watt was listed as the president the conference
consisted of 525 members residing in eight branches john foley wassecretary of the conference 56 later in the year watt had made plansto return to america the preston conference was not able to help himand his family financially to emigrate and he was given leave of theconference so he could not only preach but use one of histalents that of cutting likenesses with the scissors to helpobtain the means with which to emigrate 57 his income must not havebeen overly lucrative he was still there at years end and thereforereported the conference statistics late in december 58
branches
talentsthat5
wiganwianwien
leeisaida
iiull11tillwiull
iieskinifeskingieskin
northwindnorthwinhnorthwieh
sherieldsheoieldshetheld
longtonlondon
altringliamaltrinyhammacclestieldmacelestield and ceoverpeoverPemiddlevichMiddlemiddie
oveeoveroyerivich
heretordshireherefordshire 0.0
vhitmoreolvhitmoreodd embersmembers11
voiVOL 1I
Penworthpenworthun
boltonboiton
alstonaiston
isleisie of manuan
25138513
3844356
ivol 1
p1650et61840
665
36263636
volvoi I1ip301
325335
1531
238
5071298
570171iti
707tot5262
324160igo
206532
31140
1
2712796
86
7797
vol5ip 166
1
18451815
505
vol tivol71vot
302303
1721
1069logg
12772752
324186
493303357282882247
410470
156268
tynetyno ilc&tso corlilecorlsleoldhamwaleswiles
volvoi
969gig jit iiaii8 fitjit 912913 1516
00ee
GlagiasTolynorvNorsvich
brancbranebesand
birminuirmin hanx o0
irelre land ilusboroughhuaboroughIlUsHUahusliusborough
1voievoi
iiaii4 jiI1
lzilazil 15 38 iiii1iii 4184 418 7 202 1
iiaii2
at2t 1
TABLE 1
conference populations 18401848164q18481840
ABSTRACTLBSTIUCT
1848
OT GZNZP confebence9confzuznczs AS BECORDEDUZCORDED M THICTHB STABSTAR
COXMILDCOXPXLXD BY T 0 buowsr30w1
GENERAL
conferences
preston 00to00 to
souchporfci ac&c&a
ratcliffewhittleribchesterRibchester
blackburnkeighley andaad thornleywaddintonwaddington
potteries stonbrdshirestaffordshke
liverpool
glasgownorwich
c
west bromwichbirmingham
bristol and bath sthath con
nottingham
pointon lincolnshire
p 2015
1810
30073512054173
6010182524is1529so50278420
52404030
830
612
101loi160igo40283040
21
1671
vol I167
july 61840
35477541942Is18
6111162227173058359125
5280eso8541
438200012
16853436783640
106log
1
1
1
1
6116
295
364140768271
2481007loot
39100loo403652
193
39361321456
it116
18918
318
443161120130
5741550
26190igo46
003203368
112416224
110iioilo3590
1376686
170ito
5814
vol3ip 28my 151842
665
564
30971
400
54540
7514
voivolyolyoi 4p 33june 4
1843
655653
300
1481
250
377960
558
242302303721731
50955
266154
240544.544
93116ilg
55
128leb14
7975
volvoi 4194.194
apri11avri1844
6
594
299
1583
219319
370172173
596
184330833
204
498
678
66833
328150
316181596207270
31017
140112
1 274
8614
7
PIdeedec 141845
523623
314
1844
906206gog
329933
797
237418
1181
10190igo104101
10951110894
vol 7p185mv3l1846
519
324
1847
223323
656
750
258443
1234
84245
341198199
687337368308233
472
158234
188
volop 252aul3aula1848
529629589
357
2102
342591521
813
30310511438212
1306
102958224
2747649518571386
1050200167364
163522
33
17902
N manchester andend other conferences absorbed manymeny of thiathethis smaller branches andend herefordaciroahiro includes gloucester meshilmorshillmmshilmarMormav garwaybarway4shill froomeshillfroomethillFroome ac&c&ashillthill sometimes a conference vyas notrepresented at allailali and others only partially so tilothetho above is as it appears in the STARS though notexactly a correct representation of the members about ten thousand appear to havehayeheye emigrated
source millennial star 10253
19
T
I
dauberdaubersdauben lane & ecclestonecclestorhunters hill
1
s
burnley
0
clitheroechatburn o0
grindletonmanchesterstockportdukinfield o0
bury and eitoneltonelboneibon
A iston
bramptonbedfordedinburgh
11
pendleburyeccles
london o0
N westekwestlk onou
bradford and yorkcheltenham
worcestershire
leicestershirederbyshirewolverton o0
little moormooe
warwickshiresouthampton
total
00.0ap I1 iisio
jvoiIVOL
A pri 6ip194 p11p185
51y 31
vo IUp252au 13
q
ii iq
274
102
6
000.0 0.0
201
4
009
1325 4 1751 7975 1 1 1
branebesand
1-00
un
Altri nyham
nwcstl
Grind leton
Herefordshire
le e
NVwhitefieldhitefield
ShetheidHeld
Warwick shire
ivol jvonjvo1p i65 p201 ap1p
Mnchesteychesterchestar
omeo
downham
ireland
544
194voi
hany
apri 61
ilg iai3
loo
vola vola
1840118401184011840.1 1811isitis
675
it
6.6 1
11.
20
george D watt may not have had his heart in administering the
preston conference As was mentioned earlier he had planned to
return home in the fall of 1849 his not returning home may be part
of the reason for the less than diligent effort mentioned earlier
regarding the delinquent reports from preston by september 1850 he
had been requested by the first presidency to return home he was
apparently not much closer to having the means to get there the
leaders of the british mission issued a formal statement in his
behalf let the saints in the bradford and preston conferences send
him and his family to the mountains and they shall in no wise lose
their reward 59
in october 1850 the first general conference of the church in
britain in over two years was held in manchester watt was still at
preston but was formally released to emigrate to america he was
replaced by another american elder joseph W johnson other changes
also occurred at this conference but perhaps the one having the most
impact on the preston area was the combining of the clitheroe
conference with that of preston 60
in 1850 preston continued to fare about as it had in the past
at years end it reported 450 members in six branches foley was
still secretary and watt had been recently replaced by joseph W
johnson although clitheroe conference had just been united to
preston conference it was still listed separately and as having 348
members in ten branches 61 by the end of 1850 it was also felt that
debts for the millennial star and other publications should be
published with the emphasis on subscriptions it is not surprising
21
that some debt would exist preston was listed at over 20 in
arrears while clitheroe was just over 21 62
george D watt wrote a farewell poem to the saints and his native
england on january 25 1851 63 johnson formally took over now
within the first six months of his administration the preston
conference now consisting also of clitheroe conference reported
sixteen branches and 787 members john foley was secretary of both
areas as well 64 one of the growing problems that faced johnson was
the continued growth of the debt of the conference it rose from 36
at the end of the first quarter of the year to nearly 84 by the end
of the year by the end of the year there were only thirteen branches
in the conference and 708 members 65
while very little is known about the operations of the preston
branch during the 1840s it is known that henry walters was in the
branch presidency in the late 1840s or early 1850s and that john
thorn ley was one of the more faithful of the members since he
replaced walters the only known account of the branch other than
what has been previously mentioned is that recorded in joseph W
youngs journal young was appointed to preside over the conference
in february 1852 after the departure of joseph johnson one of his
first duties was that of removing walters and appointing thorn ley he
also found fault with the debt of the conference book agent he
replaced john parkinson who had filled this position since 1847 with
elder john holsall 66
during the first decade of mormon ism in britain preston a
growing industrial town became the center of mormon ism at least for
e20
e84
thornley
thornley
mormonism
mormonism
921
936
22
the first half of the decade from the first nine baptisms to a
membership of nearly 400 preston remained a stronghold for
mormon ismisa while smaller branches were disappearing because of
emigration and apostasy preston survived as a unit of the church of
jesus christ of latterdaylatter saintsday despite all the apathy quarreling
lack of unity and those factors affecting the smaller branches
mormonism
I1 i n
ENDNOTES TO CHAPTER I11
1 ronald W waikerwalker cradling mormon ismisa the rise of the gospegospel inearly victorian england BYU studies 27 winter 1977 ppap 25625
2
6
diary of joseph fielding historical department of the church ofjesus christ of latterdaylatter saintsday salt lake city utah hereafterreferred to as HDC typescript p 6
3 journal of heber C kimball HDC p 12 fielding p 6
4 fielding p 9
5 the cockpit was built near the turn of the century thisamphitheatrical building was used for cock fights for over threedecades then it became the home of the various social politicaland religious movements until it was no longer fit for habitationthomas walmsley reminiscences of the preston cockpit and the oldteetota11ersteetotallersTeetotal prestonlers lancashire guardian printing works 1892
6 fielding p 10 states this number as an about figurerepresenting preston and vicinity as of september 11 heber C
kimballs journal september 12 1837 gives members baptized inpreston as fifty five he also states that fifty more were baptizedin the next week and a half there is likely no real conflict intheir two figures7 kimball entry dated october 8 1838 it should be noted thatjoseph fieldings journal p 12 gives seven as being ordained iegeorge D watt thomas walmsley thomas richardson peter me I1 lingjohn ho I1 sal I1 and thomas webster as teachers arthur burrow as adeacon in orson ferguson whitney life of heber C kimball saltlake city utah deseret press 1945 p 171 a letter from kimball towillard richards dated october 12 1837 states there were 160 membersin preston with churches in walwai kerfoldfoldoidfoid barshebarche lees ribchesterRibpenworthamPen
chesterandwortham thorn ley it is probable that four of these churches
plus preston made up the five branches mentioned as having beenorgan i zed
8 kimball ppap 40240 fieldings2 journal states eleven ordinationsto the office of priest ie henry clegg peter mellingmoiling thomaswebster thomas walmsley john ha I1 salsai I1 thomas richardson georgewatts william clayton william greenhalghGreen josephhaigh gill and davidwilden likely wilding seven teachers ie robert smart jameswhitehead miles hodgson john parker amos fielding john garner andjames lea and sixteen confirmations
23
rona I1 d wa I1 ker crad I1 i ng i sm R i se
mellingholsall
walkerfoldthornley
organized
halsall
Walker
isls
loly1013
9 manuscript history of the preston branch of the church of jesuschrist of latterdaylatter saintsday HDC september 2 1838
to10 fielding p 20
1 1 ibid12 joseph fielding had married hannah greenwood one of the earlypreston converts on june 11 1838 in his journal he stated thecourtship began in november of 1837 and that he had the approval ofboth heber C kimball and orson hyde
1 3 fielding ppap 27827
I1
8
4 fielding p 28 journal of willard richards HDCHOC september 2september 5 and october 3 1838
1 5 both joseph fielding and willard richards journals confirm themove from 21 pole street with the dawsons to 8 kirkham street northwhere they resided with the walmsleysWalm itsleys is interesting to notethat differences must have been somewhat resolved because afterseveral moves the 1841 census of preston shows joseph fielding hiswife and two children and ann dawson with three of her children atkirkham street north london england public record office 1841census preston lancashire HO 10722 see also fielding p 3036 101loi 109
16 fielding p 36
17 ibid p 38
18 ibid p 36
ibid p 38
ibid p 39
1 9
2 0
21 apostolic power was a term that referred to a reverence and asupreme religious power that was possessed only by the highest leadersof the church ie the apostles22 ibid p 43
23 ibid24 ibid p 63 this sailing took place march 18 1840 conway B
sonne saints on the seas salt lake city utah university of utahpress 1983 makes no mention of this voyage at aliallail the earliestsailing mentioned in this work is that of the britannia which leftfrom liverpool on june 6 1840 there is a new york port passengermanifest dated may 18 1840 recording the arrival of the susannahcummings sic
24
13
14
19
20
2 1
ment i on th i s a I1 I1 ear I1 i est
1.515
I1 conferencearence
az1z 8
25 fielding ppap 70170 scott1 G kenney ed wilford woodruffsjournal 9 vols midvale utah signature books 1983 143526 kenney wilford woodruffs journal 143627 millennial star 120 kenney wilford woodruffs journal14358143528 kenney wilford woodruffs journal 143891438 this publicationwas actually titled the latterdaylatter saintsday millennial star the firstissued was dated may 1840 its purpose was to keep the members ofthe hurchchurch informed the prospectus of this publication is containedin volume 156152
6
9
3 0
3 1
ibid 143891438fielding ppap 70170
ibid
1
p 72
32 fielding often mentions meeting in the orchard his journaljuly 19 1840 recorded preached in a room which the church hastaken this was his last sunday in preston before leaving forbedfordshireBedford
3
shire3 fielding p 75
34 liverpool was the largest major port near preston it was aboutthirty miles away although preston is on the river ribble thisriver was not navigable especially for any ship large enough to crossthe atlantic ocean
35 ibid p 81
36 millennial star 16671166 minutes71 of the generageneral conference ofthe church held in carpenters hall manchester july 6 1840
37 fielding ppap 101loi 103 entry dated feb 8 indicates about 70left preston for liverpool to go to america all were poor havingabout e4004004.009400 each with them which was as low as the elders couldencourage them to go with
38 fielding p 103 whether john holsall did this as one whohealed others or as the leader of the preston branch is not knownhowever when george D watt arrived at his home fielding saw noreason to call for holsall39 millennial star 2105 one small paragraph mentions theconference and states that the saints were doing well and that somenew branches had been gathered but not many added to the oldsocieties
25
2 5
C
29
30
31
33
M i I1 I1 enn i a I1 1 667166 M i nutes
3 71019
8
9
9
400
12401124048 ibid
40 peter mellingmoiling was certainly no longer available to preside hesailed for america november 8 1841 and had charge of the LDSembersmembers on board the chaos
41 millennial star 21256212542 kenney wilford woodruffs journal 2530 entry dated march 231845 records john banks appointment to preside over the edinburghconference elder leonard W hardy took his place at prestonaccording to the millennial star 610843 mi millennialilennialglennialIlenllenlien starnial 516685166 hardy had arrived in england injanuary 1845 and departed for america in october of the same year
44 millennial star 8118121811845
121
diary of OB huntington HDC ppap 102 104 huntingtonindicates that holsall had feelings against jacobs
46 even this figure is likely high since the agents for thenillennialhillennialmillennialNillenHillen starnial were also responsible for selling other publications47 ibid
12141
49 ibid 12207so50 ibidI1 12324b
51
i
ibid
d
98052 ibid 9156 the entire clitheroe conference reported aembershipmembershipembereaber ofship 334
53 ibid 9215 the health of elder jacobs is considerablyimpaired
925655 millennial star 119451194 records a letter written by G D wattfrom port william wigtownshire scotland to orson pratt datedfebruary 24 1849
56 ibid 11287 extracts from conference minutes
57 ibid 11105 article is dated april 1 1849
58 ibid q 1215 statistics were reported as of december 23 1849the secretary column for the report was left blank number of membershad decreased by twentyfivetwenty tofive 500
26
2 324
11
54 ibid
1 b i d stat i st i cs
6
8
1
5
12321512321 3447344
61
7
ibid
59 ibid 1226760 ibid
131562 ibid 131663 ibid 139664 ibid 1320765 ibid 141566 journal of joseph watson young HDCHOC
I1
27
3
5
I1 s f i rst congregationcongregatcongregatecon begangregat ini 1837on in preston
lancashire it was not long until there were more branches heber C
kimball stated that there were five branches in the preston area by
the time the first conference was held in the fall of 1837 2 of the
28
CHAPTER 2
BRITISH LDS RECORDS 183718511837
in
1851
order to identify the people that were members or converts to
the LDS church the records need examining A preliminary overview
indicates that there are very few records for the early period under
study records for this early period are also not what they purport
to be many are incomplete and only reflect a partial picture of what
actually took place
branch records are those records created by leaders of the LDS
church giving vital details of those who joined the church in a
specified area these records are similar to those kept by protestant
and catholic churches often referred to as their parish registers
there are also conference records which are generally duplicates
of the branch records except the conference books contain records of
several branches in a specified area the value of such records ought
to be apparent however a closer look at record keeping practices of
the early LDS in britain will reveal the real value of such records
the LDS churchchurchs firstL D S i n i n
29
branches known to exist by the end of 1837 the only one of these
units for which there are extant records is preston proper and even
in this case there are no records that start as early as 1837 it is
interesting to note that of the first nine converts to join the LDS
church in preston no record remains of any of their baptisms in the
preston branch records
branches were created where converts resided this is evidenced
by branch names such as daubers lane hunters hill etc moreover
names seemed to change with little reason as evidenced by churchtown
and north mealsmeols which were apparently the same branch churchtown is
a village and part of the parish of north meolsmeals As these branches
came and went records were lost none currently survive for the
above mentioned branches
there are two early record books for preston that could be
considered branch records one of them is called the preston
conference record and the other is the preston branch record both
records were arranged by elder joseph W young in november 1852 3
the initial recording of members appears to be a retrospective look at
those who were still around in 1852 rather than a complete record
beginning in 1837 and continuing down to 1852 the branch record has
265 entries mostly in alphabetical order the conference record has
365 entries the first 263 entries being the same as the first 263 in
the conference record the conference record has some remarks such as
cut off which are not in the branch record
some interesting observations can be drawn by examining these
preston records on october 8 1837 there were about 150 membersmembers4 of
ex i st on I1 y
iscalled
4
30
the LDS church in preston and there were nearly 300 attending a
meeting held in preston at christmas 5 when comparing these figures
and others for later years it is obvious that the records are
incomplete 6
worse in many cases the records are nonexistent A list of
lancashire places that had pre1852pre branches1852 was prepared this listwhen compared with the name of branches mentioned in the millennialmillennmillann i a I1
star reveals only fortyeightforty brancheight records out of nearly eighty
units for an additional twentyfivetwenty branchesfive there are no records
that begin prior to 1850
the first issue of the millennial star published in may 1840
quoted from the doctrine and covenants sections two and three two
of the emphasized verses were
26 it shall be the duty of the several churches composing thechurch of christ to send one or more of their teachers to attendthe several conferences held by the elders of the church with alist of the names of the several members uniting themselves withthe church since the last conference or send by the hand of somepriest so that a regular list of all the names of the whole churchmay be kept in a book by one of the elders whoever the otherelders shall appoint from time to time and also if any have beenexpelled from the church so that their names may be blotted out ofthe general church record of names
27 all members removing from the church where they reside ifgoing to a church where they are not known may take a lettercertifying that they are regular members and in good standingwhich certificate may be signed by any elder or priest if themember receiving the letter is personally acquainted with the elderor priest or it may be signed by the teachers or deacons of thechurch 7
this is the first mention of record keeping in the british mission
but again the records seem to have been sadly neglected
31
the absence of early branch records may be a reflection on those
who presided in the early days of the LDSL churchDS in great britainheber C kimball willard richards and joseph fielding all kept
journals of their english missions no journals are known to have
existed for the remainder of the first seven missionaries isaac
russell john goodson john snider or orson hyde regarding the
first nine baptisms heber C kimballs journal gives their names as
george D watt miller thomas walmsley ann elizabeth
walmsley miles hodgen george wate henry billsbury mary ann brown
ann dawsonedawson willard richards diary fails to mention these firstnine converts joseph fieldings diary says that george watts was the
first of nine to be baptized no mention of the other eight is given
another kind of record a record of good will or standing on the
part of the convert was in use as early as march 1838 8 this was
perhaps an early forerunner of the letter referred to in the doctrine
and covenants verses mentioned above
in october 1840 the saints were encouraged to keep journals 9
an injunction repeated nine years later they were admonished to
record every important incident connected with the work of god in
order that a general history of the church might benefit the
generations of our children after us 10
records of patriarchal blessings were kept as early as 1840
peter mellingmoiling was the first ordained patriarch in england he gave
his first blessing on august 3 1840 from that time until he
emigrated in november 1841 he gave over 600 blessings most being
given to those in or around preston these blessings besides giving
missionariesisaac
1110
32
some spiritual direction to those who received them called for the
name of the individual receiving the blessing the birth date and
place sometimes the name of the parents or spouse and the date and
place of the blessing since the branch records are so deficient
these records serve as an invaluable source for identifying early
converts those who received patriarch blessings were already
baptized and yet no record of their baptisms is found in the branch
records
in late december 1843 a temple contribution from the ladies of
the LDS church was sanctioned it was further sanctioned in
england during 1844 the leaders of the church continued to encourage
the sisters to give to the fund and ordered a record kept giving the
name of the donor and the amount of contribution 1 1 there are
apparently no records of the contribution nor those who contributed
another source for identifying the early LDS was the tithing
records this was simply a list of names and amounts of the
contribution which were to be recorded in the temple book and later
in the book of the law of the lord which was apparently kept in
nauvoo 2
about this same time a request came for the british churches to
furnish a list of the names ages offices & c of each individual
member in order that the true condition of the churches may be
known this list was to be sent to nauvoo to facilitate such a
record forms were sent to each branch of the LDS church with an
issue of the millennial star dated august 184413 no such records
are known to exist
L DS
1844
I1 y conferencearence I1 Is
33
neither the list of members or the tithing record must have been
long in use in july 1847 another effort was instigated an edict
went out stating that a book was to be purchased to record the names
of those who tithed and to keep the minutes of the kidderminster
worcestershire area 4
in that same year the birmingham conference was to keep a record
of all the members in the conference expressing their name in fullfulage 9 where baptized by whom baptized their office whether received
by letter into the branch and that each president hand over the
record to the clerk at birmingham each quarterlyquarter conference 1115 the
london branch followed suitsult in 1848 here they were to keep separate
records in the branches a general record for the conference and
apparently a separate record of births and blessings the various
books for recording these events were actually provided to the
leaders 16 even in ireland the move was underway 17
the first mention of formal record keeping by the welsh was
recorded in the mi millennialilennialglennialIlenllen starnial in 1850 there was a printed form or
record issued to each of the branches A copy of a page from a book
showing the details given along with the english translation is found
as appendix 3 also at this time certificates of membership were
printed to be used by the individual as proof of LDS membership
no copies of these are known to be in existence but they were to
include
a all the particulars of baptism and confirmation the firstpart to be filled and signed by the baptizer and presented by themember before being confirmed and the other part to be filled bythe clerk of the branch and signed by the president after whichit is returned to the member 18
14
1
c I1 erk B i rm i nghamengham
f0 I1 I1 owed su i t i n
I1longeronger willhlllw
the
i
presidents
I1
and
I1
secretaries of conferences continue to evince such
a spirit of carelessness and inattention to the instructions which are
so specially laid before them20them
there
20
were other attempts at recording information about these
early mormonscormonsMor inmons 1850 every conference was to make a list of every
ingenious mechanmechanic or artizanartiman
I1 i st
34
the general letter of S W richards president of the church of
jesus christ of latterdaylatter saintsday in the british isles provided
continued emphasis to support the drive for record keeping in 1852
he stated that the leaders of conferences and branches were in
eminently responsible positions and cautioned them in their duties
amongst other items he encouraged them in their record keeping
it is the duty of every president of a conference to see that thereis not only a conference record faithfully kept but to see thateach branch has a record of every important event connected withthat branch whether of deaths births marriages additions orremovals of members or whatever circumstance can effect theinterests of the branch giving all proper information with eachitem which when reported and embodied in the conference recordwill constitute a concise history of the conference 19
if the above edict did not help in overcoming the apparent apathy
in record keeping the chastisement given shortly thereafter would
again president richardschardschadds printed the following how much
this list was to alsoaiso include the
names and ages of the family of these artisans 21
finally there are the records of the members of each branch
those that are extant are readily available on microfilm over thirty
early lancashire branch records were surveyed and compared to the
guide book of laureen jaussi and gloria chaston geneaiog i caical soc i ety
aga i n pres i dent R i pr i ntedanted f0 I1 I1 ow i ng
i ngen i ous i c art iizanzan th i s 11 st a I1 so i nc I1 ude
genealogical societsochet
I1 i stsats
I1 i st
35
callcailcali numbers 2 vols provo utah genealogy tree 1982 that listsmicrofilm numbers and periods of coverage for the various branch
records each record was examined to determine the actual time period
covered and to determine the extent to which the records were
complete especially prior to 1852 most of the record books for the
branches in the manchester area had an introductory statement attached
inside the front cover which stated this order of record was
introduced into the manchester conference of the church of jesus
christ of latterdaylatter saintsday june 1852 by jonathan midgley under
the pastoral charge of C H wheelock and when S W richards was the
president of the british isles A sample page from a book showing
the details asked of each convert is found as appendix 4 of this
thesis although liverpool and clitheroe conferences did not
apparently have separate forms for their respective branches preston
also had a separate record book which carried the introduction this
record of the preston conference was arranged by elder joseph W young
in november 1852 john foley secretary for a list of allail preston
leaders see appendix 5
having surveyed all pre1852pre branch1852 records for lancashire it
was found that only four of the records actually begin before 1852
thus there are really no records for the 1830s and 1840s when the
earliest converts joined the LDS church instead those extant
records are for converts who were still in england at the time of the
creation of the record although many of these records contain names
of people baptized during the 1830s and 1840s the records do not
reflect the true population of mormon ismisa at this early period
ca I1 I1 vo I1 s genea I1 ogyagy
i n fo I1 ey a I1 I1
rea I1 I1 y for
mormonism
36
there is evidence to show that records were kept of these early
members oliver B huntington a missionary during 1846471846 referred47
to his superior when stating in preston he henry jacobs had seen to
the book or record of the church and found it in a very bad state
he got a newer one of another refined style and a close and strictaccount ordered to be kept of both living and dead for it was of
much consequence 22
not to be overlooked in this category of records are the
historical records for the various church units after identifying
the various units of interest extant records were listed in appendix
2
still with allaltail that has been said records for the early LDS
church members for the first couple of decades in the british isles
do exist it is true that they leave something to be desired
especially when it comes to representing the total membership of the
LDS in britain nevertheless something of importance can be
gleaned from those records that do survive
I1
waikerWalker foldoldfoid barshebarche lees ribchesterRib penworthamworthamPenchester andthorn ley it is likely that four of the previously mentioned fiveplus preston made up the five branches mentioned as having beenorgan i zed
3 original records of the preston conference and branch on film atthe family history library in salt lake city FHL microfilm
ENDNOTES TO CHAPTER 2
T the term conference is similar to the term circuit used byvarious denominations to refer to units within a certain geographicarea the LDS terminology is now stake or district see alsorichardchard 0 cowan church growth in england 184119141841 111914 ini truthn hlllprevail the rise of the church of jesus christ of latterdaylatter saintsdayin the british isles 183719871837 ed1987 V ben bloxham et al solihullwest midlands the church of jesus christ of latterdaylatter saintsday 1987p 204
2 journal of heber C kimball historical department of the churchof jesus christ of latterdaylatter saintsday salt lake city utah hereafterreferred to as HDC entry dated 8 oct 1838 in whitneyswhitneytWhit lifeneys ofheber C kimball p 171 a letter from kimball to willard richardsdated october 12 1837 states there are 160 members in preston withchurches in waiwal kerf
087028 A catalog identifier for the conference record is lib no604 and that for the branch record is lib no 1667 thesenumbers are found preceding each section of the record on themicrofilm4 kimball journal p 27 in joseph fieldings diary p 12 hestates there are about 140 members in preston
5 kimball journal p 40240
6
2
the preston branch record records a totatotal of thirtyfourthirty baptismsfourfor the year 1837 this figure was the most recorded for any one yearthrough 1851
7 millennial star 113 these verses are now doctrine andcovenants 2081420818
4
diary of joseph fielding HDC typewritten p 18 march 131838 certificate of ann parker dated april 2 1838 HDC MSD 6804
37
R i i n eng I1 and w i I1 I1
HDQ
walkerfoldthornley
organized
th i rtyarty four baptbaat i sms
cert i f i cate apr i 1
Soli hull
5285283 47 specific instructions regarding the filling outof these forms was included on page 47 at the same time anotification of a charge for the forms was included
1425891425820 ibid1430421 ibid 12268 actually a request was placed in the millennmillennialmillann i a I1
star a year earlier requesting those with such skills to emigrateimmediately this request stated that the first presidency wanted toestablish an iron foundry in the united states and needed help seethe mi ilennialmillennialglennialIlenllenlien starnial 11248911248 dated august 15 1849 there was anobvious lack of support on this earlier request
22 journal of oliver B huntington HDC typewritten p120thursday march 11 1847
9 millennial star 1159601159 60 it has been enjoined on theelderseiders and officers in the church of christ in these last days tokeep a record of their proceedings or write a history of theirtravels and laboursbourslabourela so that all the passing events of moment may begathered in from time to time
10 ibid 111521 1 ibid 51512 ibid 6431 3 ibid
one penny perpage
14 ibidleids 9264is15 ibid 917516 ibid 101491 7 ibid 1018018 ibid 12271
19 ibid
38
E I1 ders of f i cers i n chr ist i n
13
lbids
17
ibid 14304
9
9
CHAPTER 3
socialeconomicSOCIAL MOBILITYECONOMIC AND background
attempts have been made to describe those who first joined the
LDSlodslads church in the british isles some of these have been discussed
in previous chapters but what about those who first joined the
church in preston what was their family life like aside from
religious persuasions and rites would their lives be similar to that
of nonmormonsnon inmormons preston
obviously in order to look into the lives of the early LDS we
must first know who they are A base list of members of the church
was compiled from the preston LDS branch records patriarchal
blessing records the family history departments family group
records diaries journals and reminiscences at the historical
departments archives and entries from various magazines such as the
millennial star
with a base list of the LDS to work with additional details
about the converts lives such details as names approximate ages
occupations indication of birthplaces and household groupings were
included on the census were discovered by consulting the 1841
english census this was not a small task because of the population
of preston lancashire just over 50000 in 1841 and nearly 69000 by
1851 it was difficult to match information from the base list with
39
40
details that were given in the census nevertheless over 400 entriesof those known to have had ties with the preston branch were examined
with 30 percent 123 families of these original LDS members
identified in the census A helpful tool in the search was the
special index to the 1841 census of preston compiled by stafstaff and
volunteers of the family history library
the majority of those identified in the census were involved in
the cotton textile industry this should come as no surprise nearly
30 percent of the lancashire work force was involved with cloth work
there were spinners who spun the cotton into thread weavers who
wove it into cloth carderscalderscar whoders combed the cotton in preparation for
the spinning reelerselersfeelersre who wound the yarn warharperspers who wound the spun
cotton onto a large frame piecerspieperspie whocers pieced together the ends of
the thread as they broke in the spinning and mechanics who kept the
equipment working in the LDS group being investigated there were
also three who were overlookersover orlookers foremen for the complete list of
occupations see table 22.
in order to understand the economic situation of these early
members the lifestyleslifetife ofstyles the cotton operatives needs examining
first lets consider the children
most children worked with the family whether in the industrial
mills or at home some worked as laborers in agricultural pursuits
others worked as trainees learning the professions of their parents
in each of these pursuits there was a familial relationship extant in
their work however the movement to employ family members in the
cotton mills was the beginning of an era that witnessed the upheaval
spec i a I1 i comp i I1 ed f
I1
I1I1I1
waw1
TABLE 2
DS WORK FORCE occupations
cotton industrycotton weavercotton spinnercotton windercotton reelerreefercotton cardercotton pieceroverlookerspindle makercotton dresserpower loom weaverbobbin putter incotton factorycotton sizercotton tendercotton warper
agr i cultural laborerblacksmithindependentjoinershoe maker cloggerdoggershop keeperwasherwoman laundressundresslabook keepercabinet makercarpentercharwomandent i stengine tenderfemale servantflax spinnergardnergr i nderadermachine makermechanicpolpoi ice sergeantprovision dealerrope makerschool mastersea captainspademanstay makerstone mason journeymantailortwiner mechanicwarehouseman
totalotal 711 1214 1519 20MF M F MPP MF
3512654333 31221 311
1
1
I1111
lit111103
33
2
2
I11
2
1
dentist
2
1
2
source
I11
statistical
1
I11
analysis
1
1
of
I111
list
1 1
of
1 1
those
1
1
who
1
1
first
I11
1
joined
I11grinder
30
the
1
1
LDS
I11
1
church
1police
1
compared
1
30
with
I111
families
1
1
that
1
1
were
1
1
identified
62
1
in
94
1
the
15
1
1841
15
13101300
preston
1
411
census
1
211201
anderson
1
111
p
1
111101iiiililoi
23
581413580413
111101liiloi
figures
2012
104111
in
28
101111iiiililoi1
parenthesis
28
represent
1814218042
approximate
20
weekly
3
wages
2
in
20
shillings
1
18
20 1
1022 2
222
41
LDS
7M
age11 12
F
groupings14 15
M
19M F
T1
iagricultural 1
1
1
L D S w i th fam i I1 i es i dent i f i ed i n
teacherteachery 2
children were subject to all kinds of environmental influences in
the mills thompson observes that the spinning mills where only
children worked and power loom sheds where wives or adolescents
worked were the least desirable jobs women and children considered
this work only when there was no other recourse according to
42
of the more closely related family work ties the cotton mills
brought a revolution in the familyrelatedfamily jobsrelated by introducing a
system of independent tasks some more suited to one member of the
family and some more suited to another thus came about the beginning
of the break up of familyrelatedfamily occupationsrelated
accounts of the condition of children in the factories vary from
them being treated well to the opposite extreme that death actually
was precipitated one minister is declared
if there was one place in england that needed legislativeinterference it was this place for they work 15 and 16 hours aday frequently and sometimes all night oh it is a murderoussystem and the millownersmill areowners the pest and disgrace of societylaws human and divine are insufficient to restrain them they takeno notice of hobhouses bill and they say let government makewhat laws they think fit they can drive a coach and six throughthem in that valley 1
E P thompsons the making of the english working class further
relates an incident of death as told by this same unidentified
ministermm
he
isterlster
related the story of a boy whom he had recently interred who hadbeen found standing asleep with his arms full of wool and had beenbeaten awake this day he had worked seventeen hours he wascarried home by his father was unable to eat his supper awoke at4 am the next morning and asked his brothers if they could seethe lights of the mill as he was afraid of being late and thendied his younger brother aged nine had died previously thefather was sober and industrious a sunday school teacher2
taskssome
extremethat
4 1
I1 aces
I1
sexuasegua I1
jjrjj3
43
thompson these places were resisted until poverty broke down all
defenses these places were heldheid to be immoral places of sexual
license foul language cruelty violent accidents and alien
manners 3
however there were still more difficulties to deal with
children were often supervised in their work by insensitive young
adults 4 moreover the children often found circumstances strained
at home especially if their mothers were also factory workers and
when money was a real issue at home as was often the case they were
frequently placed in factories where pay was better but where the
treatment they received was more than offset by any increased income 5
to make matters worse it seemed that once in the system people
were often destined to stay one young boy recounted his employment
history as
being placed when seven years of age upon a stoolstooatoo to spreadcotton upon a breaker preparatory to spinning an elder brotherturning the wheel to put the machine in motion next came thewinding of bobbins and when ten or eleven spinning or if thelegs were long enough to reach the treadlestreadlesa a turn in the loom 6
the older adolescents were not much better off an account is
given of a young woman who worked in a cotton mill in 1841 her day
started at 430 am when a night watchman knocked on the window of
her home waking her mother the mother then
rouses the unwilling girl to another day of toil at length youhear her on the floor the clock is striking five then for thefirst time the girl becomes conscious of the necessity for hasteand having slipped on her clothes and if she thinks there istime washed herself she takes a drink of cold coffee which hasbeen left standing in the fireplace a mouthful of bread if shecan eat it and having packed up her breakfast in herhandkerchief hastens to the factory the bell rings as she leaves
defensesanses p I1 aces he I1 d i amora I1 I1
homeas casethey
be i ng p I1 aced
orif
g i ven i n m i I1 I1 i n
orlf
the threshold of her home five minutes more and she is in thefactory stripped likely the removal of an outer garment andready for work the clock strikes ha halfpastifpastif fivepast the enginestarts and her days work commences
at halfpasthalf sevenpast the engine slacks its pace seldomstopping for a short time till the hands have cleaned themachinery and swallowed a little food it then goes on again andcontinues at full speed till twelve oclock when it stops fordinner previously to leaving the factory and in her dinner hourshe has her machine to clean the distance of the factory is aboutfive minutes walk from her home I1 noticed every day that shecame in at halfpasthalf twelvepast or within a minute or two and onceshe was over the half hour the first thing she did was to washherself then get her dinner which she was seldom able to eatand pack up her drinking for the afternoon this done it was timeto be on her way to work again where she remains without oneminutess relaxation till seven oclock she then comes home andthrows herself into a chair exhausted this is repeated six daysin the week save that on saturdays she may get back a littleearlier say an hour or two this young woman looks verypale and delicate and has every appearance of an approachingdecline I1 was asked to guess her age I1 said perhaps fifteen
her mother told me she was going nineteen she is afair specimen of a great proportion of factory girls
in shortwe may suppose a graduated introduction to work with some relationto the childs capacities and age interspersed with runningmessages blackberryingblackberry ing fuelgatheringfuel orgathering play above all thework was within the family economy and under parental care it istrue that parental attitudes to children were exceptionally severein the 18th century but no case has been made out for a generalsadism or lack of love 8
the harsh conditions of employment of the young ones at last
brought legislation to protect them and to generate more employment
44
a
7
thompson may have best summed up the employment of youth in the
industrial towns such as preston he stated
in all homes girls were occupied about the baking brewingcleaning and chores in agriculture children oftenillclothedill111lil would work in all weathers in the fields or about thefarm but when compared with the factory system there areimportant qualifications there was some variety of employmentand monotony is peculiarly cruel to the child in normal
circumstances work would be intermittent it would follow a cycleof tasks and even regular jobs like winding bobbins would not berequired all day unless in special circumstances
childrenoftenclothed
half
blackberrying
45
for the adults the factory act of 1833 limited the number of hours
that children aged nine to twelve could work each day to nine with a
maximum of fortyeightforty aeight week children under nine had been
prohibited from working since 1819 9 presumably by limiting the
number of hours that the children could work the lives of the youth
would be preserved and family structures improved the byproductby toproduct
these laws was a need for more people to work in the factories thus
creating more employment
the women of preston were not much better off than the youth
under the old system the working mother was involved in domestic or
agricultural employment which would leave at least some time for
caring for the home and family according to this view if there was
a need to stop to change a diaper or nurse an infant there was no
problem she could do so
the factory revolutionized these conditions now the women
employed in the mills worked from early morning until late evening
pregnant mothers often worked until very near the time of their giving
birth after children were born many mothers returned to the
factories before their health actually allowed for fear of losing
their jobs upon returning to work women took their newbornsnew withborns
them so they could nurse them during their meal breaks consequently
the needs of the family and home went largely unmet 10 these
conditions prompted another employment act passed in 1844 which
dictated that women could work no more than twelve hours a day in the
factories
homewent O0
46
JFC harrison professor of history and author of many works on
social reform labor and victorian studies may have recapped the
situation of the women best he found there were at least four
adverse effects experienced by working class womanhomanhonan 1 separation from
the family for long periods of time members often being together only
for eating sleeping and the occasional times that the factories were
closed 2 reduced efficiency as a wife and mother who often was
forced to neglect housework sewing cooking child care and other
related activities 3 no time for the single women to develop needed
domestic skills and considerable influence toward immoral behaviors
such as sexual promiscuity and 4 the declining authority of the
father who sometimes relinquished his accustomed role as family
head 1 1
the adult males struggled in more ways than just domestically
many had a difficult task in adjusting to factory life they had been
used to their home hand loom weaving to change to the power looms or
otherwise become part of the factory system was an adjustment that
anymanyeany didnt relish 12 further men were often displaced women and
children could be hired cheaper the women running the power looms and
the children doing the remedial tasks 13
how did all of this affect the general economy during the
1830s the factory owners took their place as the most powerful
figures in preston their status along with the absence of any real
competition from other occupational profiles for the role of preston
elite brought class tension and workerw grievancesrkeraker there were
spinners strikes in 1810 1821 and one of the worst in lancashire
woman1
adu I1 t ma I1 es st rugg I1 ed i n j ust domestcomest i ca I1 I1 y
handloom
cheaperthe
47
history in 183671836 this7 last one persisted nearly three months
halted every mill in preston and put 7840 people out of work 14 in
1842 there were more riots and plug drawing because of the demand
for better wages 15 according to paul T phi I1 lips a social
historian preston had two distinct honors in industrial england 1
a clear lead in the number of man hours of work lost compared with
other cotton towns and 2 notoriety for strikes 16
those who first joined the LDS church in preston were a part
of these social conditions an analysis of the early LDS converts
indicates that they were abiding the labor and shop laws there were
only three children in LDS families on the 1841 census between
seven and eleven recorded as working ie a dress maker cotton
weaver and cotton mill piecer typical occupations for children the
youngest of these three was ten years of age if it was common for
fathers working in the cloth industry to put their younger children to
work it would seem that in a sampling of 123 LDS families there
would be more children involved especially if the poverty stricken
were to survive
actually the employment of children was not all that common in
preston in a non LDS survey based on the 1851 census of preston
just over 9 percent of preston boys aged seven through eleven were
employed 17 in the survey of the LDS families there were
seventyfourseventy childrenfour in this age bracket with 7 percent of these
LDS children working slightly fewer boys than girls worked of
thirtytwothirty boystwo only two were employed thus both LDS and
non LDS percentages wereworehorehere similar apparently LDS families put
phillips
48
their children to work at roughly the same level as the general
population neither figure being unusually high for england in the
1830s
the preceding conclusions may be biased due to the hesitancy of
those providing census information some may not have wished to admit
to illegal use of children in employment another bias factor would
be the incomplete list of LDS church members in the preston area
had every person who joined the LDS church been identified
conclusions may have been skewed in another direction
the home life of these chi Idren as well as the general
populationpopulationwaswas wanting because of the absence of the mother the
early LDS of preston had working mothers and therefore likely
suffered some deprivation of the 123 LDS families identified for
this study some thirtyonethirty familiesone 25 percent had working
mothers twentyonetwenty ofone these families had children at home the
other ten were either older families or appear to be childless
couples such as newly weds of the twentyonetwenty familiesone with domestic
children twenty or 95 percent had mothers involved in the weaving
industry predictably the lifestyle of these families was
considerably different from those families with nonworkingnon mothersworking
many children in these working mother homes lacked care and
upbringing even if the mother might occasionally be present 18 the
25 percent of LDS families with working mothers in 1841 compares
similarly withhith the preston of 1851 where about 23 percent of the
families with children had working wives 19
populationneither
twentyor
L D S fam i I1 i es w i th work i ng i n
s i m i I1 ar I1 y w i th
children LDS
49
one additional factor seems significant michael anderson
author of family structure in nineteenth century lancashire found
that only 15 percent of the working married women of preston who were
weavers had children at home in the LDS sample there were far
more weaving mothers with children at home some 91 percent
in comparing the LDS group with the larger population of
preston there must be some concern over the comparative population
groups andersons conclusions were based on the 1851 census while
the LDS statistics derive from the 1841 census another difference
is that anderson sampled all of preston almost 70000 people the
LDS statistics relate to less than 1000 people and only those
found in the LDS sources discussed in chapter two that could also
be found in the 1841 census further details of the LDS were
obtained by tracing select LDS families in commercial directories
and occasionally the 1851 census while there may be concern for
the variance in the sources and number of people being compared
enough similarity exists to consider comparisons justified
when work was available even for those involved in the cotton
industry were the people able to do more than just economically
survive how well did the early LDS do and what about those who
were possibly a step higher on the social scale than the lowly cotton
operatoderat i ves
As previously mentioned a large percentage of the lancashire
work force was made up of those involved in cotton manufacturing
somesowsoaesom LDS families like other prestoniansPreston hadians total family
involvement ie all members of the family worked at providing a
living for the family others just had one or two members working
conc I1 us i ons A i I1 e
L D S stat i st i cs der i ve f romroa d i f ferencearence
operatives
so50
some 72 percent of all the LDS families had ties with the
cotton industry but only 46 percent of the family heads were
involved this is higher than the figure of 30 percent of family
heads for the rest of the county this indicates that those who firstjoined the LDS church in preston were heavily involved in cotton
manufacturing much more than the norm for the county
anderson points out that those who were employed in the textile
factories were often not as disadvantaged as others wage scales for
a typical family group are listed in table 3 these figures show that
when employed LDS families could make as much as twenty shillings
a week in turn the cost of living food rent heat light
clothing etc for a typical family was a similar amount 20
in placing the early LDS in this economic setting it was
noted that sixtysixsixty familiessix or 54 percent of those identified had
tabletable3 3
WAGE SCALECOST OF LIVING
childrenChi 3sasIdren to 6sas
young men & women 5sas to 13sunder 18
women 9sas to 16s
men 15s to 20s
source anderson p 23anderson states that those men who were mule spinners warperscarperswar
dresserspers
sizers overlookersover andlookers engineers would often earnsubstantially over 20 s per week 11 he alsoaiso reiterates that those
men employed as factory labourerslabour anders powerloompower weaversloom whichwould be about half of all those employed in the cotton industrywould seldom make over 15s per week
a I1 so re i teratesaerates11substant11substant i a I1 I1 y
51
one or more additional workers beside the family head once again
this data was derived from the 1841 census this figure is even more
meaningful when compared with those who likely had no others working
in the family unit because there was no need such as the overseers
shopkeepers 9 provision dealers joiners etc those in the LDS
group who were not making ends meet were the minority when there was
work available the LDS were certainly making ends meet and in
some cases may have had a little extra
obviously some LDS families were worse off in this group
were the families with common laborers at the head there were
seventeen such families 14 percent in addition there were four
families 3 percent that had no occupation listed for the head of the
family if these figures are representative of those who first joined
the LDS church one fifth or more of the members were below the
poverty level this would seem to be supported by the study conducted
by malcolm thorp of the early herefordshireHereford cormonsmormonsMorshire 21mons it is also
supported in a study of the LDS people in the leeds yorkshire
area where more than 14 percent were poverty stricken 22 however
things may have been slightly better for the LDS in london where
as few as 10 percent could be described as impoverished 23 the early
american leaders of the LDS church visiting preston thought the
people of this area were not very well off 2414
A few preston LDS families were in a higher bracket than the
regular working class but they made up only a small minority of those
who were in the church 7 percent these included shopkeepers a
th 1 s der i ved f rom th i s f i gure i s
jn
church7
52
school master a dentist and a police sergeant table 2 shows the
breakdown for the LDS work force
arthur burrows came from this upper group he was listed as a
shopkeeper on both the 1841 and 1851 preston lancashire census in
an 1851 commercial directory he is listed as a gentleman 25 he
was perhaps the highest ranking member of the church on the social
scale however he may not have been actively involved in the LDS
church since there is very little mention of him in any of the mormon
records for instance there is no record of his baptism though he
and his wife received patriarchal blessings in 1840 nothing more is
mentioned of burrows except he was ordained a deacon and witnessed the
prediction of thomas websters apostasy from the church burrows
himself may have been one of those who later fell away
the story of websters apostasy is interesting before leaving
england to return to america orson hyde and heber C kimball wrote a
letter dated april 13 1838 declaring webster would not remain in
the church the letter was sealed before the two left england and
then taken by willard richards and joseph fielding to preston there
it was shown to william clayton and arthur burrows both clayton and
burrows signed the envelope and dated their signature five months
later webster an apparently influential weaver tried to form his own
church he was evidently quite popular among church members and there
was some concern that he might take a large following with him at
the meeting held to remove webster from the church the letter was
produced and clayton and burrows acknowledged that it had not been
breakdownfor
2 5
53
tampered with since they had signed the envelope this seemed to
thwart any mass apostasy from the church 26
alexander neibaur another member of the branch was a german
immigrant of jewish descent he left england for america before the
1841 census was taken however he too would have been included in
the upper middle class as he was a dentist 27
john foley not only played an important part in the community as
a school master at a day and evening school located in preston but as
a leader of the church he served in various church capacities from
1845 until about 1850 such as branch president and conference
secretary see appendix 5 preston leaders 183718521837
the
1852
mormons were represented in law enforcement as well george
D watt and his step father joseph brown were both policemen in
fact according to the 1841 census brown was a police sargeant 28
this same 1841 census also listed LDS cabinet makers provision
dealers and a sea captain these too would be included in the middle
class
the mormons appear to have more working class followers than some
other nonconformist sects A survey of an independent congregation in
preston revealed that 12 percent of the working fathers were
shopkeepers 47 percent were tradesmen and 6 percent were weavers
another survey was made of a primitive methodist group in preston it
consisted of looking at all the baptisms for a given period and noting
the fathers occupations among the methodists there were two
shopkeepers thirtyfivethirty tradesmenfive twentyfourtwenty weaversfour and eighteen
spinners 29 while this latter survey is closer to that of the LDS
i nc I1 udededed i n
11
nou I1 d
initsdinits
54
in preston it still reflects an overall higher social level than that
noted in the preston LDS congregation in contrast it had three
shopkeepers fourteen tradesmen twentythreetwenty weaversthree fifteen
spinners and twenty laborers
the geographical mobility of the early lancashire mormons is
another social and economic indicator preston like other english
towns was growing rapidly its population had doubled between 1831
and 1851 with a large influx of immigrants coming into the city
there were the usual problems occasioned by high population density
within a confined area the main part of the town of preston wrote
anderson was only about one and a half miles from east to west and
one mile from north to south any reasonably fit adult could thus
walk to anywhere in the town in under half an hour 30 within
this compact area there were housing shortages sewage problems
unpaved streets etc all leading to less than desirable living
conditions but there was often work such as it was in the
factories and thus the migration to the city
andersons study of preston determined that 70 percent of those
in preston in the 1851 census were from outside the town in fact in
almost all large towns those born in that town were the minority
rather than the majority 31 this compares favorably with those who
joined the LDS church in its early preston beginnings there were
77 percent of the members of the church who were born outside of
preston but only 26 percent born outside of lancashire several
church members came from other counties the neighboring counties of
yorkshire westmorland and cumberland had larger representations than
D
3
55
others some had come from as far away as hampshire berkshire and
gloucestershireGloucester Ashire few were from southeastern england those who had
come from outside england were from germany scotland and ireland
table 4 gives a complete breakdown as to where these people originated
preston was certainly a cosmopolitan city those who came were
likely looking for ties to something or someone the majority were
without close family ties having left their places of origin probably
TABLE 4
PLACES OF BIRTH OF THE EARLY LDS IN PRESTON
countycountryCountylancashire
Country
preston lancashwancash i reyorkshyoresh i rewestmorelandcumberland
whitehavenWhite cumbhavenpenrith cumb
kentfamily
isle of mandurhamL i nco1nsh i renorfolkberkshirechesh i regloucestershireGloucesterhampshhambsh
shirei re
middlesexworcestershireworcestershWorces itersh re
scotlandirelandgermany
unidentified
born350108
231612
637
43221
1
1
1
1
1
321
42
comments
31
5025
6 are in same
source statistical analysis of list of those who first joined theLDS church
lancashireyorkshire
lincolnshire
cheshire
hampshire
L D S
56
for work while working conditions and living conditions were not
ideal they were better than those from where these people
originated when there was work the people of preston fared as well
or better than other places in england often several members of
families could find work and help alleviate or offset the loss of
wages by the head of the family
thus those people joining the LDS church were much like any
other prestonianestonianPr about the only significant difference is that they
were more heavily involved in the cotton industry than others residing
in the same community most of them were just making ends meet but
there were also among them the more affluent as well as the very poor
1
ENDNOTES TO CHAPTER 3
1 EP thompson the making of the english working class newyork pantheon books 1964 p 347
ibid3 ibid 307
4 neil J smelser social change in the industrial revolution anapplication of theory to the british cotton industry chicago theun i vers i ty of ch i cago press 1959 p 201
5 ibid 192
6 thompson p 333
7 JFC harrison the common people of great britain A historyhistorbistorfrom the norman conquest to the present bloomington indianaindiana university press 1985 ppap 2201220 quoting1 from william doddthe factory system illustrated london 1842 reprdepr 1968 ppap108110108
8
110
thompson ppap 3334333
9
4
john richardson the local historians encyclopedia 2dad ed newbarnet hertfordshireHertford historicalshire publications 1986 p 232michael anderson family structure in nineteenth century lancashirecambridge cambridge university press 1971 p 75 see also
malcolm R thorp the setting for the restoration in britainpolitical social and economic conditions in truth will prevail therise of the church of jesus christ of latterdaylatter saintsday in the britishisles 183719871837 ed1987 V ben bloxham et al solihull west midlandsthe church of jesus christ of latterdaylatter saintsday 1987 ppap 51251
10
2
thompson p 328 anderson 71
1 1 see harrison ppap 299304299
12
304
william farrer & J brownbill eds the victoria history of thecounty of lancaster london archibald constable 1908 2388
1 3 smelser p 200
57
makin
z
university chicago
13
Soli hull
14 paul T phi I1 lips the sectarian spirit sectarianism societyand politics in victorian cotton towns toronto canada universityof toronto press 1982 p 69 anthony hewitson history of prestonin the county of lancaster preston the chronicle office 1883 p175
1 5 hewitson p 176 the plug drawing was an attempt to close downthe boilers by removing the plugs at the bottom of the boilers so asto shut down the operations16 phi I1 lips p 69
1 7 anderson ppap 74674
18
6
see anderson p 74 for further discussion on this point19 ibid p 71
20 ibid ppap 23 201 anderson quotes B S rowntree and givesseveral other references for cost of living figures on page 201another source comparing wages with living expenses is pamela hornthe rural world 178018501780 social1850 change in the english countrysidelondon hutchinson 1980 ppap 26670266
21
70
malcolm R thorp the religious background of mormon converts inbritain 1837 52 11 journal of mormon history 4 1977 516651 see66also phi I1 lip A M taylor expectations westward edinburgh &
london oliver & boyd 1965
22 susan L fales the nonconformists of leeds in the earlyvictorian era A study in social composition MA thesis brighamyoung university 1984 ppap 303430
23
34
lynne watkins jorgensen the first london mormonscormonsMor 184018451840mons 1845MA thesis brigham young university 1988 ppap 51 5
24 thorp ppap 52452 this4 section gives several quotes from earlyleaders of the LDS church as they witnessed the poverty situationin england during the churchs first decade in that country
25 oakeys commercial directory of preston preston henry oakey1851 see also the history topography and directory of the
borough of preston and seven miles round with the town and parish ofchorley beverley yorkshire WB johnson 1851
26 millennial star 2 8
27 parish registers st johns preston lancashire family historylibrary
58
1 phillips
IS
phillips17
i n eng I1 i sh count rys i de
2 1
phillip
2 3
2 5
18511 topogra
beverley
I1 i v i nan9 i n
boltonboiton
2 8 an idea of the wages of those employed in the constabulary can beobtained by consulting anthony hewitson history of preston in thecounty of lancaster preston the chronicle office 1883 p 335although these figures are for 1882 the police force was certainlynot at poverty level
29 phi I1 lips ppap 48948
30
9
anderson p 33
3 1 ibid p 34 anderson also indicates this is true for otherlarge cotton towns such as stockport manchester and bo I1 tonhowever in the case of these last three places the figure of thoseadults born outside the town is 50 percent rather than the 70 percentin preston see also fales ppap 1123112 she3 points out that whileleeds had previously experienced a very high migrationinmigrationin in the pastthat this had changed by 1851 only 25 percent of those living inleeds stated that they were born outside leeds
59
zaz8
off ice
phillips
31
th i s on I1 y
CHAPTER 4
RELIGIOUS background OF THE EARLY LDS
the church of jesus christ of latterdaylatter saintsday LDS faced
many obstacles in its early existence in preston lancashire was not
a particularly religious county based on statistics from the 1851
religious census lancashire rated as one of the poorest counties
for church attendance 27 percent in all of britain only the
counties of cumberland 25 percent and london 21 percent were
worse while some people would attend occasionally many of the
working class were reported as not even having a traditional
faith 2 on the other end of the attendance scale was bedfordshireBedford
with
shire
57 percent average attendance for the country at large was 35
percent 3
W S F pickerings study of the religious census discussed the
implications of religious attendance he concluded that the position
of the established church the church of england was strongest in
places where church attendance was highest too the nonconformists
used throughout this study to express all religious affiliations
other than church of england experienced their highest attendance
where the church of england was the strongest however the
nonconformists generallygenera achievedllyflyily overall better attendance at their
meetings than the church of england picker ing deduced that these
60
pickering
idasi4as
61
nonconformists as a rule were more committed to attending their
meetings than were the members of the church of england in contrast
to these figures of protestant attendance the catholics attended in
high proportions lancashire one of the lowest counties in church
attendance ranked first in the country in catholic attendance
perhaps this is to be expected since most of the roman catholic
population of england resided in lancashire 4
paul phi nipships in his study of preston lancashire determined
that the towns elites influenced nonconformity at least in an
indirect way he found that few of the upper social and economic
strata joined the religious dissent and consequently church
attendance was low without the elite he theorized that pure
religious motivation was not enough to attract others to
nonconformity at least in any great quantities in his words there
was no extra religious incentives for drawing people 515 he
indicated that this lack meant that there never was a great
nonconformist movement in preston 6 figures comparing nonconformity
in preston between 1829 and 1851 show a growth in new sects but this
growth can be credited to an inward migration of others rather than
large increases of the resident population in nonconformity 7
not only was religious attendance at a low ebb but the whole
meaning of religion for many people was in question it was reported
by several observers that when the lancashire people went to church
they gained little spiritual solace because their ministers were so
often out of touch with everyday life their preaching was totally
phillips
62
irrelevant or beyond their comprehension 8 small wonder that
established religion whether the state church or such traditional
nonconformists as presbyterian methodist independent had littleinfluence in the lives of the majority of the working class 9
some must have questioned their involvement with religion because
of the conflict of differing ideologies one author wrote that a
stiff quarrel is about the surest and quickest thing we are acquainted
with for multiplying places of worship for dissenters at any
rate 10 the prevailing doctrinal and personality conflicts
contributed greatly to an environment of religious instabilityinstabilitinstability with
such sects as the methodists reaping consequent results many working
class people affiliated with the wesleyanswesleyannWesle 11yans
it was in this religious atmosphere that mormonmorron ismisa grew malcolm
thorp determined that the greatest success in converting people to the
LDS faith came in industrial cities where christianity was in
retreat and conformity was weakest he also suggested that the
largest number of mormon emigrants came from cities that were lowest
in religious attendance in 1851 A further finding was that mormon
converts were seekers who went from one religion to another looking
for what they considered the right religion 12 thorp concludes that
mostimostimort of the converts came from major religious denominations such as
the church of england various methodists groups baptists
congregationalists and presbyteriansPresbyte rians he also pointed out that the
LDS had some success in what he called the splinter groups 13
118
110
mormonism
2
instabilit ithY waw1
63
in preston these latter groups were an important source of LDSconverts many of the first preston LDS converts came from the
reverend james fieldings church and from a splinter group that was
called the aitkenitesAitken afterites their founder robert aitken 14 the
aitkenite religion consisted of methodist teachings mixed with
sacramental beliefs of the anglican church As was mentioned
earlier the reverend fielding was the brother of joseph fielding one
of the first LDS missionaries to arrive in britain james had
methodist leanings but on matters of institutional religion was an
entity unto himself various authors refer to his church as the
fieldingitesFielding ites in the first few months of the LDS churchs
existence in england joseph fielding stated that there were ninety
people in the LDS church having principally come from his
brothers congregation 5
A look at the religious life of george darlingDarlin wattgt the first to
join the LDS church in the british isles is somewhat typical of
many of the early converts he was christened at manchester cathedral
church of england lancashire england on june 21 1812 he lost
his father at an early age and when his mother remarried he found
things difficult at home at fourteen he was put out as an apprentice
to learn the cobbler trade this opened the way for his firstexperience with religion outside the church of england while
apprenticed he became acquainted with the primitive methodists but
he found himself uncomfortable with the primitivists feeling that he
just didnt fit in either socially or religiously while still a
young man he switched once more and began attending the wesleyan
method i st sunday school
1 4
1
methodist
64
sometime after finishing his apprenticeship he migrated to
preston possibly to join his mother and stepfatherstep whofather had moved
there in the late 1820s george married mary gregson in 1835 at the
age of twenty three although he was married in the church of
england he probably did this more for a legal necessity rather than
loyalty to or support for his professed religion 16
from the preceding information watt appears to be a common
working class person however he must have had leadership skills and
abilities joseph fielding described him as being one of my
brothers james fielding leading men 17
it would be helpful to have similar personal histories or
journals of all who first joined the LDS church in the preston
area unfortunately watts full record is unusual normally we have
only brief glimpses of previous affiliation we know for instance
something of the thirtytwothirty yeartwo old david wilding when converted
and baptized in 1837 wilding who had been christened and married in
the church of england was a member of the united brethren 18
it is very difficult to determine the previous church affiliationof most LDS converts many were christened and married in the
church of england but as we have seen in the case of watt these
practices are inaccurate religious indicators many regarded such
practices as customary performance devoid of true religious
allegiance if a christening had already been performed in the church
of england it would not be repeated in the new church therefore if
they did join another church before accepting mormon ism they often
left no trace of their activity moreover membership lists for many
mormonism
65
churches are unavailable and consequently they cannot be traced for
instance there is no extant listing of the fielding or aitken
congregations and with so few personal histories available of early
mormon converts little can be done to determine allegiances
however in preparing this study a concerted effort was made to
determine at least nominal religious origins by finding the
christening records of the early preston converts As previously
mentioned there are weaknesses in using these sources but they are all
that can be used it is also apparent that while some did not believe
in a second christening others did obviously once a family had
made the break with one church later children in the family may have
only had one christening and that in their new religion
the principal source used in this study to locate christenings
and marriages was found in the family history library in salt lake
city utah the library recently unveiled a new computerized version
of its international genealogical index19 hereafter referred to as
the IGI this index consists of input from members of the LDS
church who submitted names of their family relatives from a
systematic extraction program where volunteers would completely
extract all names from parish registers and from special extraction
projects such as early LDS church records the index has
limitations because of the limited number of anglican church records
from the lancashire area the index was less useful for that county
however the parish of preston was included having been microfilmed a
number of years ago and therefore available in salt lake for
extraction
index
66
the inclusion of nonconformist records in the IGI must also be
clarified in the mid 1850s an effort was made by the britishgovernment to gather nonconformist registers particularly those with
a starting date previous to 1837 most of these surviving registers
were sent to london and placed in the public record office 20 nearly
all nonconformist registers from the public record office collection
are on microfilm in the family history library in salt lake citymost all of these have been extracted and are included in the IGI
therefore the IGI is an excellent tool for identifying nonconformists
however it should be obvious that not all records were
preserved let alone sent to the public record office an example of
a register in existence but not included as part of the public record
office collection is the congregation register of john richards
minister of a local independent church richards was the father of
jennetta richards who joined the LDS church and later married
elder willard richards her christening is recorded in this
register 21
A serious limitation of the IGI was its original arrangement
first generated on microfiche and alphabetically arranged by surname
within a county the record then gave name and subsequently year of
the recorded ordinance either birth or christening date and marriage
date when undertaking research in heavily populated areas or in
regions with common surnames in the IGI in its first configuration it
was often difficult to identify names being sought and even more
difficult to group them into families
2 0
I1etterletter NIN fromf therom base list this survey identified
seventyfourseventy familiesfour or 60 percent of those who first joined the
LDS church in preston between 1837 and 1852 many people on the
base list could not be identified because of the paucity of detail
some converts on the base list had no place of birth others had no
date of birth and therefore the attempt to identify them on the IGI
was impossible there being no possible entries or too many entries to
make the match therefore these people would not be identified in
this search
table 5 gives denominational details on families that were
found fiftyeightfifty mayeight have been strictly church of england having
no record of dissenting church activity thus it is probable that 80
percent of the surveyed families were anglican however this figure
must be qualified because every family but two had at least one or
more family members christened in the church of england and as
previously mentioned anglican christenings were often pro forma
the methodists represented the next highest number of those
christened there were thirteen families 18 percent that had at
least one or more family members christened in one of the many
methodist sects the highest number in any one sect 69 percent came
from the preston wesleyan methodist circuit this circuit represented
I1 i st th i s
67
fortunately the IGI is now available for searching as a
computerized index 22 with this new capabilitycapabilitcapability christening and
marriage entries were sought for known LDS preston converts A
comprehensive survey was not undertaken instead a more than adequate
sampling was secured by tracing all surnames beginning with the letterA through the
y
i dent i f i ed
rar0may HW huntingdonuntingdonhuntingdonunt methodistingdon
independent
families5911
21
1
percent79.779714.91492.7271.4141.414
families with only one religious affiliation 61 82families with multiple religious affiliations 13 18
source international genealogical index and list of early prestonLDS
68
congregations situated in at least four locations freckleton in the
parish of kirkham longton in the parish of penworthamworthamPen ley land and
preston the longton congregation was famous among the early LDSlodsconverts of preston 23 the mormons were so successful here that
hewitson mentioned it some thirty years later
whilst this movement was going on in the town preston themissionaries were pushing mormon ismisa in some of the surroundingcountry places at longton nearly everybody went into rapturesover the new doctrinedoctrine1doctrines mormon ism fairly took the place by st6rmstormstarmit caught up and entranced old and young married and single piousand godless it even spread like a sacred rinderpest an acuteinfectious disease amongst the wesleyanswesleyannWesle whoyans at that time werevery strong in longton captivating leaders members and some ofthe scholars in fine style and the chapel of this body was soemptied by the mormon crusade that it was found expedient toreduce it internally and set apart some of it for school purposesto this day the village has not entirely recovered the shock whichmormon ismisa gave it 30 years ago during the heat of the conflictmany longtoniansLongton wentians to the region of mormondom in america
TABLE 52555
RELIGIOUS persuasions OF THE EARLY PRESTON LDSbased on records of christenings
total families surveyed
74 60
religious denominationchurch of england anglicanmethodistpresbyterianlady
one family was christened in the church of england however it isknown that the father was jewish
leyland
mormonism
mormonism
mormonism
Z 4
s e e .124124 s e e s e s
21 4.4
1
124
797149
271414
.100100
total families identified
I1independentnde 1.4141pendent see4 table 5 for detail
christenings only give a partial view of previous religious
affiliation from additional historical and biographical sources itis also known that some of these converts had jewish catholic and
baptist backgrounds although the LDS drew heavily from the
anglicans and methodists nearly every sect was represented
the catholics have the distinction of being represented among the
first nine to join the LDS church in britain thomas walmsley a
blacksmith and his wife ann hodgkinson were not too steady in their
early religious allegiances their first two children were
christened as was thomas and his only known sibling in the church of
england their next child was christened in the roman catholic church
as was his wifehife and her family about 1835 the familyfarlly must have moved
to preston the anglican parish registers record the christening of
their next child in 1835 there is no record of christening of the
next two children so it is presumed that after embracing the teaching
of the LDS church they were not christened in any catholic or
protestant church there is a probable burial record for thomas
father in the anglican burial registers stating that he john
walmsley was roman catholic
unlike their earlier passive or traditional faith LDS
converts found in their new religion an active and even demanding
faith joining the LDS church meant the giving of time talents
and self some found it a challenge to be so religiously involved
69
other denominations identified from the IGI searches were
presbyterianpresbyter 2.727 andi an 2 r tab I1 e for deta i I1
h i s w i fe f am i I1 y fam i I1 y
27 14
I1 I1
ofhisochis
70
thomas ward held several responsible positions in the early LDS
church including editor of the millennial star secretary to the
british and american commercial joint stock company and president of
the mission from october 1842 to november 1843 when reuben hedlockbedlock
arrived to take the presidency of the mission in november 1843 ward
was willing to accept a lesser position of importance as one of his
counselors he was a school master and had been a baptist preacher
one associate stated that he
always liked this man he was of a benevolent a kindamiable gentlemanly disposition well educated and very talentedas a poet and portrait painter the early volumes of themi millennialilennialglennialIlenllen starnial a small paper published by our society in englandthen and also to this day attest the poetical power of his pen
0
three years later in
1847 mitchelson was still after him cantwell stated that my
employer still threatened to discharge me if I1 didnt leave the
church 11 mitchelsonsMMitch wifehifei elsons threatenedtche cantwellsCanI1 finallytwellsson inI1 1848s
after
w
seven
i
years
f
in
e
mitchelsonsMitch employelsons cantwecantwell was dischargedschargedschargel
8 he was universally liked wherever he went and was fullycompetent to the task of rebutting the newspaper squibsoccasionally let off against us by the would be destroyers ofmormon i sm so called
throughout wards involvement in the LDS church he received
considerable opposition from his wife 26
just before becoming a mormon james cantwell a factory worker
and his employer george mitchelson had switched from methodism to
the united brethren although both received opposition from their
wives each joined the LDS church at the death of joseph smith in
1844 mitchelson left mormonism and returned to methodism cantwell
stated that his supervisor tried to induce me to follow him but I1
didnt heed him althoaitho still in his employ
mormonism
churchhe
cantwe I1 I1 I1 s F i na I1 I1 y i n
af ter i n M i tche I1 son I1 s emp I1 oy d i scharged
I1eastleast 22 percent of
the families identified had religious affiliations with more than one
religion before joining the LDS church some embraced mormonism
and then lost interest for many reasons these seekers continued to
seek obviously rejecting the LDS church as the final solution for
their quest another study should be done by examining those families
known to have left mormonism or those who returned from america after
emigrating with the various groups who left england starting in the
1840s
there is evidence to show that peer pressure or social acceptance
may have been a significant influence in some joining the LDS
church the examples previously mentioned of the fieldingitesFielding ites
71
in all of this he was alone without the emotional support of his
wife nevertheless she must have been influenced in a positive way
she later joined mormon ism in february 1849 27
others may have found it more natural or easier to convert to the
LDSL churchDS their families were involved and they were more
religiously inclinedinciincl
several
ined
of the moon family reported they were taught early to
pray As we have seen jennetta richards father was an independent
congregational minister and robert williams grandfather was a
minister of the church of england several LDS converts were
methodist teachers
it is difficult to determine how devout these early converts
were sources searched seldom give details of religious experiences
and associations some undoubtedly were genuine religious seekers who
found the answer to their quest in mormon ism at
the
2 7mormonism
f the i r i n i sm
the i r shou I1 d exam i n i ng f am i I1 i es
72
aitkenitesAitken ites and the wesleyan methodist congregation at longton
where nearly the whole group joined the mormonscormonsMor wouldmons support thisAs phi nipships pointed out and as in the case of arthur burrows class
structure in religion may also have had some effect on those who
joined
thus thorps model of the early mormon convert seems to apply to
many of the early preston converts they were from an industrial
city although most had roots outside preston traditional
christianity in preston was in retreat conformity was weak and
church attendance was very low the majority of the LDS were from
the more prominent religions although the splinter groups especially
the methodists were also well represented furthermore there is
evidence to show that the simplified doctrinal teachings of the LDS
church were more appealing to the people especially the working
class not only were they appealing but people understood what they
heard 28
phillips
ev i dence s i mp I1 i f i ed doctdoat r i na I1 teach i ngs L D S
peopleespecially
ppap 3978397
5
8
arthur burrows may have been the only LDS member that could beconsidered elite in preston he was a shopkeeper gentleman andconsidered reputable enough to witness a prophesy made by the leadersof the LDS church also as was previously mentioned heapparently did not remain in the LDS church for very long
6 paul T phi I1 lips the sectarian spirit sectarianism societyand politics in victorian cotton towns toronto canada universityof toronto press 1982 p 46
7 ibid both phi nipships work and the study completed for thisthesis support this concept
8 anderson p 108
9 ibid
73
sociboci x
fatlesbatles
ENDNOTES TO CHAPTER 4
1 much has been said about the reliability of this special censusone source often quoted is K S ing I1 is patterns of religiousworship in 1851 11 journal of ecclesiastical history XI 1960 ppap748674 statistical86 information derived from this census can be foundin P and G ford population irish university press series ofbritish parliamentary papers 15 vols shannon ireland irishuniversity press 1970 vol 10 1851 census great britain report andtables on religious worship england and wales
2 anderson p 108
3 WSF pickering the 1851 religious censuscensusa uselessexperiment british journal of sociology XVIII no 4 1967 p397 see also michael anderson family structure in nineteenthcentury lancashire cambridge cambridge university press 1971 p1078107 see8 also susan L fa les the nonconformists of leeds in theearly victorian era A study in social composition MA thesisbrigham young university 1984 ppap 9109 where10 she gives attendancefigures for leeds yorkshire 47.4474 and relates them to andersonspreston study 25.52554 ibid
inglishis 0960
phillips
phillips
A
474255
nerineel
1 0 anthony hewitson our churches and chapels their parsonspriests and congregations being a critical and historical account ofeveryeveri place of worship in preston preston chronicle office 1869po 192 also quoted by phi I1 lips11 phi I1 lips p 50
12 malcolm R thorp the religious background of mormon converts inbritain 1837521837 1152 journal of mormon history 4 1977 p 53
13 malcolm R thorp the setting for the restoration in britainpolitical social and economic conditions in truth will prevail therise of the church of jesus christ of latterdaylatter saintsday in the britishisles 183719871837 ed1987 V ben bloxham et al solihullSoli westhull midlandsthe church of jesus christ of latterdaylatter saintsday 1987 p 59
14 ibid15 fielding p 10 fielding also pointed out that the LDSmembers came from almost every society and many from the worldfr I1 mc AWAVW 0 S AWA arrlW macitf fvfm 4 h uwmf I1 rl n
1 6 until 1837 lord hardwicke marriage act of 1754 made itunlawful to marry in any church other than the church of englandanglican except for quakers and jews
17 fielding p 6
18 geneva M wilding david wilding and alice atkinson p 2
19 the title international genealogical index is a registeredtrademark this index is recognized internationally as an excellentresearch tool the 1988 edition of the index contains some 164million entries for many countries throughout the world
20 for a good brief discussion on the various religious sects seeD J steel sources for nonconformist genealogy and family historylondon phillimore & co ltd 1973 ppap 507517507 volume517 2 of the
series national index of parish registers21 this register is found in the lancashire record office referencenumber cucgcuc9cuca 2 and is titled register belonging to hesketh lanechapel near chipping lancashire and walwai kerfoldfoldoid chaigleyaigleychargleyCh in the samecounty
22 searches can be done by country region and county events suchas marriage or birthchristeningbirth canchristening be sought or requests for theidentity of the children of a particular couple can be initiatedfurther this information can be down loaded onto diskette or can beplaced in a holding file and later printed
74
10
p phillips
phillips
hist
16 lordhardwickes
walkerfold
day
Walker
ppap 182018 2462420
28
6
anderson was quoted earlier as saying so much of what was taughtwas not relevant let alone understandable see anderson p 108thorp quotes heber C kimball and others in saying that the peoplewanted simple teachings and readily receive what they meaning theLDSlods missionaries had to give them see thorp the setting ppap677067 70
23 the records of the preston circuit are available on microfilm atthe family history library in salt lake city utah an interestingstudy could be made using these records to determine just howextensive the conversion process really was in longton
24 hewitson ppap 1123112 the3 register of those baptisedbaptizedbapti atsed thelongton church can be found at the public record office in londonengland and on microfilm at the family history library in salt lakecity utah the congregational register is described as 11 theoriginal register book of baptisms which has been kept for thewesleyan chapel situate at freckleton in the parish of kirkham atlongton in the parish of penworthamPen atwortham ley I1 and in the parish ofley I1 and and at preston
75
a
leylandleyland 11
25 emphasis for this table is on one religion only however it isevident that some people were of a particular religion while otherssuch as their children were christened in another others hadchildren that were christened in several different denominations
26 journal of james sherlock cantwell HDC typescript p 22
27 ibid
I1atelate 1840s preston was a strongholdstrongho for mormonism while smallersnailer
branches were disappearing preston the oldest and longest standingandingunit of the church of jesus christ of latterdaylatter saintsday survived
despite periodic apathy quarreling lack of unity emigration and
apostasy
many factors in the LDS church affected the congregations
growth and prosperity one was leadership which while ever present
was occasionally not all that it should be there were examples and
76
outlidutli ne
CHAPTER 5
conclusions
the preceding chapters outline the setting for and establishment
of the church of jesus christ of latterdaylatter saintsday in the british
isles the intent was to identify and analyze the early converts who
first embraced mormon ismisa in england in and around preston
lancashire
during the first decade of mormon ism in britain preston a fast
growing industrial town became the early center of LDS activity
this was largely because of the family ties of the first mormon
missionaries joseph fielding one of the first seven missionaries
had a preacherbrotherpreacher inbrother preston the congregation of james fielding
furnished the first converts to mormon ismisa beginning with its firstnine baptisms and growing to a membership of nearly 500 during the
mormonism
mormonism
mormonism
st
strongho I1 d for mormon i sm wh i I1 e smasaa I1 I1 er
77
accusationscusationscausations of embezzlement some leaders had domestic difficultieswithin their own families that caused consternation within the rank
and file others either lacked the ability to lead or let their newly
acquired authority go to their heads
other factors that affected the growth of mormon ismisa in preston
included a struggling economy the saints active religion and
anglican worldliness the early mormon convert embraced a personal
vital and practical religion avoiding many of the emotional extremes
in other religions indeed mormonism was a religion of the
people informal and unpretentious in style yet responsive to laboring
needs and issues 1
although it is necessary to understand the conditions surrounding
the advent of mormonism to the british isles much of the everyday
story of the LDS church in britain is found in studying the lives
of the people such a study however is difficult even the
identification of the men and women who joined mormonism proved a
difficult task
first many of the records that would normally give details of
these early converts are not extant A partial list of the preston
members from 1837 to approximately 1851 compiled from all known
sources totals over 400 members it is difficult to know how many
LDS members there should have been journals of the early
missionaries do not give detailed membership data early LDS
membership records or branch records if compiled have not survived
the branch records that are available which were generally created in
the 1850s provide only a retrospective view of the earlier period
accusat ionslons
mormonism
i nc I1 udededed st rugg I1 i ng sa i ntsants I1 act i veilvell re I1 i g i on
peopleinformal111
78
even when individuals are named the details given are often so paltry
that further identification is hopeless names such as thomas
catteral alice hall william jackson john wilsonwitson and james smith
are too common even when combined with other civil sources such as
the census to be anything but a name the only source for george
wate 2 one of the first nine to be baptized in preston and not to be
confused with george D watt is a journal of one of the early
missionaries there are no details other than his name and baptismal
date
in addition emigration and apostasy took their toll making a
complete listing difficult if not impossible emigrants left the area
as early as the spring 18403 and continued throughout the rest of the
century it is unknown how many LDS preston emigrants there were
but several are recorded in the nauvoo illinois LDS temple
records 1845 to 1846 A number of preston LDS can also be found
in the nauvoo social history index which includes names from many
sources including some early united states passenger lists
there were also those who left mormon ism or perhaps mormon ism
left them people like george mitchelson thomas ward arthur
burrows and thomas webster are typical of this group mitchelson and
webster were excommunicated from the LDS church whereas burrows
and ward had difficulties with mormonism and fell inactive for
reasons that cannot be determined
who were the early preston mormonscormonsMor atmons least some social
economic and religious character traits can be identified during
the first decade of mormonism in preston lancashire the typical
mormonism mormonism
79
mormon convert was much like any other person living in the area
prestoniansPreston wereians experiencing life in one of the fastest growing
cities in the british isles this meant that living conditions were
not always desirable there were housing shortages problems with
sanitary conditions and even a lack of sufficient provisions for a
minimal standard of living
most early LDS were employed in the cotton textile industry
this study revealed that more than twice as many LDS families were
working as cotton operatives than the average preston family among
other things mill life brought about a change in the traditional
family life style like other british families LDS families were
no longer working together in familyrelatedfamily workrelated instead a more
regimented manner of work existed where most of the family worked
apart in specific and specialized jobs
like their counterparts elsewhere LDS children worked long
hours but were eventually blessed by legislation that restricted the
number of hours spent in the factories the work they did was often
difficult and they were sometimes treated unkindly by those who
supervised their work their time for education was limited and any
homemaking skills that previous generations learned through their
upbringing were nearly nonexistent most grew up without their
mothers at home since they too were at work however the number of
working LDS children was well below the preston average
since 70 percent of the LDS homes had working mothers most
working in the textile mills another family revolution took place
mothers were not there to teach and comfort family members
80
additional significance on the role of the mother in the LDS home
is evident when considering that 91 percent of the preston LDShomes with children in them had mothers who worked in the weaving
industry the previous figure is more meaningful when compared with
the percentage of all preston families with married women weavers who
had children at home IS15 percent many of the domestic skills that
mothers formerly provided were reduced or done away with there was
simply no time to do their motherly duties because of the long hours
they were required to work at the factory women workers were desired
because they worked for less money than the men thus the high
percentage of women workers was largely due to an underlying demand
it is likely that the LDS women in preston were looking for an
out perhaps in mormon ism
employment of both women and children in the factories affected
the fathers although evidence is lacking to show that this had an
effect on the LDS homes there are examples of non LDS in
preston showing that fathers were often displaced as the head of
their families because of their having no work the women and
children monopolized the available work positions further those men
who had formerly operated the hand looms were losing their business
the women could do far more on the power looms used in the factories
fiftyfivefifty percentfive of the families in preston where at least one
person was LDS had a male head who was involved in the cotton
industry
when there was work available the LDS families were able to
maintain only a minimum living standard wages seemed sufficient to
home15
mormonism
81
take care of just essential living needs while the working mothers
and children increased the family income mormon church missionaries
often noted the poverty of the LDS households clearly the living
standards in america were on a higher level than what the
missionaries found about them
the early LDS converts were used to being on the move most
of those who belonged to the preston LDS branch were not born in
the area A considerable number did not even have lancashire
nativity perhaps this is why so many answered the invitation to
gather or emigrate to america when the callcail was extended in the
1840s A future study might determine if those who had previously
moved had more of a tendency to emigrate than those who converted near
the place of their birth
the previous religious leanings of the early LDS in preston
are difficult to trace since so few journal and personal historical
accounts exist however an indication of religious affiliation can
be gleaned by examining christening records these records show that
most of the early LDS had some association with the church of
england many converts to mormon ism although less than what some
would anticipate based on other conversion studies had methodist
leanings A few LDS had experienced two or more denominational
affiliations finally many of the preston LDS came from pro forma
religious families they were religious to the extent that they
participated in the essential church rites
from these many sources came the LDS convert their chief
common element appears to be their seeking this was evidenced in
em i grate amer i ca ca I1 I1 i n
journaland
mormonism
journaland
82
joseph fieldings journal wherein he stated that nearly all of the
first converts to mormon ismisa at this time about 90 had come from his
brothers congregation 4
this thesis supports the economic and social origins established
in the pioneering studies by PAM taylor and malcolm thorp there
were few of the elite among the mormonscormonsMor paulmons phi olpships argued that if
there were no elite that the pure religious incentives were not enough
to attract any great quantities to any nonconformist group preston
mormon ism seems to provide an exception to this rule with very few
of the elite present in mormon ismisa the mormon following nevertheless
grew rapidly
As the preston people joined the LDS church they found a new
dimension to religion whereas most victorians were used to an
acquiescent nondemandingnon religiondemanding mormon ismisa provided an active
exuberant system of religious belief it required taking an assertive
part in spreading the wordhordkord a word that to many was simple
straightforward and understandable
earlier hypotheses proposed by historians taylor thorp and
allenalienailen seem to be justified this is becoming more obvious as the
larger picture is defined by studies on the local level as in the case
of jan harris manchester susan fales leeds lynne jorgensen
london and this study for preston however there is still a
dimension lacking before there will be enough data to compare and
contrast the early LDS in all of england although limited in
numbers the rural element such as that found in the midlands and
other parts of britain shoudshould be researched every british convert to
mormon ism was not one of the urban poor
1
28
mormonism
phillips
mormonism
mormonism
mormonism
worda
mormonism
I1 i n
ENDNOTES TO CHAPTER 5
1 ronald W kalkerwalkerkaiker cradling mormon ismisa the rise of the gospelgospe inearly victorian england BYU studies 27 winter 1977 ppap 27827
2
8
journal of heber C kimball historical department of the churchof jesus christ of latterdaylatter saintsday salt lake city utah hereafterreferred to as HDC book 94c p 63
3 diary of joseph fielding HDC typescript p 63
4 fielding p 10
83
rona I1 d wa I1 ker crad I1 i ng i sm R i se
84
APPENDIX I11
EARLY BRITISH missionarieschurchmissionarievchurchMISSIONARIES LEADERSCHURCH
1837 ARRIVED
heber C kimballorson hydewillard richardsjohn goodsonisaac russellrusselijoseph fieldingjohn snider
20 jul 183720 jul 183720 jul 183720 jul 183720 jul 183720 jul 183720 jul 1837
DEPARTED
20 apr 183820 apr 183821 apr 1841
oct 183720 apr 183821 sep 1841
oct 1837
1838
none
1839
hiram clarkalexander wrightsamuel muimul liner
1840
3 dec 18393 dec 18393 dec 1839
7 feb 184217 sep 184217 sep 1842
wilford woodruffjohn taylortheodore turleybrigham youngheber C kimballparley P prattorson prattgeorge A smithreuben hedlockbedlocktheodore curt isbenjamin winchesterlorenzo snowjames blakesleyjames burnhamlevi richards
1841
orson hydegeorge J adams
111111666666
jan 1840jan 1840jan 1840apr 1840apr 1840apr 1840apr 1840apr 1840apr 1840aug 1840aug 1840oct 1840NOV 1840NOV 1840NOV 1840
ARRIVED
3 mar 18413 mar 1841
1121
21 apr 184121 apr 1841
7 aug 184021 apr 184121 apr 184129 oct 184221 apr 184121 apr 1841
25 sep 184225 sep 184217 jan 18424 mar 1841
17 sep 1842
DEPARTED
2 sep 184231 dec 1841
mulliner
curtis
919011909490
85
1842
john snyderhiram clarkdarkmarklorenzo D barnesamos fielding
26 mar 1842I11 sep 1842
18421842
sep 18425 mar 1844
DIED dec 18421843
1843
reuben hedlockbedlockjames sloanjohn cairnswi lilaa G jarminebarminewilliam houston
30 sep 184330 sep 184330 sep 184330 sep 184330 sep 1843 7
1844
amos fieldingjoseph albert strat tonelisha H daviselijah F sheetsJ B meynelljames parsons
1845
26 may 184424 aug 184424 aug 184424 aug 184424 aug 184424 aug 1844
17 jan 184522 jan 184619 jan 184716 jan 1846
hiram oarkdarkclarkwilford woodruffdan jonesleonard W hardymiltonmllton holmeshenry cuerdengeorge slater
4 jan18454 jan18454 jan18454 jan18454 jan18455 jan18455 jan1845
16 jan184622 jan184625 feb1846
oct184516 oct184518 oct1846
1846
1846
david candlandgeorge D wattjoseph ca i nsimeon carterlucius N scovilhenry B jacobsoliver B huntingtonorson hydejohn taylorparley P prattsamuel W richardsfranklin D richardsmoses mart incyrus H wheelock
apr 18469 jun 18469 jun 1846
aug 1846aug 1846sep 1846sep 1846
3 oct 18463 oct 1846
14 oct 184614 oct 184614 oct 184614 oct 184614 oct 1846
20 apr2 feb
19 jan7 sep6 jul6 jul6 jul
23 feb19 jan19 jan20 feb20 feb
9 mar20 feb
18471847184718481847184718471847184718471848184818481848
171
william
stratton
jan 1845 jan 1846jan 1845 jan 1846jan 1845 feb 1846jan 1845 oct 1845jan 1845 oct 1845jan 1845 oct 1846jan 1845
cain
martin
lewleh i s robb i nslenislewis robbins
1847
orson spencerandrew cahooncharles phelpsM NM sirrineL 0 littlefieldL D butler
ARRIVED
23 jan 184723 jan 1847
184625 sep 1847
86
DEPARTED
29 jan 184920 feb 1848
6 jul 184725 sep 1847
1848
jeter clintonjohn spiersthomas clarkmilo andrusorson pratteli B kelseywilliam mossharrison burgessjoseph clementsalfred cordon
william L cutler
1848
james H flaniganjames W cumin ingslevilev richards
1849
6 jul 18486 jul 18486 jul 18486 jul 1848
26 jul 184817 aug 184817 aug 184821 sep 184821 sep 184821 sep 184821 sep 1848
4 oct 1848
4 oct 18484 oct 1848
dec 1848
10 jan10 jan
10 jan2 mar
10 jan
10 feb
18501850
18501851
18501851
1852
29 jan 18518 jan 1851
30 apr 1853
cyrus H wheelocklorin babbittmoses clawsonjames W burgesshyrum H blackwellBlac
1850
kwelIkwell
18491849184918491849
feb 1853feb 1851jan 1853
eli B kelseygeorge P dykesfranklin D richardspeter 0 hansenjoseph torontojohn S higbeejoseph W johnsonjacob gatesalonzo lebaronjob smithjoseph W young
19 jan 185019 jan 185029 mar 1850
8 apr 18508 apr 18508 apr 18508 apr 18508 apr 18508 apr 18508 apr 18508 apr 1850
18 dec 185123 jul 1852
8 may 18527 jan 1855
185210 jan 185210 feb 185223 jan 1853
22 feb 185215 feb 1853
ARR I1 VED
cummings
1850 cont
erastus snowlorenzo snowjohn E forsgrenhaden W churchjohn tayl orjohn pack srcurt is E boltongeorge B wallaceorson prattrobert campbelicampbellappleton M harmonclaudius V spencerwilliam burtonjohn 0 angusisaac C haightjesse W crosbyjames worksjames D rosssimeon carter
ARRIVED
16 apr 185018 apr 185019 apr 185019 apr 185027 may 185027 may 185027 may 1850
9 jun 1850juljut 1850
2 sep 185014 sep 185014 sep 185014 sep 185014 sep 185014 sep 185014 sep 1850
87
DEPARTED
8 may 185212 jun 185216 jan 185310 feb 1852
4 mar 185210 jan 18526 apr 1853
20 mar 18522 feb 1851
12 mar 185423 jan 185323 jan 185317 mar 1851
5 mar 185410 feb 1852
18524 apr 1854
1851waw7
1851
samuel W richardswillard snowabram 0 smoot 0 0 0
vincent shurtliffmoses clawsonclanson
29 dec 185129 dec 185129 dec 185129 dec 1851
8 jul 1854DIED aug 1853
28 jan 185212 feb 185
source manuscript history of the british mission
taylor
curtis
do
0 0 0 8 0 0 g 0
boltonboiton
88
APPENDIX 2
BRANCH RECORDS SURVEY pre1851
EARLIEST EARLIEST ENTRY APPRX DATE historicalNAME ENTRY FOR BRANCH LOCALITY RCDRCO CREATED RCD AVAILABLE
accringtonaccrin4ton 1838 1841 1852 yesashton 1837 1842 1850s yesblackburn 1837 1841 1852 yesbo I1 ton 1838 1838 1852 nobrightmetbrightmenBright foldmet 1840 1841 1852 noburnley 1840 1840 1850s nobury 1839 1840 1852 nochatburn 1838 1838 1838 yesclitheroe 1837 1838 1847 noha ishawbishaw moor 1842 1853 1852 noheywood 1840 8471847 1852 nokersley moor 1842 1842 1850s noleigh 1840 1841 1852 noley I1 and moss 1838 1838 1852 noliverpool 1840 1840 c185oc1850 yeslongton 1837 1840 1852 nomanchester 1838 1838 c1846 yesmiddleton 1838 1842 c1850 yesmosley common 1847 1848 1848 yesnewton 1842 1842 c1850 nooldham 1840 1840 1852 yespreston 1837 1837 1852 yesradcliffe 1840 1840 1852 yesrawtenstallrawtenstan 1854 1854 1854 yesrochdalerockdaleRoc 1850hdale 1850 1852 noroyton 1840 1841 1852 no
st helens 1839 1841 c1850 notottingtontittingtonTott 1841ington 1841 1852 yesuphollandUp 1848holland 1848 1852 yes
source LDS branch records on microfilm at the family historylibrary salt lake city utah input from the staff of the historicaldepartment of the church of jesus christ of latterdaylatter saintsday
halshaw1
leyland
PRE 1851
daycllapdapaay
tafepeeke
I1
I1 I1 I1
3
zazmaz
mismie
igiigl
yay1
89
APPENDIX 3
WELSH BRANCH RECORD
ctohf AAA cy 2 O0 y
J f 7a7 ZL A y yis rs FS & sarszr 17z
yaa i
J
silsfc77syS
sr yri i i
S lisfci ttf a i
L1
1 i 171
a f 4 a 4 4.4i 1 i1 7 y3s f i v t 1 t i f i
fe ki- j
nc2rti rf f i n 11 lt o ICdy L
0
C 5 1
dcte tifwf
33fmtfww 0swii T A
rcn t jnetjnct 1
r awAJ JS x s4 A wl rtsi
&4 J J 2 ASIL
VA 7gz
or
ao 72wlua
6371
imiri7ir
peloll011pei
af
alzalt
XC
4744
c40
71
su-e
j- y i
is gwi
rt i y a 2
7yd C
S 4 f if
6ay ct
rT Si
yka
fla
ueary
alj
uba yy
as
caarti
ay
sa rasica
ay
ran
3.3
J
tsynyeanpeanyeapea
voroorverIA
ggs122ils
I1
moarmoas
zizcil
ablael
asteinelll
90
APPENDIX 4
1852 BRANCH RECORD
1
ATWSA ryaraaptjr t j j
iayteabkayorghekiobrrtjvj t
i S telyw fytysf rj y i Trjgr t l1jjxrz w
S
y 1.1ijafar iatr evL tsy5TSy 5 M y i 1 i
y L ialsa ls i
z JTYL 1 4Y
r 11
r c l1
1 A jza2jy i
vfllluffmcva&teij
&s jj isa jspbl i i Zjgj&i r T
4 iz Ltgs ss a
PW
47IN ti pr daT i
r to ird
w
r
itze
L
7
Y
77
AM
i-
g
h- l
hmlnwtes illiltT WSsemn
lut
raml
awtysaagr
iata
az
alj
as
illint
attlamutlmuul
I1 1
taaltwal
ULmls Salls4tzit&ff l
banuchbnuch countycoun wlngdofn
oe
114
ttaafarumbfruM Mf
safsxf
eaiogi slitalii
dazdge
prftoprftn
91
vB
ipywherkadiirhmbattize f vhenfconfnwed
11 111111.11 n r f i r i
sw stntowntawn or1 iatl
L fel ty cigfeacuumCu UmJLL LJL t vav a I
1 hisLZ 2 I1 w 1i ISe& y L
A A l y1 11 IAailzjtfy wf
12 J tfa j1l&aiteiua frerfrtrif i ysy s fw7milnmimi cyfp icvtyviiyyit i ey iniljyt rummf fmffttf
M ly7flL jl 7 s iaBZ W
zcz jimi&lmjwskf
cl L lymjs& 1
1 lalaalwalffint ol01
attl1Attl 1e6i sliife Zjy ff j iUC Ad4z 3feaULS
s5am
andwhmbattnptiom or
rfifrfif jjlcljllttl
L 2
LyMjS
asl
feczul rks
ala
rul
buum afif
eaja
fwu
lymasfaint
afeasasaam
icet
taff
1.1
3.3
17471717
APPENDIX 5
PRESTON LEADERS 183718521837
SERVED
1852
SERVEDLEADER FROM TO
heber C kimball july 1837 apr 1838
joseph fielding apr 1838 oct 1841
william struthers oct 1841
william snailhamSnail juneham 1843 sep 1843
john banks 1844
leonard W hardy apr 1845 aug 1845hardy evidently presided over both the conference and the branchsince upon his departure both positions needed filling see MS
6108 also see MS 639 where this practice was happening inlondon
john melling preston branch aug 1845john holsall preston conference aug 1845
henry B jacobs fall 1846 july 1847oliver B huntington jacobs asstabst fall 1846 july 1847john swindlehurst star agent fall 1846 may 1847
oliver B huntington mentions that parkinson was appointed sinceswindlehurst had moved out of the country 1 june 1847
john fawley or foley preston br mar 1847george D watt preston conference july 1847 oct 1850john parkinson star agent 28 may 1847 feb 1852
john fawley or foley prest conf sec apr 1849
joseph W johnson preston conference oct 1850 feb 1852
henry walters preston branch feb 1852john thorn ley preston branch feb 1852joseph W young preston conference feb 1852john holsall star agent feb 1852
92
0
thornley
aliceaiice
afflaffa icklck
afflaffa icklck
APPENDIX 6
EARLY PRESTON AREA CONVERTS 1837 c1852
codes in the source column are brprestonBR LDSPreston branch recordspbpatriarchal blessing LBLDS biographical encyclopediahsmiilennial star nvtearlyTEarlyNV nauvoo templetempie register cr1841 prestoncensus fgrfamily group collection at family history library saltlake city
baptismpatriarchalBAPTISM BLESSINGPATRIARCHALNAME DATE SOURCESSOURCE
afflick
afflick
afflick
afflick
afflick
afflick
afflick
afflick
afflick
afflick
al ice
christopher
ellen
grace jr
isabel la
jane
mary ann
peter
william
william preston
1852 sep 20
1850 oct 24
1847 dec 20
1847 dec 11
1851 feb 12
1847 dec 08
1847 dec 08
1847 dec 20
1847 nov 20
1847 dec 20
BR
FGR
FGR
BR
CRFGR
BR
CRFGR
BR
CRFGR
BR
CRFGR
FGR
BR
CRFGR
BR
CR
FGR
BR
CRFGR
93
MSM i I1 I1 enn i a I1 nvtear I1 y temp I1 e reg i ster cr1cricra 841
S
af f I1 i ck
isabella
clarkdarkoark grace
ainsworth david
alienallenailen cathrina
allenalienailen elizabeth
atkinson ann
atkinson edward
atkinson elizabeth
atkinson jane
bamber henry
bamber james
bamber john
bamber nancy
bamber william
barker margaret
barlow margaret
barton edward
barton margaret
beck betty
beck george
9
1841 may 06
1840 sep 16
1845 jul 12
1848 mar 25
sr 1847 dec 08
1847 mar 04
1841 jul 17
baptismpatriarchal BLESSINGNAME DATE SOURCES
afflick
1848 feb 09
1840 sep 15
1847 oct 24
1840 sep 15
1840 jul 30
1841 may 04
1841 may 04
1840 oct 01
1842 mar 06
1841 aug
BR
CRFGR
BR
PBCR
BR
CR
BR
CR
PBpe
BR
PB
PBCR
PBCR
PBPE
PBpeCR
PB
PBCR
BR
BR
CR
BRCR
BR
BR
FGR
94
afflick
bar I1 ow
BAPTISM PATRIARCHAL
oddieoddle
williamwliilam
baptismpatriarchal BLESSINGNAME DATE SOURCES
beck isabella
beck john parker
beck odd ie john
beck thomas
beck carlisle elizabeth
bees ley george
beesley wi11 iamjam
bees ley taylor elizabeth
bennettbonnett ellen
bennett robert
billsborough henry
billsboroughbi1isborough margaret
blackhurst elizabeth
black ley thomas
bond mariah
bond mary
bond sarah
1840 jul
1841 nov
1841 nov
1840 sep 30
1840 aug 20
1840
1851 jul 19
1840
1840 sep 09
1840 sep 10
1837 jul 301840 jul 03
1840 jul 31
1840 oct 01
1841 may 06
1840 sep 04
1839 feb 201840 sep 04
1841 apr 28
BR
FGR
BRFGR
BR
BR
FGR
BR
FGR
BR
CR
FGR
BR
CRFGR
BR
CR
FGR
PBCR
PBPECR
PBFGR
PBPsFGR
PB
PB
PBPE
BR
PB
BRER
95
beesley
beesley
blackhurstahurst
blackley
nn
BAPTISM PATRIARCHAL
96
NAME
bond william
bowman agness
brad ley jane
brimley william
brindle mary
brown george
brown joseph
brown mary
brown mary ann
burrow arthur
burrow elizabeth
carter ellen
carter john
casson mary
casson william
caton betsy
caton john
baptismpatriarchalBAPTISM BLESSINGPATRIARCHALDATE
18381840 sep 04
1840 nov 19
1840 sep 02
1840 aug 27
1840 sep 02
1837 jul 301840 aug 27
1840 oct 02
1840 oct 01
1838 feb 09
1840 aug 28
1841 apr 27
1837 dec 25
SOURCES
BR
PB
BR
BR
CR
PBCR
BR
PB
PBCR
FGR
PBNVT
PBFGR
PBPsMS
CR
PBCR
BR
MS
CRFGR
MS
FGR
PB
PB
BR
CR
BR
CR
P B
bradley
PB
NAME
catteral thomas
chapman daniel
clark elizabeth
clark james
clayton easter
clay ton elizabeth
clegg ellen
clegg james
clegg johnathan
clithroe james
cootonbooton thomas
cordwell mary
cowell elizabeth
cowell george
cowell mary
bapt1smpatr1archalbaptismpatriarchalBAPTISM BLESSBLESSINGPATRIARCHAL ingDATE
1848 apr 03
1837 oct 31
1839 sep 04
1839 sep 041840 sep 17
1840 aug 06
1838 feb 15
1838 mar 251840 aug 04
1847 oct 17
1837 sep 261840 aug 01
1841 oct 14
1838 feb 251840 oct 30
1841 aug 22
1840 aug 27
1837 dec 131840 aug 27
1837 nov is15
SOURCES
BR
BR
FGR
PBFGR
PBFGR
BR
BR
PBCRFGR
BR
CRFGR
BR
PBPsCRFGR
PBCR
BR
PBCR
PBPS
PBCR
BR
PBCR
BR
CRFGR
97
clayton
baptismpatriarchal BLESSINGNAME DATE SOURCES
cranshaw elizabeth
cranshaw elizabeth or betty
cranshaw james
cranshaw james
creer ann
creer betsy or elizabeth
creer cathrina
creer edward
creer ellen or nellneil ie
creer febeacebea phoebe ann
creer jane
creer margret
1847 mar 12
1838 jun 191840 aug 05
1838 jun 191840 aug 05
1851 jul 20
1838 jan 211840 jul 21
1840 jul 21
1838 feb 181840 jul 21
1838 jan 211840 jul 21
1840 jul 21
1840 jul 21
1840 jul 21
1840 jul 21
BR
CR
FGR
BR
PBCR
FGR
BR
PBPECR
FGR
BR
FGR
PBCR
FGR
PBCR
FGR
PBpilCRFGR
PBCRFGR
PBPECRFGR
PBCR
FGR
PBCRFGR
PBCR
FGR
98
nellie
BAPTISM PATRIARCHAL
99
creer
croft
croft
croft
cross
cross
curedonceredon
dawson
dawson
dawson
dawson
dawson
dawson
dearden
dickson
NAME
nancy
john
john
robert
ellen
thomas
henry
ann
el 1ingorfingor
jane
margaret
mary
samuel bailey
ann
james
BAPTISMPAdi
1840
1837
1844
1844
1848
1847
1841
18371840
1841
1840
1840
1840
1840
1840
1838
rpiaiTE
jul
dec
aug
aug
may
jun
may
juljun
may
nov
nov
nov
nov
sep
feb
XCHAL BLESS
21
28
18
18
03
17
03
3018
04
17
17
17
17
02
ING
SOURCES
PBCRFGR
BR
FGR
BR
BR
FGR
BRCR
BR
CR
PB
PBpsCR
FGR
PB
PBFGR
PBCRFGR
PBCR
FGR
PBCRFGR
PBply
CR
BR
CRFGR
baptismpatriarchal BLESSINGDATE
E I1 I1 i ngor
BAPTISM PATRIARCHAL
101
NAME
fazakerley agnes
fazakerley john
fielding amos
fielding hannah
fielding mary
finch elizabeth or betty
F i nch john
fisher eliza kezia
fisher james
fisher jane
fisher john
flint sarah
foley or fawley cornelius
foley or fawley john
foley or fawley joseph
foley or fawley mary
foulks dorithy
gardner ellen
baptismpatriarchalBAPTISM BLESSINGPATRIARCHALDATE
1840 jul 16
1840 jul 16
1840 jun 19
1840 jun 19
1840 oct 30
1840 oct 30
1839 apr 131840 aug 04
1839 dec 241840 aug 04
1844
18401840 NOV 19
1840 jun 09
1849 aug 03
1841 mar 191841 may 31
1842 may 24
1841 may
1840 sep 01
1838 feb
SOURCESSOURCE
PB
PB
PBFGR
FGR
PB
PBCR
PBCR
BR
PBCR
PBCR
FGR
PBCR
FGR
PB
BR
CR
BR
PBMS
CR
BR
BR
PB
BR
CRFGR
ONoj
finch
102
baptismpatriarchalBAPTISM BLESSINGPATRIARCHALNAME DATE SOURCESSOURCE
gardner john 1849 apr 08
gardner or garner elizabeth 1850 jul 16
garner or gardner james 1846 jan 24
garner or gardner jane 1849 dec 03
garner or gardner john 1839 apr 14
garner or gardner margaret 1839 mar
garner or gardner martha 1839 sep 28
garner or gardner sarah 1845 sep 02
cihigihi brand robert 1840 oct 23
1852 mar 15
1850 may 30
1840 oct 23
1840 aug 24
1840 oct 01
gornaiegornalefornale or gomalbomal elizabeth
green elizabeth
green thomas
greenhalghGreen wi11williamwliilamhaigh iamjam
G reenwoodgreenwoodenwoodgreenwoodre george
greenwood george 1840 nov 25
greenwood helen 1838 mar 11
BR
CR
BR
FGR
BR
FGR
BR
FGR
BR
FGR
BR
CR
FGR
BR
FGR
BR
FGR
PBPECR
FGR
BR
CR
BR
CR
PB138
CR
PBPECR
PBCRFGR
BR
CR
BR
CR
iI1 S
gillibrand
onon
103
NAME
grimshaw edward
gr i mshaweshaw eliell sabeth
grimshaw henry
grimshaw james
grimshaw john
grimshaw mary
grimshaw robert
hacking hariot
hacking james
hack i ng jane
hacking john sampson
hall alice
hall elizabeth
hall margaret elizabeth
hall mary
hall william
hardman richard
harnett see sumner el
harrel mary
baptismpatriarchalBAPTISM BLESSINGPATRIARCHALDATE
1840 aug 01
1850 apr 10
1841
1839 nov 20
1838 mar 04
1840 oct 23
1840 oct 23
18431841 may 04
1841 may 04
1843
1843 sep
1846 jun
1839 feb
1841 jan
1840 jun 09
izabethelizabetheilzabeth 1841 apr 27
1847 mar 11
SOURCES
BR
CR
BR
BR
BR
BR
PBpeCR
PBCR
PBCRFGR
PBCR
FGR
FGR
FGR
BRSR
BR
BR
CR
FGR
BR
BR
FGR
PB
PB
BR
CR
grimshaw elisabeth
hacking
aliceallceaiice
aliceallceaiice
elleneilenelien
elleneilen
104
NAME
harrison david
harrison john
harrison mary
harrison robert
has I1 am W i 11 i am
heap jane
heap thomas
heaton james
heaton margaret
heaton mary
hesketh james
hodgin or hodgson miles
hodgin or hodgson nancy
hodgson A I1 ice
hodkinson A I1 ice
hodkinson el I1 en
hodkinson williamwllliam
hodson ann
hodson elleil en
baptismpatriarchalBAPTISM BLESSINGPATRIARCHALDATE
1840 jul 07
1837 sep 051840 sep 04
1840 aug 07
1840 aug 05
1840 aug 16
1840 jul 24
1840 jul 24
1840 aug 28
1840 sep 10
1840 sep 10
1840 sep 15
1837 jul 301840 aug 07
1840 aug 07
1841 apr 20
1840 sep 17
1841 apr 20
1840 nov 26
1851 mar 23
SOURCES
PB
BRSRPBMS
PB
PB
BR
CR
PB
PB
PB
PBCR
PBCR
PBCR
PBFGR
PBFGR
MS
FGR
PB
PB
PB
BR
CRFGR
BR
FGR
haslam william
105
NAME
hodson james
hodson jane
hoffman mary
ho I1 sal I1 edward
holsall elizabeth
holsall john
ho I1 sal I1 margaret
hooton jane
hooton thomas
houghton aron
howarth susannah
hull ann
hunter catherine
hunter george
hunter james
hunter john james
baptismpatriarchalBAPTISM BLESSINGPATRIARCHALDATE
1838 jan 08
1853 oct 14
1838 mar 28
1837 sep 131840 aug 28
1837 sep 131840 jul 16
1840 sep 03
1841 oct 11
1841 oct 11
1840 nov 19
1851
1840 jul 24
1840 feb 17
1852 aug 13
1839 dec 14
1852 aug 13
SOURCES
BR
FGR
BR
BR
BR
CR
BR
PBCR
BR
PBPSMS
CR
PBCR
PBCR
PBCR
PBCR
BR
PB
BR
FGR
BR
FGR
BR
FGR
BR
FGR
holsall
holsall
nn
kenionkenlon
106
NAME
hunt i ngtonagton jennett
huntington john
hunt i ngtonagton robert
jackson charles
jackson elizabeth
jackson joseph
jackson mary
jackson wi11 iamjam
johnson thomas
ken ionlon elizabeth
kilner john
king mary
knowles ann
knowles elizabeth
knowles john
baptismpatriarchalBAPTISM BLESSINGPATRIARCHALDATE
1840 aug 05
1840 aug 05
1837 jun 171840 aug 05
1838 feb1840 aug 04
1838 may 04
1838 may 03
1838 jan 021840 aug 04
184 may 04
1840 dec 11
1841 may 06
1850 may
1844 apr 08
1840 jul
1837 aug 141840 jul 16
SOURCES
PBCRFGR
PBPSCRFGR
PBMS
CR
FGR
PBCRFGR
BR
BR
PBCRFGR
BR
CR
PB
PB
PBCR
BR
BR
CRFGR
BR
FGR
BR
PBPSCR
huntington
huntington
william
t nun
107
NAME
knowles mary
knowles merinda
knowles sarah
knowles william
langton sarah
langton seth
law elizabeth
leach john
leach mary
lee betty
lee george
lishman sarah
lishman sarah
long jane
lowe james
lowe jane
malley benjamin
malley mary
baptismpatriarchalBAPTISM BLESSINGPATRIARCHALDATE
1843
1848 may 16
1837 oct 141840 aug 24
1846 feb 13
1845 may
1840 jul 23
1840 jul 24
1840 jul 24
1841 may 25
1841 may 25
1840 sep
1840 nov
1850 aug 15
1841 may 06
1848 oct 10
1837 sep1840 nov 19
1840 nov 19
SOURCES
BR
BR
BR
PBpe
BR
CRFGR
BR
BRFGR
PB
PB
PBpe
PBMS
CR
PBMS
CR
BR
BR
BR
PB
BR
BRERPBPsCRFGR
PBCR
FGR
elizaellzaeilza
108
NAME
marrs mary
marshall elizabeth
memc lean charles
mellingmelting ellen
me 11 i ng jane
me lilill ng john
me I1 ling peter
me iiiill ng racheirachelrachea
menzies elizabeth
menzies robert
morgan elizabeth
morgan john
morgan mary
munro mary
murray jane
myers eliell za
neibaur alexander
neibaur ellen
newsham alice
newsham ann
newsham ann
baptismpatriarchalBAPTISM BLESSPATRIARCHAL INGDATE
1840 aug 24
1852 aug 13
1837 mar 10
1840 sep 02
1837 oct 14
1840 aug
1840 jun 09
18391840 jun 09
1840 jun 09
1844 sep
1841 jul 05
1841 apr 22
1842 mar
SOURCES
PB
BR
BR
BR
PB
BR
BR
BR
BR
BR
PBFGR
PBFGR
PBFGR
BR
PB
BR
PBFGR
PBPSFGR
BR
PBCR
BR
CR
FGR
BLESSING
melling
melling
melling
melling
a
1838 apr 091840 jul 24
1842 sep 251840 jul 24
ellenelieneilen
oddieoddle
109
NAME
newsham elizabeth
newsham jane
newsham john
newsham larance or
newsham mary
newsham mary
nightingale el I1 en
nuttall alice
nuttall ann
odd ie jane
01lertonollerton01 alicelerton
ollerton alice
lertonollerton01 ann jane or jane ann 1851 jun 04
ollerton dinah
ollerton elizabeth
ollerton ellen
baptismpatriarchalBAPTISM BLESSINGPATRIARCHALDATE
1841 oct 07
1841 jul 31
lawrence 1841 apr 22
1841 apr 22
1841 apr 27
1840 aug 21
1840 oct 20
1841 sep 08
1838 feb 08
1844 jun 02
1841 feb 20
1842 aug 14
1844 jun 02
SOURCESSOURCE
BRCR
PBPsCRFGR
PBCR
PBPsCRFGR
PBpsCR
FGR
PB1313
CR
PBPsMS
BR
BR
BR
CR
BR
FGR
BR
FGR
BR
FGR
BR
FGR
BR
FGR
BR
FGR
S
110
NAME
ollertonoileroller estherton
ollerton jane
ollerton john
ollerton john dandy
ollerton seth
parker agness
parker john
parker nancy
parker sarah
parkinson ellen
parkinson john
park i nson joseph
parkinson mary
parkinson richard
parkinson samuel
baptismpatriarchalBAPTISM BLESSINGPATRIARCHALDATE
1840 nov 02
1839 sep 30
1837 nov 06
1840 nov 02
1839 nov 20
1840 aug 21
1840 aug 21
1837 oct 151840 sep 03
1841 sep 18
1837 oct 24
1837 sep 021840 aug 24
1850 mar 14
1839 jun 07
1841 apr 27
1850 mar 14
SOURCES
BR
FGR
BR
FGR
BRERFGR
BR
FGR
BR
FGR
PBPs
PBCR
BRER
PBPsCR
PBCR
BR
CRFGR
BRERPBPEMS
FGR
BR
CR
FGR
BRERFGR
PBpe
BR
CRFGR
parkinson
111iliiii
NAME
partington ann
peacock mary ann
pearson A I1 ice
pearson john
pearson mariah
pearson mary
pearson thomas
pilkinton evan
preston susannah
preston thomas
price joseph ramshead
proctor isabella
proctor james
proctor john
proctor K elizabeth
proctor lettuce
baptismpatriarchalBAPTISM BLESSINGPATRIARCHALDATE
1837 oct1840 jul 23
1842 jun 10
1840 sep 01
1840 sep 01
1840 jul 17
1837 jul
1840 jul 17
1840 oct 23
1838 jan 01
1837 dec 14
1840 aug 21
1841 oct 07
18371840 jul 31
1840 sep 10
1851 aug 01
1840 NOV 041840 aug 06
SOURCES
PBCRFGR
BR
PBCR
PBCR
PB
BR
CR
PB
PBCR
BR
CR
BR
CR
PB
PBPS
PBPSNVT
FGR
PB
BR
PBNVT
FGR
proctor william 1848 sep 13 BR
aliceallce
112
NAME
pucill margaret
pucill samuel
readhead john
readhead margaret
relph elizabeth
relph margaret
relph martha
reynolds mary
reynolds richard
richardson jane
richardson mary
richardson thomas
riley emma
roads or rhodes jane
rodgerson john
rodgisonhodgisonRod marygison
baptismpatriarchalBAPTISM BLESSINGPATRIARCHALDATE
1837 aug 011840 jul 16
1837 sep 081840 jul 16
1840 nov 26
1838 aug1840 nov 26
1849 jun 01
1847 dec 17
1837 aug 23
1847 may 25
1847 may 25
1840 sep 15
1840 jul 23
1840 jun 09
1853 sep 23
1847 mar 011840 nov 26
1840 nov 26
1840 sep 02
SOURCES
PBCRFGR
PBCRFGR
PB
BR
PBCR
BR
BR
CR
BR
CR
BR
BR
PBCR
PBNVT
CRFGR
PBMS
NVT
CRFGR
BR
PBCR
PBCR
PB
fnunan
salisburysailsbury
sanders williamwliilam
saunders or sanders jane
saunders or sanders mary
baptismpatriarchalBAPTISM BLESSINGPATRIARCHALDATE
1849 sep 19
1842 jun 20
1838 jul 13
1846 jul 14
1851 may 25
1837 aug 101840 jul 23
1849 sep 19
1840 jul 17
1840 nov 26
1841 may 31
1840 jul 31
1846 jan 11
1841 may 03
1841 may 03
SOURCES
BR
CR
FGR
BR
CR
BR
BR
CR
BR
CR
FGR
BR
PBCR
FGR
BR
CR
FGR
PBCR
PBPSCR
PBCR
PBPSCR
MS
CRFGR
BR
BR
PBCR
BR
PBPsCR
113
NAME
rogerson bridget
rogerson edward
rogerson ellen
rogerson james
rogerson james
rogerson mary
rogerson williamwliilam
rogisongisonbogisonRo jane
ross douglas
rosternpostern henry
rostron john
salisall sbuabu ry thomas
114
NAME
shack leton izabethelizabethellzabethEI
shackleton richard
sharplesShar nancypiesples ann
sheckelton or shack leton
simpson ann
simpson john
singleton ann
smalleysmailey jane
smalleysmailey jane
smalley samuel
smith alfred
smith isabella
smith james
smith jane
smith john
smith john jrsmith margaret
smith mary
smith mary
baptismpatriarchalBAPTISM BLESSPATRIARCHAL INGDATE
1840 aug 06
1840 aug 06
1840 sep 15
ellen 1841 oct 11
1840 nov 17
1840 nov 17
1840 aug 27
1840 aug 24
1838 mar 01
1840 aug 24
1846
1838 mar 13
1846 jun 23
1845 aug 09
1847 may 06
1840 jul 30
1849 jun 23
SOURCES
PB
PB
PBCR
PBCR
PBCR
PBPECR
PBCR
FGR
PBCR
BR
CR
PBCR
BR
BR
CR
BR
BR
BR
CR
BR
BR
CR
PB
BR
BLESSING
shackleton
shackleton
snalamscalam
115
NAME
smith robert
smith robert
smith sarah
smith william
snalamscalam edward
snalamscalam elizabeth
snaisnal am fanny
snalsnai am john
snalamscalam martha
snalamscalam williamwliilam
speakman william
speight george
speight margaret
speight mary
standing alice
standing james
standing robert
baptismpatriarchalBAPTISM BLESSINGPATRIARCHALDATE
1851 jul 15
1837 jul 311840 jul 30
1839 aug 051840 sep 01
1840 sep 06
1840 sep 17
1840 sep 17
1840 jul 24
1840 jul 24
1840 jun 171840 oct 23
1851 may 20
1851 oct 20
1851 jul 30
18381840 aug 07
18381840 aug 07
1837 sep 261840 nov 19
SOURCES
BR
CR
BR
PBCR
BR
PBCR
BR
CR
BR
BR
PBpli
PBplisnalamscalam
PBCR
PBMS
CR
PBPSMS
CRFGR
BR
BR
BR
PBFGR
PBPEFGR
BR
PB
116
NAME
struthers agness
struthers william
sumner elizabeth
sumner ellen
sumner james
sumner jane
sumner margery
sumner william
swindlehurst hannah
swindlehurst john
swindlehurst margaret
taylor john
tazakor james
thompson mary ann
thompson william
thorn ley john
thorn ley martha
baptismpatriarchalBAPTISM BLESSINGPATRIARCHALDATE
1840 aug 06
1840 aug 06
1844 jan 011841 apr 27
1851 oct 20
1838 feb 13
1837 nov 11
1837 nov 05
1838 feb
1841 sep 29
1838 feb 181840 jun 11
1840 jun 11
1838 mar 141840 aug 21
1841 may 25
1840 jul
1851 oct 14
1838 feb 021840 sep 16
1837 oct 231840 sep 02
SOURCES
PBCR
PBMS
CR
BRERPB
BR
BR
BR
BR
BR
BR
PBMSmaCRFGR
PBCRFGR
BRERPB
PBps
BR
BR
BR
PBPsMS
CR
FGR
BRSRPBFGR
J nan
lrlnrun
thornley
thornley
liln
I1 ey
117
NAME
thorn ley mary
thornley william
threlfall mary
topping james
topp i ng john
topp i ng john
topping margaret
topping mary
topping william
turner elizabeth
wadman B henry
wadman elizabeth
wadman james
wadman john
wadman naomi
waits john
waits mary
baptismpatriarchalBAPTISM BLESSPATRIARCHAL INGDATE
1841 apr 27
1840 sep 16
1837
1841 jan 20
1840 oct 30
1851 jan 19
1853 may 07
1852 may 20
1846 jan 11
1840 sep 01
1840 sep 01
SOURCES
PBCR
PBCR
BR
CR
BR
CR
BR
BRMS
CR
BR
PBCR
BR
PBpeCR
BR
PBCR
BR
FGR
BR
FGR
BR
BR
BR811bliFGR
PB
PB
BLESSING
topping d
1841 feb 03
1837 nov 171840 sep 10
1837 nov 171840 sep 10
topping
118
NAME
walmsley ann
walmsley ann elizabeth
walmsley john
walmsley thomas
walters henry booth
walters sarah
ward ann ellen
ward betty
ward elizabeth
ward elizabeth
ward joseph smith
ward mary
ward thomas
ware aliceallceaiice
ware elizabethizabethellzabetheilzabeth
baptismpatriarchalBAPTISM BLESSINGPATRIARCHALDATE
1840 sep 16
1837 jul 301840 jun 18
1838 mar 25
1837 jul 301840 jun 18
1845 aug 25
1847 jun 17
1848 mar 25
1838 feb 06
1842 feb 16
1841 nov 24
1851 oct 26
1837 jul1840 aug 21
1837 oct 231840 sep 04
1849 dec 30
1841 sep
SOURCES
PB
PBFGR
FGR
PBFGR
BR
FGR
BR
CR
FGR
BR
CR
FGR
BR
CR
BR
CR
FGR
BR
FGR
BR
CR
FGR
BR
PB
BR
PBPsCRFGR
BR
PBFGR
al ice
el
119
NAME
ware george
ware naomi
ware ruth
ware samuel george
ware sarah
watts george darling
watts mary
webb charles
webster thomas
welsh charles
whitehead james
whiteside ann
whiteside james
whiteside sarah
whittle edward
whittle john
whittle thomas
baptismpatriarchalBAPTISM BLESSINGPATRIARCHALDATE
1838 dec 24
1838 dec 21
1851 mar 23
1841 jul 37
1841 sep 23
1837 jul 301840 oct 23
1840 aug 27
1840 aug 28
1840 jul 30
1840 jun 11
1839 nov 10
1851 oct 21
1842 apr 04
1851 aug
1843 jun 08
1851 aug 08
SOURCES
BR
FGR
BR
FGR
BR
FGR
BR
FGR
PBPEFGR
PBPSNVT
FGR
PBNVT
PB
MS
CR
PBCR
PBPENVT
CR
BR
CR
BR
BR
CR
BR
BR
BRER
120
NAME
wilding david
wilding margaret
wilding atkinson alice
wilkinson el I1 ing or ellen
wilkinson francis
wilks agnes
wilson jane
wilson john
wilson john
wilson martha
winder betsy
winder mary
winstanley thomas
woodburn william
woodcock elizabeth
woodcock henry
woodcock james
woods margaret
baptismpatriarchalBAPTISM BLESSINGPATRIARCHALDATE
1837
1840 nov 26
1840 jun 11
1841 apr 22
1841 apr 22
1840 jul 23
1848 jun 24
1837 dec 211840 sep 15
1837 dec 21
1840 sep 15
1840 oct 30
1840 oct 01
1851 sep 15
1841 may 25
1840 jul 30
1841 may 25
1840 jul 30
1840 sep 04
SOURCES
FGR
PB
PBFGR
PBCR
PBCR
PBCR
BR
BR
BR
PBCR
BR
PBCR
PBCR
PBCR
BR
CR
PBCR
PB
PBPECR
PB
PB
elling
121
baptismpatriarchalBAPTISM BLESSINGPATRIARCHALDATE SOURCESNAME
worsley ellen 1840 juljut 17 PBCR
worsley james 1840 jul 17 PBMS
ORCR
wright mary 1840 sep 16 PBCR
wright mary ann 1840 aug 28 PBCR
yates ann 1840 nov 26 PBCR
yates john 1841 mar 15 PB
young mary ann BR
aliceallceaiice
100
baptismpatriarchalBAPTISM BLESSINGPATRIARCHALNAME DATE SOURCES
dickson thomas
dickson william
dixon cathrina
D i xon 5W i11i am
dobson A I1 ice
dobson ann
dobson john
dobson mary
dobson mary ann
dobson richard willard
dobson thomas
dobson W i11i am
eastwood francis
eastwood isabellaa
eccles john
eccleston margaret
eccleston william
elm cathrina
1840 jul
1840 jul
1837 oct1840 sep
1841 nov
1839 sep
1840 oct
1847 jun
1851 mar
1848 mar
1840 sep
1848 jul
1850 jul
1851 sep
1851
1838
1840 aug
BR
CR
BR
CR
31 PBCR
31 PBCR
14 BR
05 PBpeCR
15 BR
CR
04 BR
CR
18 PBCR
25 BRCR
25 BR
CR
12 BR
CR
03 PBCR
BR
13 BR
30 BR
BR
BR
28 PB
dixon william
william
bibliography
PRIMARY SOURCES
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church
094014
of jesus christ of latterdaylatter saintsday preston LDSL branchDSrecords HDC family history library microfilm number0870280872028
church of jesus christ of latterdaylatter saintsday preston LDSconference records HDC family history library microfilmnumber 087028
fielding joseph diary 183218591832 HDC1859 typewritten
great britain 1841 census preston london public record officehereafter referred to as PRO family history library
microfilm number 306888
great britain 1851 census preston PRO family history librarymicrofilm number 087290 087292
huntington oliveroiiver boardman dairy 183519001835 HDC1900 typewritten
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jenson andrew ed manuscript history of the preston branch of thechurch of jesus christ of latterdaylatter saintsday HDC
kimball heber C journal 180118481801 HDC1848
kimball stanley H B history of mormon ism in lancashire countyunpublished missionary program
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occupoccue tion
manufacturmanufacturemanufacturmanufacture
preston wesleyan methodist preston circuit register book ofbaptisms 181018371810 1837 PRO family history library microfilmnumber 560881
richards willard diary 183618521836 HDCHOC1852
williamswillams robert autobautom i ographyog HDCHOCraphy
young joseph watson diary 1850 1858 HDChdcoedco
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abstract of the answers and returns occupation abstract 1841london W CI owes and sons for her majestys stationery office1844
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ARTICLES
ggeorgeGGe mitchelsonsMitchorgel reasonselsons for renouncing sectarianism andembracing the fulnessfalness of the gospelgospe 11 miM ilennialglennialIlenlleni starnialI1 3I1 mayenn1842
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anderson michael family structure in nineteenth centurylancashwancash i re cambridge cambridge university press 1971
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bitton davis comp guide to mormon diaries and autobiographiesprovo utah brigham young university press 1977
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clemesha henry wordsworth A bibliography of the history of prestonin amoundernessundernessAmo preston lancashire george toulmin & sonsltd 1923
dahl paul E william clayton missionary pioneer and publicservant 2 ed boise idaho by the author 1929 college blvd1964
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fu I1 ness
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lib
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I1 i ps paulpau T the sectarian spirit sectarianism society andpolitics in victorian cotton towns toronto canada universityof toronto press 1982
pilkington W the makers of wesleyan methodism in preston and therelation of methodism to the temperance and teetotal movementslondon charles H kelly 1890
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esshom frank el I1 wood pioneers and prominent men of utah salt lakecity utah pioneers book publishing co 1913
evans richard L A century of mormon ism in great britainbritalbaital salt lakecity utah deseret book company 1937
farrer william and brownbill J eds the victoria history of thecounty of lancaster 8 vols london A constable 1906 1914
fishwick henry the history of the parish of preston in amoundernessundernessAmo
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jenson andrew latterdaylatter saintday biographical encyclopedia 4 volssalt lake city utah andrew jenson history co 1901361901reprint
36ed salt lake city utah western epics 1971
levilev i leone wagesvages and earnings of the working classes london johnmurray 1885
name index to the library of congress collection of mormon diarieswestern test society series v 1 no 2 logan utah utah stateuniversity press 1971
noall claire intimate disciple A portrait of willard richardsapostle to joseph smith cousin of brigham young salt lakecity utah university of utah press 1957
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richardson john the local historians encyclopedia 2dad ednedo newbarnet hertfordshireHertford historicalshire publications 1986
roberts brigham H the life of john taylor third president of thechurch of jesus christ of latterdaylatter saintsday salt lake cityutah G Q cannon & sons co 1892
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taylor phi I1 lip A M expectations westward edinburgh & londonoliver & boyd 1965
thompson david M ed nonconformity in the nineteenth centurylondon & boston rout I1 edge & kegan paul 1972
thompson EP the making of the english working class new yorkpantheon books 1964
whitney orson ferguson life of heber C kimball an apostleapostlejapostlesApost theleilejielfather and founder of the british mission 2dad ed salt lakecity utah deseret press 1945
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ing W S F the 1851 religious censuscensusa useless experimentbritish journal of sociology XVIII no 4 1967 397
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66
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ap
walker ronald W cradling mormon ismisa the rise of the gospel inearly victorian england BYU studies 27 winter 1977 253625
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ronald G sailing the old ship zion the life of george D
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fales susan L the nonconformists of leeds in the early victorianera A study in social composition MA thesis brigham younguniversity 1984
harris jan mormonscormonsMor inmons victorian england MA thesis brighamyoung university 1986
jorgensen lynne watkins the first london mormonscormonsMor 184018451840mons 1845 MAthesis brigham young university 1988
127
mormonism
ommitcommit
ronardaordoud rd
THE HISTORY OF THE EARLY MEMBERS OF
THE CHURCH OF JESUS CHRIST OF LATTERDAYLATTER SAINTSDAY
IN PRESTON lancashire ENGLAND
paul floyd smart
department of history
M A degree december 1989
ABSTRACT
this thesis outlines the setting for and establishment of thechurch of jesus christ of latterdaylatter saintsday in the british isles theintent is to identify and analyze who the early converts were thatfirst embraced mormon ismisa in england in and around prestonlancashire the study describes the extant records the social andeconomic family lifestyle and religiosity of the mormon converts from1837 upon the churchs arrival in britain to approximately 1851
COMM I1 TTEE APPROVAL LAF M jdavid H prattprdtt committee chairman
ttronalaronalh W waiker commit tee memberdoimiroimi
lcutcdavid C montgomery zkluate coordinatorCpordinator
mormonism
COMMITTEE
wa iker
e
goduate
kaf