the history of the conflict between science & religion

8/12/2019 The History of the Conflict between Science & Religion

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Draper, John William, 1811-1882 . History of the Conflict between Religion an

!cience " #y John William Draper . . .

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%ISO&$b; %ISOtec';About the electronic version

History of the Conflict between Religion and Science / By John William Draper . . .

Draper, John William, 1811-1882

Creation of ac'ine(rea)able version* C'arles +eller

Conversion to TEI(conforant ar!$&* University of Virginia Library Electronic Text

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T'is version available fro t'e University of Virginia Library

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1333

4ote* In t'e &rint so$rce, r$nning 'ea)s at t'e to& of eac' o))(n$bere) &age are $ni5$e

)escri&tors of t'e content of t'at &age; t'ese r$nning 'ea)s4ote* T'e follo2ing errors in t'e &rint so$rce 'ave been correcte) in t'is etext* &16*

&alace7&alace &16* toget'er7 toget'er &"8* )eat'7 )eat' &8.* )e&t'7 )e&t'9 &-6*

Constanti$o&le7 Constantino&le &1.8* ca&tivity7 ca&tivity &113* gro2t'7 gro2t' &1-*restore)7 restore) &1-* :o)7 :o) &1"1* action7 action &1#.* 'istory7 'istory &1"*

inevitable7 inevitable &1-.* rest7 rest &136* )oesticate)7 )oesticate) &13* vain7

vain &* co&ose)7 co&ose)
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About the print version

History of the Conflict Religion

John William Draper

6t' e)

xxii, "-" & ; . c

L # - 1661

International Scientific Series

4ote* ?4otes abo$t t'e original so$rce7

/re&are) for t'e University of Virginia Library Electronic Text Center

*+blishe 1881

Englis' nonfiction &rose asc$line LCS@

Revisions to the electronic version

1333 corrector Ste&'en Aasay


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@ISTOA= OB T@E CO4BLICT>ETEE4

AELI:IO4 =

DO@4 ILLI


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@OEVEA 'as 'a) an o&&ort$nity of becoing ac5$ainte) 2it' t'e ental

con)ition of t'e intelligent classes in E$ro&e an) $t o$ro&inions on every s$bect are contin$ally liable to o)ification, fro t'e

irresistible a)vance of '$an !no2le)ge

Can 2e exaggerate t'e i&ortance of a contention in 2'ic' every t'o$g'tf$l

&erson $st ta!e &art 2'et'er 'e 2ill or notJ In a atter so solen as t'at ofreligion, all en, 2'ose te&oral interests are not involve) in existing

instit$tions, earnestly )esire to fin) t'e tr$t' T'ey see! inforation as to t'e

s$bects in )is&$te, an) as to t'e con)$ct of t'e )is&$tants

T'e 'istory of Science is not a ere recor) of isolate) )iscoveries; it is anarrative of t'e conflict of t2o conten)ing &o2ers, t'e ex&ansive force of t'e

'$an intellect on one si)e, an) t'e co&ression arising fro tra)itionary fait'

an) '$an interests on t'e ot'er


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4o one 'as 'it'erto treate) t'e s$bect fro t'is

(vii(

&oint of vie2 =et fro t'is &oint it &resents itself to $s as a living iss$e (( in fact,as t'e ost i&ortant of all living iss$es

< fe2 years ago, it 2as t'e &olitic an) t'erefore t'e &ro&er co$rse to abstain

fro all all$sion to t'is controversy, an) to !ee& it as far as &ossible in t'e

bac!gro$n) T'e tran5$illity of society )e&en)s so $c' on t'e stability of itsreligio$s convictions, t'at no one can be $stifie) in 2antonly )ist$rbing t'e

>$t fait' is in its nat$re $nc'angeable, stationary; Science is in its nat$re

&rogressive; an) event$ally a )ivergence bet2een t'e, i&ossible to conceal,

$st ta!e &lace It t'en becoes t'e )$ty of t'ose 2'ose lives 'ave a)e t'efailiar 2it' bot' o)es of t'o$g't, to &resent o)estly, b$t firly, t'eir vie2s;

to co&are t'e antagonistic &retensions cally, i&artially, &'iloso&'ically

@istory s'o2s t'at, if t'is be not )one, social isfort$nes, )isastro$s an)en)$ring, 2ill ens$e 'en t'e ol) yt'ological religion of E$ro&e bro!e )o2n

$n)er t'e 2eig't of its o2n inconsistencies, neit'er t'e Aoan e&erors nor t'e

&'iloso&'ers of t'ose ties )i) any t'ing a)e5$ate for t'e g$i)ance of &$blico&inion T'ey left religio$s affairs to ta!e t'eir c'ance, an) accor)ingly t'ose

affairs fell into t'e 'an)s of ignorant an) inf$riate) ecclesiastics, &arasites,

e$n$c's, an) slaves

T'e intellect$al nig't 2'ic' settle) on E$ro&e, in conse5$ence of t'at greatneglect of )$ty, is &assing a2ay; 2e live in t'e )aybrea! of better t'ings Society

(viii(

is anxio$sly ex&ecting lig't, to see in 2'at )irection it is )rifting It &lainly

)iscerns t'at t'e trac! along 2'ic' t'e voyage of civiliHation 'as t'$s far beena)e, 'as been left; an) t'at a ne2 )e&art$re, on all $n!no2n sea, 'as been ta!en

T'o$g' )ee&ly i&resse) 2it' s$c' t'o$g'ts, I s'o$l) not 'ave &res$e) to2rite t'is boo!, or to intr$)e on t'e &$blic t'e i)eas it &resents, 'a) I not a)e t'e

facts 2it' 2'ic' it )eals a s$bect of long an) earnest e)itation


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In collecting an) arranging t'e aterials for t'e vol$es I &$blis'e) $n)er t'e

title of K< @istory of t'e


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$s$ally set fort' t'e ort'o)ox vie2 first, an) t'en follo2e) it 2it' t'at of its

o&&onents

In t'$s treating t'e s$bect it 'as not been necessary to &ay $c' regar) to oreo)erate or intere)iate o&inions, for, t'o$g' t'ey ay be intrinsically of great

val$e, in conflicts of t'is !in) it is not 2it' t'e o)erates b$t 2it' t'e extreistst'at t'e i&artial rea)er is ainly concerne) T'eir oveents )eterine t'e

iss$e

Bor t'is reason I 'ave 'a) little to say res&ecting t'e t2o great C'ristian

confessions, t'e /rotestant an) :ree! C'$rc'es


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s$bse5$ent fact, )eclares t'at en )o not control events, b$t t'at events control

en T'e forer gives origin to co&ositions, 2'ic', 'o2ever $c' t'ey ay

interest or )elig't $s, are b$t a gra)e

(vii(

above novels; t'e latter is a$stere, &er'a&s even re&$lsive, for it sternly i&resses

$s 2it' a conviction of t'e irresistible )oinion of la2, an) t'e insignificance of

'$an exertions In a s$bect so solen as t'at to 2'ic' t'is boo! is )evote), t'eroantic an) t'e &o&$lar are altoget'er o$t of &lace @e 2'o &res$es to treat of

it $st fix 'is eyes stea)fastly on t'at c'ain of )estiny 2'ic' $niversal 'istory

)is&lays; 'e $st t$rn 2it' )is)ain fro t'e &'anto i&ost$res of &ontiffs an)statesen an) !ings

If any t'ing 2ere nee)e) to s'o2 $s t'e $ntr$st2ort'iness of artistic 'istorical

co&ositions, o$r &ersonal ex&erience 2o$l) f$rnis' it @o2 often )o o$r ost

intiate frien)s fail to &erceive t'e real otives of o$r every()ay actions; 'o2fre5$ently t'ey isinter&ret o$r intentions9 If t'is be t'e case in 2'at is &assing

before o$r eyes, ay 2e not be satisfie) t'at it is i&ossible to co&re'en) $stly

t'e )oings of &ersons 2'o live) any years ago, an) 2'o 2e 'ave never seen

In selecting an) arranging t'e to&ics no2 to be &resente), I 'ave been g$i)e) in&art by Kt'e ConfessionK of t'e late Vatican Co$ncil, an) in &art by t'e or)er of

events in 'istory 4ot 2it'o$t interest 2ill t'e rea)er rear! t'at t'e s$bects

offer t'eselves to $s no2 as t'ey )i) to t'e ol) &'iloso&'ers of :reece e still)eal 2it' t'e sae 5$estions abo$t 2'ic' t'ey )is&$te) 'at is :o)J 'at is

t'e so$lJ 'at is t'e 2orl)J @o2 is it governe)J @ave 2e any stan)ar) or

criterion of tr$t'J


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T'en 2it' brevity I recall t'e 2ell(!no2n origin of C'ristianity, an) s'o2 its

a)vance to t'e attainent of i&erial &o2er, t'e transforation it $n)er2ent by

its incor&oration 2it' &aganis, t'e existing religion of t'e Aoan E&ire ible T'e )eterination of t'is involve) a settleent of

t'e rig'ts of reason, or intellect$al free)o L$t'er, 2'o is t'e cons&ic$o$s an

of t'e e&oc', carrie) into effect 'is intention 2it' no inconsi)erable s$ccess; an)

at t'e close of t'e str$ggle it 2as fo$n) t'at 4ort'ern E$ro&e 2as lost to AoanC'ristianity

e are no2 in t'e i)st of a controversy res&ecting t'e o)e of governent of

t'e 2orl), 2'et'er it be by incessant )ivine intervention, or by t'e o&eration of&rior)ial an) $nc'angeable la2 T'e intellect$al oveent of C'risten)o 'as

reac'e) t'at &oint 2'ic'


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stea)fastly in vie2 t'e )eterination to 2rite t'is 2or! in an i&artial s&irit, to

s&ea! 2it' res&ect of t'e conten)ing &arties, b$t never to conceal t'e tr$t', I

coit it to t'e consi)erate $)gent of t'e t'o$g'tf$l rea)er

JOHN WILLIAM RA!"R

U4IVEASIT=, 4E =OA+,ece#ber, 16-6

C/$(/$!.

C@


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*he "g'ptians insist on the introduction o$ the +orship o$ the 0irgin Mar' ))

*he' are resisted b' Nestor, the !atriarch o$ (onstantinople, but eventuall',

through their in$luence +ith the e#peror, cause Nestor/s exile and the dispersiono$ his $ollo+ers.

!relude to the outhern Re$or#ation )) *he !ersian attac&1 its #oral e$$ects.

*he Arabian Re$or#ation. )) Moha##ed is brought in contact +ith the

Nestorians )) He adopts and extends their principles, re2ecting the +orship o$ the0irgin, the doctrine o$ the *rinit', and ever' thing in opposition to the unit' o$

%od. )) He extinguishes idolatr' in Arabia, b' $orce, and prepares to #a&e +ar on

the Ro#an "#pire. )) His successors con3uer 'ria, "g'pt, Asia Minor, North

A$rica, pain, and invade 4rance.

As the result o$ this con$lict, the doctrine o$ the unit' o$ %od +as established in

the greater part o$ the Ro#an "#pire )) *he cultivation o$ science +as restored,

and (hristendo# lost #an' o$ her #ost illustrious capitals, as Alexandria,(arthage, and, above all, Jerusale# /


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!hilosophical vie+s o$ the Orientals. )) *he 0edic theolog' and 5uddhis#

assert the doctrine o$ e#anation and absorption. )) It is advocated b' Aristotle,

+ho is $ollo+ed b' the Alexandrian school, and subse3uentl' b' the Je+s andArabians. )) It is $ound in the +ritings o$ "rigena.

(onnection o$ this doctrine +ith the theor' o$ conservation and correlation o$$orce. )) !arallel bet+een the origin and destin' o$ the bod' and the soul. )) *he

necessit' o$ $ounding hu#an on co#parative ps'cholog'.

Averrois#, +hich is based on these $acts, is brought into (hristendo# through

pain and icil'.

Histor' o$ the repression o$ Averrois#. )) Revolt o$ Isla# against it. ))

Antagonis# o$ the Je+ish s'nagogues. )) Its destruction underta&en b' thepapac'. )) Institution o$ the In3uisition in pain. )) 4right$ul persecutions and

their results. )) "xpulsion o$ the Je+s and Moors. )) Overthro+ o$ Averrois# in

"urope. )) ecisive action o$ the late 0atican (ouncil /


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criptural vie+ that the "arth is onl' six thousand 'ears old, and that it +as

#ade in a +ee&. )) !atristic chronolog' $ounded on the ages o$ the patriarchs. ))

i$$iculties arising $ro# di$$erent esti#ates in di$$erent versions o$ the 5ible.

Legend o$ the eluge. )) *he repeopling. )) *he *o+er o$ 5abel1 the con$usion

o$ tongues. )) *he pri#itive language.

iscover' b' (assini o$ the oblateness o$ the planet Jupiter. )) iscover' b'

Ne+ton o$ the oblateness o$ the "arth. )) eduction that she has been #odeled b'#echanical causes. )) (on$ir#ation o$ this b' geological discoveries respecting

a3ueous roc&s1 corroboration b' organic re#ains. )) *he necessit' o$ ad#itting

enor#ousl' long periods o$ ti#e. )) isplace#ent o$ the doctrine o$ (reation b'

that o$ "volution )) iscoveries respecting the Anti3uit' o$ Man.

*he ti#e)scale and space)scale o$ the +orld are in$inite. )) Moderation +ith

+hich the discussion o$ the Age o$ the World has been conducted /


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(xxi(

C@


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*he general result is, that the political in$luence o$ (atholicis# +as pre2udicial

to #odern civili-ation / #

(xxii(

C@


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*he !rotestant "vangelical Alliance and its acts.

%eneral revie+ o$ the $oregoing de$initions, and acts. )) !resent condition o$ the

controvers', and its $uture prospects / "-

Chapter 1

H0!$R $H( C/0C$

#($W((/

R(030/ &/D !C0(/C(.

CH&*$(R 0.

$H( R030/ !C0(/C(.

Religious condition o$ the %ree&s in the $ourth centur' be$ore (hrist. )) *heir

invasion o$ the !ersian "#pire brings the# in contact +ith ne+ aspects o$

Nature, and $a#iliari-es the# +ith ne+ religious s'ste#s. )) *he #ilitar',

engineering, and scienti$ic activit', sti#ulated b' the Macedonian ca#paigns,leads to the establish#ent in Alexandria o$ an institute, the Museu#, $or the

cultivation o$ &no+ledge b' experi#ent, observation, and #athe#atical

discussion. )) It is the origin o$ cience.

4o s&ectacle can be &resente) to t'e t'o$g'tf$l in) ore solen, ore

o$rnf$l, t'an t'at of t'e )ying of an ancient religion, 2'ic' in its )ay 'as givenconsolation to any generations of en

Bo$r cent$ries before t'e birt' of C'rist, :reece 2as fast o$tgro2ing 'erancient fait' @er &'iloso&'ers, in t'eir st$)ies of t'e 2orl), 'a) been &rofo$n)ly

i&resse) 2it' t'e contrast bet2een t'e aesty of t'e o&erations of 4at$re an)

t'e 2ort'lessness of t'e )ivinities of Oly&$s @er 'istorians, consi)ering t'eor)erly co$rse of &olitical affairs, t'e anifest

(8(

$nifority in t'e acts of en, an) t'at t'ere 2as no event occ$rring before t'eir

eyes for 2'ic' t'ey co$l) not fin) an obvio$s ca$se in soe &rece)ing event,began to s$s&ect t'at t'e iracles an) celestial interventions, 2it' 2'ic' t'e ol)

annals 2ere fille), 2ere only fictions T'ey )ean)e), 2'en t'e age of t'e


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s$&ernat$ral 'a) cease), 2'y oracles 'a) becoe $te, an) 2'y t'ere 2ere no2

no ore &ro)igies in t'e 2orl)

Tra)itions, )escen)ing fro ieorial anti5$ity, an) forerly acce&te) by&io$s en as $n5$estionable tr$t's, 'a) fille) t'e islan)s of t'e e)iterranean

an) t'e conterino$s co$ntries 2it' s$&ernat$ral 2on)ers (( enc'antresses,sorcerers, giants, ogres, 'ar&ies, gorgons, centa$rs, cyclo&s T'e aH$re va$lt 2as

t'e floor of 'eaven; t'ere Me$s, s$rro$n)e) by t'e go)s 2it' t'eir 2ives an)istresses, 'el) 'is co$rt, engage) in &$rs$its li!e t'ose of en, an) not

refraining fro acts of '$an &assion an) crie

< sea(coast bro!en by n$ero$s in)entations, an arc'i&elago 2it' soe of t'eost lovely islan)s in t'e 2orl), ins&ire) t'e :ree!s 2it' a taste for aritie life,

for geogra&'ical )iscovery, an) coloniHation T'eir s'i&s 2an)ere) all over t'e

>lac! an) e)iterranean Seas T'e tie('onore) 2on)ers t'at 'a) been glorifie)

in t'e KO)yssey,K an) sacre) in &$blic fait', 2ere fo$n) to 'ave no existence $t t'is )i) not ta!e &lace 2it'o$t resistance $t t'e frantic efforts of t'ose 2'o are intereste) ins$&&orting )el$sions $st al2ays en) in )efeat T'e )eoraliHation resistlessly

exten)e) t'ro$g' every branc' of literat$re, $ntil at lengt' it reac'e) t'e coon

&eo&le


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:ree! &'iloso&'ical criticis 'a) lent its ai) to :ree! &'iloso&'ical )iscovery

in t'is )estr$ction of t'e national fait' It s$staine) by any arg$ents t'e 2i)e(

s&rea)ing $nbelief It co&are) t'e )octrines of t'e )ifferent sc'ools 2it' eac'ot'er, an) s'o2e) fro t'eir contra)ictions t'at an 'as no criterion of tr$t';

t'at, since 'is i)eas of 2'at is goo) an) 2'at is evil )iffer accor)ing to t'e

co$ntry in 2'ic' 'e lives, t'ey can 'ave no fo$n)ation in 4at$re, b$t $st bealtoget'er

(>(

t'e res$lt of e)$cation; t'at rig't an) 2rong are not'ing ore t'an fictions

create) by society for its o2n &$r&oses In abylonian, t'e


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/ersia 'a) al2ays loo!e) $&on E$ro&ean :reece as &olitically insignificant, for

it 'a) scarcely 'alf t'e territorial extent of one of 'er satra&ies @er ex&e)itions

for co&elling its obe)ience 'a), 'o2ever, ta$g't 'er t'e ilitary 5$alities of its&eo&le In 'er forces 2ere incor&orate) :ree! ercenaries, esteee) t'e very

best of 'er troo&s S'e )i) not 'esitate soeties to give t'e coan) of 'er

aries to :ree! generals, of 'er fleets to :ree! ca&tains In t'e &oliticalconv$lsions t'ro$g' 2'ic' s'e 'a) &asse), :ree! sol)iers 'a) often been $se) by

'er conten)ing c'iefs T'ese ilitary o&erations 2ere atten)e) by a oento$s

res$lt T'ey reveale), to t'e 5$ic! eye of t'ese 2arli!e ercenaries, t'e &olitical2ea!ness of t'e e&ire an) t'e &ossibility of reac'ing its centre


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In t'e s&ring > C ""# etis 'iself 2as )ragge) alive ro$n) t'e city at t'e c'ariot(

2'eels of t'e con5$eror T'ere 2as no2 no f$rt'er obstacle T'e Egy&tians, 2'o


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)eteste) t'e /ersian r$le, receive) t'eir inva)er 2it' o&en ars @e organiHe) t'e

co$ntry in 'is o2n interest, intr$sting all its ilitary coan)s to ace)onian

officers, an) leaving t'e civil governent in t'e 'an)s of native Egy&tians

'ile &re&arations for t'e final ca&aign 2ere being a)e, 'e $n)ertoo! a

o$rney to t'e te&le of D$&iter abylon T'e )eat' of t'e /ersian onarc', 2'ic'

soon follo2e) t'e )efeat 'e s$ffere), left t'e ace)onian general aster of all t'eco$ntries fro t'e an$be to t'e In)$s Event$ally 'e exten)e) 'is con5$est to

t'e :anges T'e treas$res 'e seiHe) are alost beyon) belief


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T'e o)ern ilitary st$)ent cannot loo! $&on t'ese 2on)erf$l ca&aigns

2it'o$t a)iration T'e &assage of t'e @elles&ont; t'e forcing of t'e :ranic$s;

t'e 2inter s&ent in a &olitical organiHation of con5$ere) lac! an) Ae)

Seas to2ar) t'e nitre(covere) &lains of eso&otaia in t'e ens$ing s&ring; t'e

&assage of t'e E$&'rates fringe) 2it' its 2ee&ing(2illo2s at t'e bro!en bri)ge ofT'a&sac$s; t'e crossing of t'e Tigris; t'e noct$rnal reconnaissance before t'e

great an) eorable battle of el, on its to& 2as &lante)t'e observatory 2'erein t'e 2eir) C'al)ean astronoers 'a) 'el) noct$rnal

co$nion 2it' t'e stars; still t'ere 2ere vestiges of t'e t2o &alaces 2it' t'eir

'anging gar)ens in 2'ic' 2ere great trees gro2ing in i)(air, an) t'e 2rec! oft'e 'y)ra$lic ac'inery t'at 'a) s$&&lie) t'e 2it' 2ater fro t'e river Into t'e

artificial la!e 2it' its vast a&&arat$s of a5$e)$cts an) sl$ices t'e elte) sno2s of


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t'e


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r$nning t'is over &lastic clay fore) into bloc!s, &ro)$ce) ineffaceable &roofs

Bro t'eir tile(libraries 2e are still to rea& a literary an) 'istorical 'arvest T'ey

2ere not 2it'o$t soe !no2le)ge of o&tics T'e convex lens fo$n) at 4iro$)s'o2s t'at t'ey 2ere not $nac5$ainte) 2it' agnifying instr$ents In arit'etic

t'ey 'a) )etecte) t'e val$e of &osition in t'e )igits, t'o$g' t'ey isse) t'e gran)

In)ian invention of t'e ci&'er

'at a s&ectacle for t'e con5$ering :ree!s, 2'o, $& to t'is tie, 'a) neit'erex&eriente) nor observe)9 T'ey 'a) contente) t'eselves 2it' ere e)itation

an) $seless s&ec$lation

>$t :ree! intellect$al )evelo&ent, )$e t'$s in &art to a ore exten)e) vie2 of4at$re, 2as &o2erf$lly ai)e) by t'e !no2le)ge t'en ac5$ire) of t'e religion of

t'e con5$ere) co$ntry T'e i)olatry of :reece 'a) al2ays been a 'orror to /ersia,

2'o, in 'er invasions, 'a) never faile) to )estroy t'e te&les an) ins$lt t'e fanes

of t'e bestial go)s T'e i&$nity 2it' 2'ic' t'ese sacrileges 'a) been &er&etrate)

'a) a)e a &rofo$n) i&ression, an) )i) no little to $n)erine @ellenic fait'>$t no2 t'e 2ors'i&er of t'e vile Oly&ian )ivinities, 2'ose obscene lives $st

'ave been s'oc!ing to every &io$s an, 2as bro$g't in contact 2it' a gran), asolen, a consistent religio$s syste 'aving its fo$n)ation on a &'iloso&'ical

basis /ersia,

(7?(

as is t'e case 2it' all e&ires of long )$ration, 'a) &asse) t'ro$g' any c'angesof religion S'e 'a) follo2e) t'e onot'eis of Moroaster; 'a) t'en acce&te)

$alis, an) exc'ange) t'at for agianis abylonian ca&tivity

T'e existence of a &rinci&le of evil is t'e necessary inci)ent of t'e existence of a

&rinci&le of goo), as a s'a)o2 is t'e necessary inci)ent of t'e &resence of lig'tIn t'is anner co$l) be ex&laine) t'e occ$rrence of evil in a 2orl), t'e a!er an)

r$ler of 2'ic' is s$&reely goo) Eac' of t'e &ersonifie) &rinci&les of lig't an)

)ar!ness, Or$H) an)


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aries It is t'e )$ty of a goo) an to c$ltivate tr$t', &$rity, an) in)$stry @e ay

loo! for2ar), 2'en t'is life is over, to a life in anot'er 2orl), an) tr$st to a

res$rrection of t'e bo)y, t'e iortality of t'e so$l, an) a conscio$s f$t$reexistence

In t'e later years of t'e e&ire, t'e &rinci&les of agianis 'a) gra)$ally&revaile) ore an) ore over t'ose of Moroaster agianis 2as essentially a

2ors'i&

(7(

of t'e eleents Of t'ese, fire 2as consi)ere) as t'e ost 2ort'y re&resentative

of t'e S$&ree >eing On altars erecte), not in te&les, b$t $n)er t'e bl$e

cano&y of t'e s!y, &er&et$al fires 2ere !e&t b$rning, an) t'e rising s$n 2asregar)e) as t'e noblest obect of '$an a)oration In t'e society of $t s$rely it 2as a

cal$ny to associate t'e nae of


28/277

in any of 'is battles an) all 'is ca&aigns, becae governor an) event$ally

!ing of Egy&t

y t'at )esignation (( /toley Soter (( 'e is )isting$is'e)fro s$ccee)ing !ings of t'e ace)onian )ynasty in Egy&t

@e establis'e) 'is seat of governent not in any of t'e ol) ca&itals of t'eco$ntry, b$t in


29/277

ost glorio$s on$ent of t'e ace)onian !ings of Egy&t is t'e $se$ Its

infl$ences 2ill last 2'en even t'e /yrai)s 'ave &asse) a2ay

T'e r$c'ion, t'e

aristocratic 5$arter of t'e city, a)oining t'e !ings &alace >$ilt of arble, it 2ass$rro$n)e) 2it' a &iaHHa, in 2'ic' t'e resi)ents ig't 2al! an) converse

toget'er Its sc$l&t$re) a&artents containe) t'e /'ila)el&'ian library, an) 2erecro2)e) 2it' t'e c'oicest stat$es an) &ict$res T'is library event$ally co&rise)

fo$r '$n)re) t'o$san) vol$es In t'e co$rse of tie, &robably on acco$nt of

ina)e5$ate accoo)ation for so any

(7C(

boo!s, an a))itional library 2as establis'e) in t'e a)acent 5$arter A'acotis, an)

&lace) in t'e Sera&ion or te&le of Sera&is T'e n$ber of vol$es in t'is

library, 2'ic' 2as calle) t'e a$g'ter of t'at in t'e $se$, 2as event$allyt'ree '$n)re) t'o$san) T'ere 2ere, t'erefore, seven '$n)re) t'o$san) vol$es

in t'ese royal collections


30/277

(8D(

bac! in tri$&' all t'e Egy&tian on$ents fro Ecbatana an) S$sa, 2'ic'

Cabyses an) ot'er inva)ers 'a) reove) fro Egy&t T'ese 'e re&lace) in t'eiroriginal seats, or a))e) as a)ornents to 'is $se$s 'en 2or!s 2ere

translate) as 2ell as transcribe), s$s 2'ic' 2e s'o$l) consi)er as alost

incre)ible 2ere &ai), as 2as t'e case 2it' t'e Se&t$agint translation of t'e >ible,or)ere) by /toley /'ila)el&'$s

Bor t'e increase of !no2le)ge One of t'e c'ief obects of t'e $se$ 2as

t'at of serving as t'e 'oe of a bo)y of en 2'o )evote) t'eselves to st$)y,

an) 2ere lo)ge) an) aintaine) at t'e !ings ex&ense Occasionally 'e 'iselfsat at t'eir table


31/277

" Bor t'e )iff$sion of !no2le)ge In t'e $se$ 2as given, by lect$res,

conversation, or ot'er a&&ro&riate et'o)s instr$ction in all t'e vario$s

)e&artents of '$an !no2le)ge T'ere floc!e) to t'is great intellect$al centre,st$)ents fro all co$ntries It is sai) t'at at one tie not fe2er t'an fo$rteen

t'o$san) 2ere in atten)ance S$bse5$ently even t'e C'ristian c'$rc' receive)

fro it soe of t'e ost einent of its Bat'ers, as Cleens


32/277

are no &roof of its $nreliability, b$t rat'er of its tr$st2ort'iness T'ey are fail$res

arising fro 2ant of a s$fficiency of facts

(8=(

Soe of t'e general res$lts at 2'ic'


33/277

e s'o$l) reeber t'at 4at$re in 'er o&erations ais at t'e $niversal, an)

never s&ares in)ivi)$als, b$t $ses t'e as eans for t'e acco&lis'ent of 'er

en)s It is, t'erefore, for $s to s$bit to estiny, c$ltivating, as t'e t'ingsnecessary to virt$e, !no2le)ge, te&erance, fortit$)e, $stice e $st reeber

t'at every t'ing aro$n) $s is in $tation; )ecay follo2s re&ro)$ction, an)

re&ro)$ction )ecay, an) t'at it is $seless to re&ine at )eat' in a 2orl) 2'ere everyt'ing is )ying eing T'ere is an invisible &rinci&le, b$t not a &ersonal :o), to 2'oit 2o$l) be not so $c' blas&'ey as abs$r)ity to i&$te t'e for, t'e

sentients, t'e &assions of an


34/277

'at, t'en, reains for $sJ Is it not t'is (( t'e ac5$isition of !no2le)ge, t'e

c$ltivation of virt$e an) of frien)s'i&, t'e observance of fait' an) tr$t', an

$nre&ining s$bission to 2'atever befalls $s, a life le) in accor)ance 2it'reasonJ

(8(

>$t, t'o$g' t'e


35/277

stri!ing contrast 2it' t'e s&ec$lative vagaries of t'e ol)er 2riters La&lace says

t'at t'e only observation 2'ic' t'e 'istory of astronoy offers $s, a)e by t'e

:ree!s before t'e sc'ool of


36/277

Eratost'enes, 2'o at one tie 'a) c'arge of t'e library, 2as t'e a$t'or of any

i&ortant 2or!s


37/277

In t'e i)st of s$c' a brilliant constellation of geoeters, astronoers,

&'ysicists, cons&ic$o$sly s'ines fort' /toley, t'e a$t'or of t'e great 2or!,

KSyntaxis,K Ka Treatise on t'e at'eatical Constr$ction of t'e @eavensK Itaintaine) its gro$n) for nearly fifteen '$n)re) years, an) in)ee) 2as only

)is&lace) by t'e iortal K/rinci&iaK of 4e2ton It coences 2it' t'e )octrine

t'at t'e eart' is glob$lar an) fixe) in s&ace, it )escribes t'e constr$ction of a tableof c'or)s, an) instr$ents for observing t'e solstices, it )e)$ces t'e obli5$ity of

t'e ecli&tic, it fin)s terrestrial latit$)es by t'e gnoon, )escribes cliates, s'o2s

'o2 or)inary ay be converte) into si)ereal tie, gives reasons for &referring t'etro&ical to t'e si)ereal year, f$rnis'es t'e solar t'eory on t'e &rinci&le of t'e s$ns

orbit being a si&le eccentric, ex&lains t'e e5$ation of tie, a)vances to t'e

)isc$ssion of t'e otions of t'e oon, treats of t'e first ine5$ality, of 'er

ecli&ses, an) t'e otion of 'er no)es It t'en gives /toleys o2n great )iscovery(( t'at 2'ic' 'as a)e 'is nae iortal (( t'e )iscovery of t'e oons evection

or secon) ine5$ality, re)$cing it to t'e e&icyclic t'eory It atte&ts t'e

)eterination of t'e )istances of t'e s$n an) oon fro t'e eart' (( 2it',

'o2ever, only &artial s$ccess It consi)ers t'e &recession of t'e e5$inoxes, t'e)iscovery of @i&&arc'$s, t'e f$ll &erio) of 2'ic' is t2enty(five t'o$san) years It

gives a catalog$e of 1,. stars, treats of t'e nat$re of t'e il!y(2ay, an))isc$sses in t'e ost asterly anner t'e otions of t'e &lanets T'is &oint

constit$tes anot'er of /toleys clais to

(=7(

scientific fae @is )eterination of t'e &lanetary orbits 2as acco&lis'e) byco&aring 'is o2n observations 2it' t'ose of forer astronoers, aong t'e

t'e observations of Tioc'aris on t'e &lanet Ven$s

In t'e $se$ of


38/277

>$t )o$btless t'ey )efen)e) t'is &olicy by t'e ex&erience gat'ere) in t'ose

great ca&aigns 2'ic' 'a) a)e t'e :ree!s t'e foreost nation of t'e 2orl)

T'ey 'a) seen t'e yt'ological conce&tions of t'eir ancestral co$ntry )2in)leinto fables; t'e 2on)ers 2it' 2'ic' t'e ol) &oets a)orne) t'e e)iterranean 'a)

been )iscovere) to be baseless ill$sions Bro Oly&$s its )ivinities 'a)

)isa&&eare); in)ee), Oly&$s itself 'a) &rove) to be a &'anto of t'eiagination @a)es 'a) lost its terrors; no &lace co$l) be fo$n) for it

(=8(

Bro t'e 2oo)s an) grottoes an) rivers of $t t'e /toleies also recogniHe) t'at t'ere is soet'ing ore )$rable t'anfors of fait', 2'ic', li!e t'e organic fors of geological ages, once gone, are

clean gone forever, an) 'ave no restoration, no ret$rn T'ey

(==(


39/277

recogniHe) t'at 2it'in t'is 2orl) of transient )el$sions an) $nrealities t'ere is a

2orl) of eternal tr$t'

T'at 2orl) is not to be )iscovere) t'ro$g' t'e vain tra)itions t'at 'ave bro$g't)o2n to $s t'e o&inions of en 2'o live) in t'e orning of civiliHation, nor in

t'e )reas of ystics 2'o t'o$g't t'at t'ey 2ere ins&ire) It is to be )iscovere)by t'e investigations of geoetry, an) by t'e &ractical interrogation of 4at$re

T'ese confer on '$anity soli), an) inn$erable, an) inestiable blessings

T'e )ay 2ill never coe 2'en any one of t'e &ro&ositions of E$cli) 2ill be

)enie); no one 'encefort' 2ill call in 5$estion t'e glob$lar s'a&e of t'e eart', as

recogniHe) by Eratost'enes; t'e 2orl) 2ill not &erit t'e great &'ysicalinventions an) )iscoveries a)e in


40/277

I4 a &olitical sense, C'ristianity is t'e be5$est of t'e Aoan E&ire to t'e

2orl)


41/277

(=(

'en t'e e&ire in a ilitary an) &olitical sense 'a) reac'e) its c$lination, in

a religio$s an) social as&ect it 'a) attaine) its 'eig't of iorality It 'a) becoet'oro$g'ly e&ic$rean; its axi 2as, t'at life s'o$l) be a)e a feast, t'at virt$e

is only t'e seasoning of &leas$re, an) te&erance t'e eans of &rolonging itining(roos glittering 2it' gol) an) incr$ste) 2it' ges, slaves in s$&erb

a&&arel, t'e fascinations of feale society 2'ere all t'e 2oen 2ere )issol$te,

agnificent bat's, t'eatres, gla)iators, s$c' 2ere t'e obects of Aoan )esireT'e con5$erors of t'e 2orl) 'a) )iscovere) t'at t'e only t'ing 2ort' 2ors'i&ing

is Borce >y it all t'ings ig't be sec$re), all t'at toil an) tra)e 'a) laborio$sly

obtaine) T'e confiscation of goo)s an) lan)s, t'e taxation of &rovinces, 2ere t'ere2ar) of s$ccessf$l 2arfare; an) t'e e&eror 2as t'e sybol of force T'ere

2as a social s&len)or, b$t it 2as t'e &'os&'orescent corr$&tion of t'e ancient

e)iterranean 2orl)

In one of t'e Eastern &rovinces, Syria, soe &ersons in very '$ble life 'a)associate) t'eselves toget'er for benevolent an) religio$s &$r&oses T'e

)octrines t'ey 'el) 2ere in 'arony 2it' t'at sentient of $niversal brot'er'oo)

arising fro t'e coalescence of t'e con5$ere) !ing)os T'ey 2ere )octrinesinc$lcate) by Des$s

T'e De2is' &eo&le at t'at tie entertaine) a belief, fo$n)e) on ol) tra)itions,

t'at a )eliverer 2o$l) arise aong t'e, 2'o 2o$l) restore t'e to t'eir ancient

s&len)or T'e )isci&les of Des$s regar)e) 'i as t'is long(ex&ecte) essia' >$t

t'e &riest'oo), believing t'at t'e )octrines 'e ta$g't 2ere &re$)icial to t'eirinterests, )eno$nce) 'i to t'e Aoan governor, 2'o, to satisfy t'eir claors,

rel$ctantly )elivere) 'i over to )eat'

(=(

@is )octrines of benevolence an) '$an brot'er'oo) o$tlaste) t'at event T'e

)isci&les, instea) of scattering, organiHe) T'ey associate) t'eselves on a&rinci&le of co$nis, eac' t'ro2ing into t'e coon stoc! 2'atever &ro&erty

'e &ossesse), an) all 'is gains T'e 2i)o2s an) or&'ans of t'e co$nity 2ere

t'$s s$&&orte), t'e &oor an) t'e sic! s$staine) Bro t'is ger 2as )evelo&e) ane2, an) as t'e events &rove), all(&o2erf$l society (( t'e C'$rc'; ne2, for

not'ing of t'e !in) 'a) existe) in anti5$ity; &o2erf$l, for t'e local c'$rc'es, at

first isolate), soon began to confe)erate for t'eir coon interest T'ro$g' t'isorganiHation C'ristianity ac'ieve) all 'er &olitical tri$&'s


42/277

ritain

Its &ro&agation 2as 'astene) by issionaries 2'o a)e it !no2n in all)irections 4one of t'e ancient classical &'iloso&'ies 'a) ever ta!en a)vantage of

s$c' a eans

/olitical con)itions )eterine) t'e bo$n)aries of t'e ne2 religion Its liits2ere event$ally t'ose of t'e Aoan E&ire; Aoe, )o$btf$lly t'e &lace of )eat'

of /eter, not Der$sale, in)is&$tably t'e &lace of t'e )eat' of o$r Savior, becae

t'e religio$s ca&ital It 2as better to 'ave &ossession of t'e i&erial seven 'ille)

city, t'an of :et'seane an) Calvary 2it' all t'eir 'oly so$venirs

(=B(

Bor any years C'ristianity anifeste) itself as a syste enoining t'ree t'ings(( to2ar) :o) veneration, in &ersonal life &$rity, in social life benevolence In its

early )ays of feebleness it a)e &roselytes only by &ers$asion, b$t, as it increase)

in n$bers an) infl$ence, it began to ex'ibit &olitical ten)encies, a )is&osition tofor a governent 2it'in t'e governent, an e&ire 2it'in t'e e&ire T'ese

ten)encies it 'as never since lost T'ey are, in tr$t', t'e logical res$lt of its

)evelo&ent T'e Aoan e&erors, )iscovering t'at it 2as absol$tely

inco&atible 2it' t'e i&erial syste, trie) to &$t it )o2n by force T'is 2as inaccor)ance 2it' t'e s&irit of t'eir ilitary axis, 2'ic' 'a) no ot'er eans b$t

force for t'e establis'ent of confority

In t'e 2inter


43/277

(=C(

arc' of events, t'at not even t'e e&eror 'iself co$l) sto& t'e &ersec$tion

It 'a) no2 becoe evi)ent t'at t'e C'ristians constit$te) a &o2erf$l &arty int'e state, aniate) 2it' in)ignation at t'e atrocities t'ey 'a) s$ffere), an)

)eterine) to en)$re t'e no longer $t 'e )i) not

&ersonally confor to t'e cereonial re5$ireents of t'e C'$rc' $ntil t'e close

of 'is evil life, D(


44/277

it' no inconsi)erable s!ill Tert$llian o&ens 'is arg$ent @e tells t'e

agistrates t'at C'ristianity is a stranger $&on eart', an) t'at s'e ex&ects to eet

2it' eneies in a co$ntry 2'ic' is not 'er o2n S'e only as!s t'at s'e ay not becon)ene) $n'ear), an) t'at Aoan agistrates 2ill &erit 'er to )efen)

'erself; t'at t'e la2s of t'e e&ire 2ill gat'er l$stre, if $)gent be &asse) $&on

'er after s'e 'as been trie) b$t not if s'e is sentence) 2it'o$t a 'earing of 'erca$se; t'at it is $n$st to 'ate a t'ing of 2'ic' 2e are ignorant, even t'o$g' it

ay be a t'ing 2ort'y of 'ate; t'at t'e la2s of Aoe )eal 2it' actions, not 2it'

ere naes; b$t t'at, not2it'stan)ing t'is, &ersons 'ave been &$nis'e) beca$set'ey 2ere calle) C'ristians, an) t'at 2it'o$t any acc$sation of crie

@e t'en a)vances to an ex&osition of t'e origin, t'e nat$re, an) t'e effects of

C'ristianity, stating t'at it is fo$n)e) on t'e @ebre2 Scri&t$res, 2'ic' are t'e

ost venerable of all boo!s @e says to t'e agistrates* KT'e boo!s of oses, in2'ic' :o) 'as inclose), as in a treas$re, all t'e religion of t'e De2s, an)

conse5$ently all t'e C'ristian religion, reac' far beyon) t'e ol)est

(>7(

yo$ 'ave, even beyon) all yo$r &$blic on$ents, t'e establis'ent of yo$rstate, t'e fo$n)ation of any great cities (( all t'at is ost a)vance) by yo$ in all

ages of 'istory, an) eory of ties; t'e invention of letters, 2'ic' are t'e

inter&reters of sciences an) t'e g$ar)ians of all excellent t'ings I t'in! I ay sayore (( beyon) yo$r go)s, yo$r te&les, yo$r oracles an) sacrifices T'e a$t'or

of t'ose boo!s live) a t'o$san) years before t'e siege of Troy, an) ore t'an

fifteen '$n)re) before @oerK Tie is t'e ally of tr$t', an) 2ise en believe

not'ing b$t 2'at is certain, an) 2'at 'as been verifie) by tie T'e &rinci&ala$t'ority of t'ese Scri&t$res is )erive) fro t'eir venerable anti5$ity T'e ost

learne) of t'e /toleies, 2'o 2as s$rnae) /'ila)el&'$s, an acco&lis'e)

&rince, by t'e a)vice of eetri$s /'alare$s, obtaine) a co&y of t'ese 'olyboo!s It ay be fo$n) at t'is )ay in 'is library T'e )ivinity of t'ese Scri&t$res is

&rove) by t'is, t'at all t'at is )one in o$r )ays ay be fo$n) &re)icte) in t'e;

t'ey contain all t'at 'as since &asse) in t'e vie2 of en

Is not t'e acco&lis'ent of a &ro&'ecy a testiony to its tr$t'J Seeing t'atevents 2'ic' are &ast 'ave vin)icate) t'ese &ro&'ecies, s'all 2e be blae) for

tr$sting t'e in events t'at are to coeJ 4o2, as 2e believe t'ings t'at 'ave been

&ro&'esie) an) 'ave coe to &ass, so 2e believe t'ings t'at 'ave been tol) $s,b$t not yet coe to &ass, beca$se t'ey 'ave all been foretol) by t'e sae

Scri&t$res, as 2ell t'ose t'at are verifie) every )ay as t'ose t'at still reain to be

f$lfille)

T'ese @oly Scri&t$res teac' $s t'at t'ere is one :o), 2'o a)e t'e 2orl) o$tof not'ing, 2'o, t'o$g' )aily seen, is invisible; 'is infiniteness is !no2n only


45/277

(>8(

to 'iself; 'is iensity conceals, b$t at t'e sae tie )iscovers 'i @e 'asor)aine) for en, accor)ing to t'eir lives, re2ar)s an) &$nis'ents; 'e 2ill raise

all t'e )ea) t'at 'ave ever live) fro t'e creation of t'e 2orl), 2ill coan)

t'e to reass$e t'eir bo)ies, an) t'ere$&on a)$)ge t'e to felicity t'at 'as soen), or to eternal flaes T'e fires of 'ell are t'ose 'i))en flaes 2'ic' t'e eart'

s'$ts $& in 'er boso @e 'as in &ast ties sent into t'e 2orl) &reac'ers or

&ro&'ets T'e &ro&'ets of t'ose ol) ties 2ere De2s; t'ey a))resse) t'eir oracles,

for s$c' t'ey 2ere, to t'e De2s, 2'o 'ave store) t'e $& in t'e Scri&t$res Ont'e, as 'as been sai), C'ristianity is fo$n)e), t'o$g' t'e C'ristian )iffers in 'is

cereonies fro t'e De2 e are acc$se) of 2ors'i&ing a an, an) not t'e :o)

of t'e De2s 4ot so T'e 'onor 2e bear to C'rist )oes not )erogate fro t'e 'onor

2e bear to :o)

On acco$nt of t'e erit of t'ese ancient &atriarc's, t'e De2s 2ere t'e only

belove) &eo&le of :o); 'e )elig'te) to be in co$nication 2it' t'e by 'is

o2n o$t' >y 'i t'ey 2ere raise) to a)irable greatness >$t 2it' &erversityt'ey 2ic!e)ly cease) to regar) 'i; t'ey c'ange) 'is la2s into a &rofane

2ors'i& @e 2arne) t'e t'at 'e 2o$l) ta!e to 'iself servants ore fait'f$l

t'an t'ey, an), for t'eir crie, &$nis'e) t'e by )riving t'e fort' fro t'eirco$ntry T'ey are no2 s&rea) all over t'e 2orl); t'ey 2an)er in all &arts; t'ey

cannot enoy t'e air t'ey breat'e) at t'eir birt'; t'ey 'ave neit'er an nor :o)

for t'eir !ing


46/277

to /ilate @e 2as cr$cifie), )ie), 2as b$rie), an) after t'ree )ays rose again Bor

forty )ays 'e reaine) aong 'is )isci&les T'en 'e 2as environe) in a clo$),

an) rose $& to 'eaven (( a tr$t' far ore certain t'an any '$an testioniesto$c'ing t'e ascension of Ao$l$s or of any ot'er Aoan &rince o$nting $& to

t'e sae &lace

Tert$llian t'en )escribes t'e origin an) nat$re of )evils, 2'o, $n)er Satan, t'eir

&rince, &ro)$ce )iseases, irreg$larities of t'e air, &lag$es, an) t'e blig'ting of t'eblossos of t'e eart', 2'o se)$ce en to offer sacrifices, t'at t'ey ay 'ave t'e

bloo) of t'e victis, 2'ic' is t'eir foo) T'ey are as nible as t'e bir)s, an)

'ence !no2 every t'ing t'at is &assing $&on eart'; t'ey live in t'e air, an) 'encecan s&y 2'at is going on in 'eaven; for t'is reason t'ey can i&ose on en

reigne) &ro&'ecies, an) )eliver oracles T'$s t'ey anno$nce) in Aoe t'at a

victory 2o$l) be obtaine) over +ing /erse$s, 2'en in tr$t' t'ey !ne2 t'at t'ebattle 2as alrea)y 2on T'ey falsely c$re )iseases;

(>>(

for, ta!ing &ossession of t'e bo)y of a an, t'ey &ro)$ce in 'i a )iste&er, an)

t'en or)aining soe ree)y to 'e $se), t'ey cease to afflict 'i, an) en t'in!t'at a c$re 'as ta!en &lace

T'o$g' C'ristians )eny t'at t'e e&eror is a go), t'ey nevert'eless &ray for 'is

&ros&erity, beca$se t'e general )issol$tion t'at t'reatens t'e $niverse, t'e

conflagration of t'e 2orl), is retar)e) so long as t'e glorio$s aesty of t'etri$&'ant Aoan E&ire s'all last T'ey )esire not to be &resent at t'e

s$bversion of all 4at$re T'ey ac!no2le)ge only one re&$blic, b$t it is t'e 2'ole

2orl); t'ey constit$te one bo)y, 2ors'i& one :o), an) all loo! for2ar) to eternal'a&&iness 4ot only )o t'ey &ray for t'e e&eror an) t'e agistrates, b$t also for

&eace T'ey rea) t'e Scri&t$res to no$ris' t'eir fait', lift $& t'eir 'o&e, an)

strengt'en t'e confi)ence t'ey 'ave in :o) T'ey asseble to ex'ort one anot'er;

t'ey reove sinners fro t'eir societies; t'ey 'ave bis'o&s 2'o &resi)e overt'e, a&&rove) by t'e s$ffrages of t'ose 2'o t'ey are to con)$ct


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(>?(

s'o$l) never )ie T'e obects of t'eir life are innocence, $stice, &atience,te&erance, c'astity

To t'is noble ex&osition of C'ristian belief an) life in 'is )ay, Tert$llian )oes

not 'esitate to a)) an oino$s 2arning to t'e agistrates 'e is a))ressing ((

oino$s, for it 2as a forecast of a great event soon to coe to &ass* KO$r origin isb$t recent, yet alrea)y 2e fill all t'at yo$r &o2er ac!no2le)ges (( cities,

fortresses, islan)s, &rovinces, t'e asseblies of t'e &eo&le, t'e 2ar)s of Aoe,

t'e &alace, t'e senate, t'e &$blic &laces, an) es&ecially t'e aries e 'ave leftyo$ not'ing b$t yo$r te&les Aeflect 2'at 2ars 2e are able to $n)erta!e9 it'

2'at &ro&tit$)e ig't 2e not ar o$rselves 2ere 2e not restraine) by o$r

religion, 2'ic' teac'es $s t'at it is better to be !ille) t'an to !ill9K

>efore 'e closes 'is )efense, Tert$llian rene2s an assertion 2'ic', carrie) into&ractice, as it s$bse5$ently 2as, affecte) t'e intellect$al )evelo&ent of all

E$ro&e @e )eclares t'at t'e @oly Scri&t$res are a treas$re fro 2'ic' all t'e tr$e

2is)o in t'e 2orl) 'as been )ra2n; t'at every &'iloso&'er an) every &oet isin)ebte) to t'e @e labors to s'o2 t'at t'ey are t'e stan)ar) an) eas$re of all

tr$t', an) t'at 2'atever is inconsistent 2it' t'e $st necessarily be false

Bro Tert$llians able 2or! 2e see 2'at C'ristianity 2as 2'ile it 2as s$ffering

&ersec$tion an) str$ggling for existence e 'ave no2 to see 2'at it becae

2'en in &ossession of i&erial &o2er :reat is t'e )ifference bet2eenC'ristianity $n)er Sever$s an) C'ristianity after Constantine any of t'e

)octrines 2'ic' at t'e latter &erio) 2ere &reinent, in t'e forer 2ere $n!no2n

T2o ca$ses le) to t'e aalgaation of C'ristianity 2it' &aganis* 1 T'e&olitical necessities of t'e ne2

(>(

)ynasty; T'e &olicy a)o&te) by t'e ne2 religion to ins$re its s&rea)

1 T'o$g' t'e C'ristian &arty 'a) &rove) itself s$fficiently strong to give a

aster to t'e e&ire, it 2as never s$fficiently strong to )estroy its antagonist,&aganis T'e iss$e of t'e str$ggle bet2een t'e 2as an aalgaation of t'e

&rinci&les of bot' In t'is, C'ristianity )iffere) fro o'ae)anis, 2'ic'

absol$tely anni'ilate) its antagonist, an) s&rea) its o2n )octrines 2it'o$ta)$lteration


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Constantine contin$ally s'o2e) by 'is acts t'at 'e felt 'e $st be t'e i&artial

sovereign of all 'is &eo&le, not erely t'e re&resentative of a s$ccessf$l faction

@ence, if 'e b$ilt C'ristian c'$rc'es, 'e also restore) &agan te&les; if 'elistene) to t'e clergy, 'e also cons$lte) t'e 'ar$s&ices; if 'e s$one) t'e

Co$ncil of 4icea, 'e also 'onore) t'e stat$e of Bort$ne; if 'e acce&te) t'e rite of

ba&tis, 'e also str$c! a e)al bearing 'is title of K:o)K @is stat$e, on t'e to& oft'e great &or&'yry &illar at Constantino&le, consiste) of an ancient iage of

(

$nion or aalgaation as $c' as &ossible Even sincere C'ristians )o not seeto 'ave been averse to t'is; &er'a&s t'ey believe) t'at t'e ne2 )octrines 2o$l)

)iff$se ost t'oro$g'ly by incor&orating in t'eselves i)eas borro2e) fro t'e

ol), t'at Tr$t' 2o$l) assert 'er self in t'e en), an) t'e i&$rity be cast off Inacco&lis'ing t'is aalgaation, @elena, t'e e&ress(ot'er, ai)e) by t'e co$rt

la)ies, le) t'e 2ay Bor 'er gratification t'ere 2ere )iscovere), in a cavern at

Der$sale, 2'erein t'ey 'a) lain b$rie) for ore t'an t'ree cent$ries, t'e Saviorscross, an) t'ose of t'e t2o t'ieves, t'e inscri&tion, an) t'e nails t'at 'a) been

$se) T'ey 2ere i)entifie) by iracle < tr$e relic(2ors'i& set in T'e s$&erstition

of t'e ol) :ree! ties rea&&eare); t'e ties 2'en t'e tools 2it' 2'ic' t'e Troan

'orse 2as a)e ig't still be seen at eta&ont$, t'e sce&tre of /elo&s atC'Groneia, t'e s&ear of


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establis'e) 4ot only 2as t'e a)oration of Isis $n)er a ne2 nae restore), b$t

even 'er iage, stan)ing on t'e crescent oon, rea&&eare)

(>B(

T'e 2ell(!no2n effigy of t'at go))ess, 2it' t'e infant @or$s in 'er ars, 'as

)escen)e) to o$r )ays in t'e bea$tif$l, artistic creations of t'e a)onna an)

C'il) S$c' restorations of ol) conce&tions $n)er novel fors 2ere every2'ere

receive) 2it' )elig't 'en it 2as anno$nce) to t'e E&'esians t'at t'e Co$ncilof t'at &lace, 'ea)e) by Cyril, 'a) )ecree) t'at t'e Virgin s'o$l) be calle) Kt'e

ot'er of :o),K 2it' tears of oy t'ey ebrace) t'e !nees of t'eir bis'o&; it 2as

t'e ol) instinct &ee&ing o$t; t'eir ancestors 2o$l) 'ave )one t'e sae for iana

T'is atte&t to conciliate 2orl)ly converts, by a)o&ting t'eir i)eas an)&ractices, )i) not &ass 2it'o$t reonstrance fro t'ose 2'ose intelligence

)iscerne) t'e otive K=o$ 'ave,K says Ba$st$s to


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after t'e fas'ion of t'e 'eat'en go)s It 2as given o$t t'at &ro)igies an) iracles

2ere to be seen in certain &laces, as in t'e 'eat'en ties T'e 'a&&y so$ls of

)e&arte) C'ristians 2ere invo!e); it 2as believe) t'at t'ey 2ere 2an)ering abo$tt'e 2orl), or 'a$nting t'eir graves T'ere 2as a $lti&lication of te&les, altars,

an) &enitential garents T'e festival of t'e &$rification of t'e Virgin 2as

invente) to reove t'e $neasiness of 'eat'en converts on acco$nt of t'e loss oft'eir L$&ercalia, or feasts of /an T'e 2ors'i& of iages, of fragents of t'e

cross, or bones, nails, an) ot'er relics, a tr$e fetic' 2ors'i&, 2as c$ltivate) T2o

arg$ents 2ere relie) on for t'e a$t'enticity of t'ese obects (( t'e a$t'ority oft'e C'$rc', an) t'e 2or!ing of iracles Even t'e 2orn(o$t clot'ing of t'e saints

an) t'e eart' of t'eir graves 2ere venerate) Bro /alestine 2ere bro$g't 2'at

2ere affire) to be t'e s!eletons of St ar! an) St Daes, an) ot'er ancient

2ort'ies T'e a&ot'eosis of t'e ol) Aoan ties 2as re&lace) by canoniHation;t$telary saints s$ccee) to local yt'ological )ivinities T'en cae t'e ystery of

trans$bstantiation, or t'e conversion of brea) an) 2ine by t'e &riest into t'e fles'

an) bloo) of C'rist


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(?7(

o$ntains; t'e carrying of iages an) relics in &o&o$s &rocession, 2it'n$ero$s lig'ts an) 2it' $sic an) singing; flagellations at solen seasons

$n)er t'e notion of &enance; a great variety of religio$s or)ers an) fraternities of

&riests; t'e s'aving of &riests, or t'e tons$re as it is calle), on t'e cro2n of t'eir'ea)s; t'e i&osing of celibacy an) vo2s of c'astity on t'e religio$s of bot'

sexes (( all t'ese an) any ore rites an) cereonies are e5$ally &arts of &agan

an) &o&is' s$&erstition 4ay, t'e very sae te&les, t'e very sae iages, 2'ic'

2ere once consecrate) to D$&iter an) t'e ot'er )eons, are no2 consecrate) tot'e Virgin ary an) t'e ot'er saints T'e very sae rites an) inscri&tions are

ascribe) to bot', t'e very sae &ro)igies an) iracles are relate) of t'ese as of

t'ose In s'ort, alost t'e 2'ole of &aganis is converte) an) a&&lie) to &o&ery;

t'e one is anifestly fore) $&on t'e sae &lan an) &rinci&les as t'e ot'er; sot'at t'ere is not only a confority, b$t even a $nifority, in t'e 2ors'i& of

ancient an) o)ern, of 'eat'en an) C'ristian AoeK

T'$s far >is'o& 4e2ton; b$t to ret$rn to t'e ties of Constantine* t'o$g' t'eseconcessions to ol) an) &o&$lar i)eas 2ere &eritte) an) even enco$rage), t'e

)oinant religio$s &arty never for a oent 'esitate) to enforce its )ecisions by

t'e ai) of t'e civil &o2er (( an ai) 2'ic' 2as freely given Constantine t'$scarrie) into effect t'e acts of t'e Co$ncil of 4icea In t'e affair of


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T'$s cae into &roinence 2'at 2ere tere) sacre) an) &rofane !no2le)ge;

t'$s cae into &resence of eac' ot'er t2o o&&osing &arties, one relying on '$an

reason as its g$i)e, t'e ot'er on revelation /aganis leane) for s$&&ort on t'elearning of its &'iloso&'ers, C'ristianity on t'e ins&iration of its Bat'ers

T'e C'$rc' t'$s set 'erself fort' as t'e )e&ository an) arbiter of !no2le)ge;s'e 2as ever rea)y to resort to t'e civil &o2er to co&el obe)ience to 'er

)ecisions S'e t'$s too! a co$rse 2'ic' )eterine) 'er 2'ole f$t$re career* s'ebecae a st$bling(bloc! in t'e intellect$al a)vanceent of E$ro&e for ore

t'an a t'o$san) years

T'e reign of Constantine ar!s t'e e&oc' of t'e transforation of C'ristianityfro a religion into a &olitical syste; an) t'o$g', in one sense, t'at syste 2as

)egra)e) into an i)olatry, in anot'er it 'a) risen into a )evelo&ent of t'e ol)

:ree! yt'ology T'e axi 'ol)s goo) in t'e social as 2ell as in t'e

ec'anical 2orl), t'at, 2'en t2o bo)ies stri!e, t'e for of bot' is c'ange)

/aganis 2as o)ifie) by C'ristianity; C'ristianity by /aganis

(?=(

In t'e Trinitarian controversy, 2'ic' first bro!e o$t in Egy&t (( Egy&t, t'e lan)

of Trinities (( t'e c'ief &oint in )isc$ssion 2as to )efine t'e &osition of Kt'e SonK

T'ere live) in $t t'is assertion evi)ently )enie) t'ecoeternity of t'e t'ree &ersons of t'e Trinity; it s$ggeste) a s$bor)ination or

ine5$ality aong t'e, an) in)ee) i&lie) a tie 2'en t'e Trinity )i) not exist

@ere$&on, t'e bis'o&, 2'o 'a) been t'e s$ccessf$l co&etitor against


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anat'eatiHes t'ose 2'o say t'at t'ere 2as a tie 2'en t'e Son of :o) 2as not,

an)

(?>(

t'at, before 'e 2as begotten, 'e 2as not, an) t'at 'e 2as a)e o$t of not'ing, or

o$t of anot'er s$bstance or essence, an) is create), or c'angeable, or alterableK

Constantine at once enforce) t'e )ecision of t'e co$ncil by t'e civil &o2er

< fe2 years s$bse5$ently t'e E&eror T'eo)osi$s &ro'ibite) sacrifices, a)et'e ins&ection of t'e entrails of anials a ca&ital offense, an) forba)e any one

entering a te&le @e instit$te) In5$isitors of Bait', an) or)aine) t'at all 2'o )i)

not accor) 2it' t'e belief of aas$s, t'e >is'o& of Aoe, an) /eter, t'e >is'o&

of


54/277

ritis' on!, 2'o 'a) ass$e) t'e nae of /elagi$s, &asse) t'ro$g' esternE$ro&e an) 4ort'ern


55/277

fro t'e e&eror an e)ict )eno$ncing /elagins as a 'eretic; 'e an) 'is

acco&lices 2ere con)ene) to exile an) t'e forfeit$re of t'eir goo)s To affir

t'at )eat' 2as in t'e 2orl) before t'e fall of


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$t,K 'e a))s, Ksoe one ay as!, 'at 2as :o) )oing before 'e a)e t'e'eaven an) t'e eart'J for, if at any &artic$lar oent 'e began to e&loy

'iself, t'at eans tie, not eternity In eternity not'ing trans&ires (( t'e 2'ole is

&resent K In ans2ering t'is 5$estion, 'e cannot forbear one of t'ose to$c'es of


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r'etoric for 2'ic' 'e 2as so celebrate)* KI 2ill not ans2er t'is 5$estion by saying

t'at 'e 2as &re&aring 'ell for &riers into 'is ysteries I say t'at, before :o)

a)e 'eaven an) eart', 'e )i) not a!e any t'ing, for no creat$re co$l) be a)ebefore any creat$re 2as a)e Tie itself is a creat$re, an) 'ence it co$l) not

&ossibly exist before creation

K'at, t'en, is tieJ T'e &ast is not, t'e f$t$re is not, t'e &resent (( 2'o can tell

2'at it is, $nless it be t'at 2'ic' 'as no )$ration bet2een t2o nonentitiesJ T'ereis no s$c' t'ing as a long tie, or a s'ort tie, for t'ere are no s$c' t'ings as

t'e &ast an) t'e f$t$re T'ey 'ave no existence, exce&t in t'e so$lK

(D(

T'e style in 2'ic' St


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It is a2f$l to loo! t'erein; an a2f$lness of 'onor, an) a trebling of love T'e

eneies t'ereof I 'ate ve'eently; O t'at t'o$ 2o$l)st slay t'e 2it' t'y t2o(

e)ge) s2or), t'at t'ey ig't no longer be eneies to it* for so )o I love to 'avet'e slain $nto t'eselves, t'at t'ey ay live $nto t'eeK

e'ol) t'eTrinity, y :o)9 (( Bat'er, an) Son, an) @oly :'ost Creator of all creationK

T'at I ig't convey to y rea)er a $st i&ression of t'e c'aracter of St

ible fro its tr$e office (( a g$i)e to &$rity of life (( an) &lace) it in t'e &erilo$s

&osition of being t'e arbiter of '$an !no2le)ge, an a$)acio$s tyranny over t'e

in) of an T'e exa&le once set, t'ere 2as no 2ant of follo2ers; t'e 2or!s oft'e great :ree! &'iloso&'ers 2ere stigatiHe) as &rofane; t'e transcen)ently

glorio$s ac'ieveents of t'e $se$ of


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clo$) of ignorance, ysticis, an) $nintelligible argon, o$t of 2'ic' t'ere too

often flas'e) t'e )estroying lig'tnings of ecclesiastical vengeance

< )ivine revelation of science a)its of no i&roveent, no c'ange, noa)vance It )isco$rages as nee)less, an) in)ee) as &res$&t$o$s, all ne2

)iscovery, consi)ering it as an $nla2f$l &rying into t'ings 2'ic' it 2as t'eintention of :o) to conceal

'at, t'en, is t'at sacre), t'at reveale) science, )eclare) by t'e Bat'ers to bet'e s$ of all !no2le)geJ

It li!ene) all &'enoena, nat$ral an) s&irit$al, to '$an acts It sa2 in t'e


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Let $s listen to 2'at soe of t'ese a$t'orities say in s$&&ort of t'eir assertions

T'$s Lactanti$s, referring

(>(

to t'e 'eretical )octrine of t'e glob$lar for of t'e eart', rear!s* KIs it &ossible

t'at en can be so abs$r) as to believe t'at t'e cro&s an) t'e trees on t'e ot'er

si)e of t'e eart' 'ang )o2n2ar), an) t'at en 'ave t'eir feet 'ig'er t'an t'eir

'ea)sJ If yo$ as! t'e 'o2 t'ey )efen) t'ese onstrosities, 'o2 t'ings )o notfall a2ay fro t'e eart' on t'at si)e, t'ey re&ly t'at t'e nat$re of t'ings is s$c'

t'at 'eavy bo)ies ten) to2ar) t'e centre, li!e t'e s&o!es of a 2'eel, 2'ile lig't

bo)ies, as clo$)s, so!e, fire, ten) fro t'e centre to t'e 'eavens on all si)es4o2, I a really at a loss 2'at to say of t'ose 2'o, 2'en t'ey 'ave once gone

2rong, stea)ily &ersevere in t'eir folly, an) )efen) one abs$r) o&inion by

anot'erK On t'e 5$estion of t'e anti&o)es, St abel, t'e conf$sion of tong$es, t'e )is&ersion of an!in), t'e

inter&retation of nat$ral &'enoena, as ecli&ses, t'e rainbo2, etc


61/277

interce&ting t'e rays of t'e s$n, &ro)$ces nig't; an) t'at t'e &lane of t'e eart' is

not set exactly 'oriHontally, b$t 2it' a little inclination fro t'e nort'* 'ence t'e

E$&'rates, Tigris, an) ot'er rivers, r$nning so$t'2ar), are ra&i); b$t t'e 4ile,'aving to r$n $&('ill, 'as necessarily a very slo2 c$rrent

T'e Venerable >e)e, 2riting in t'e sevent' cent$ry, tells $s t'at Kt'e creation2as acco&lis'e) in six )ays, an) t'at t'e eart' is its centre an) its &riary

obect T'e 'eaven is of a fiery an) s$btile nat$re, ro$n), an) e5$i)istant in every&art, as a cano&y fro t'e centre of t'e eart' It t$rns ro$n) every )ay 2it'

ineffable ra&i)ity, only o)erate) by t'e resistance of t'e seven &lanets, t'ree

above t'e s$n (( Sat$rn, D$&iter, ars (( t'en t'e s$n; t'ree belo2 (( Ven$s,erc$ry, t'e oon T'e stars go ro$n) in t'eir fixe) co$rses, t'e nort'ern

&erfor t'e s'ortest circle T'e 'ig'est 'eaven 'as its &ro&er liit; it contains t'e

angelic virt$es 2'o )escen) $&on eart', ass$e et'ereal bo)ies, &erfor '$anf$nctions, an) ret$rn T'e 'eaven is te&ere) 2it' glacial 2aters, lest it s'o$l) be

set on fire T'e inferior 'eaven is calle) t'e firaent, beca$se it se&arates t'e

s$&erinc$bent 2aters fro t'e 2aters belo2

((

T'e firaental 2aters are lo2er t'an t'e s&irit$al 'eaven, 'ig'er t'an all

cor&oreal beings, reserve), soe say, for a secon) )el$ge; ot'ers, ore tr$ly, to

te&er t'e fire of t'e fixe) starsK

as it for t'is &re&ostero$s sc'ee (( t'is &ro)$ct of ignorance an) a$)acity ((t'at t'e 2or!s of t'e :ree! &'iloso&'ers 2ere to be given $&J It 2as none too

soon t'at t'e great critics 2'o a&&eare) at t'e Aeforation, by co&aring t'e

2or!s of t'ese 2riters 2it' one anot'er, bro$g't t'e to t'eir &ro&er level, an)ta$g't $s to loo! $&on t'e all 2it' conte&t

Of t'is &res$&t$o$s syste, t'e strangest &art 2as its logic, t'e nat$re of its

&roofs It relie) $&on iracle(evi)ence < fact 2as s$&&ose) to 'e )eonstrate)

by an asto$n)ing ill$stration of soet'ing else9


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necessity T'ey 2ere acc$se) of agic, an) any of t'e 2ere &$t to )eat' T'e

&rofession of &'iloso&'y 'a) becoe )angero$s (( it 2as a state crie In its

stea) t'ere arose a &assion for t'e

((

arvelo$s, a s&irit of s$&erstition Egy&t exc'ange) t'e great en, 2'o 'a) a)e

'er $se$ iortal, for ban)s of solitary on!s an) se5$estere) virgins, 2it'

2'ic' s'e 2as overr$n

Chapter 5

CH&*$(R 000.C/0C$ R(!*(C$0/3 $H( DC$R0/( $H( 6/0$

3D. -- $H( 0R!$ R !6$H(R/ R(R4&$0/.

*he "g'ptians insist on the introduction o$ the +orship o$ the 0irgin Mar' ))*he' are resisted b' Nestor, the !atriarch o$ (onstantinople, but eventuall',

through their in$luence +ith the e#peror, cause Nestor/s exile and the dispersion

o$ his $ollo+ers.

!relude to the outhern Re$or#ation )) *he !ersian attac&1 its #oral e$$ects.

*he Arabian Re$or#ation. )) Moha##ed is brought in contact +ith theNestorians )) He adopts and extends their principles, re2ecting the +orship o$ the

0irgin, the doctrine o$ the *rinit', and ever' thing in opposition to the unit' o$

%od. )) He extinguishes idolatr' in Arabia, b' $orce, and prepares to #a&e +ar onthe Ro#an "#pire. )) His successors con3uer 'ria, "g'pt, Asia Minor, North

A$rica, pain, and invade 4rance.

As the result o$ this con$lict, the doctrine o$ the unit' o$ %od +as established in

the greater part o$ the Ro#an "#pire )) *he cultivation o$ science +as restored,and (hristendo# lost #an' o$ her #ost illustrious capitals, as Alexandria,

(arthage, and, above all, Jerusale#

T@E &olicy of t'e >yHantine co$rt 'a) given to &riitive C'ristianity a

&aganiHe) for, 2'ic' it 'a) s&rea) over all t'e i)olatro$s &o&$lationsconstit$ting t'e e&ire T'ere 'a) been an aalgaation of t'e t2o &arties

C'ristianity 'a) o)ifie) &aganis, &aganis 'a) o)ifie) C'ristianity T'e

liits of t'is a)$lterate) religion 2ere t'e confines of t'e Aoan E&ire it't'is great extension t'ere 'a) coe to t'e


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(C(

C'ristian &arty &olitical infl$ence an) 2ealt' 4o insignificant &ortion of t'e vast&$blic reven$es fo$n) t'eir 2ay into t'e treas$ries of t'e C'$rc'


64/277

'a) been overt'ro2n T'e tri$&'ant ecclesiastics &roclaie) t'at t'e iages of

t'e go)s 'a) faile) to )efen) t'eselves 2'en t'e tie of trial cae

/olyt'eistic i)eas 'ave al2ays been 'el) in re&$te by t'e so$t'ern E$ro&eanraces, t'e Seitic 'ave aintaine) t'e $nity of :o) /er'a&s t'is is )$e to t'e

fact, as a recent a$t'or 'as s$ggeste), t'at a )iversifie) lan)sca&e of o$ntainsan) valleys, islan)s, an) rivers, an) g$lfs, &re)is&oses an to a belief in a

$ltit$)e of )ivinities < vast san)y )esert, t'e illiitable ocean, i&resses 'i2it' an i)ea of t'e oneness of :o)

/olitical reasons 'a) le) t'e e&erors to loo! 2it' favor on t'e a)ixt$re of

C'ristianity an) &aganis, an) )o$btless by t'is eans t'e bitterness of t'erivalry bet2een t'ose antagonists 2as soe2'at abate) T'e 'eaven of t'e

&o&$lar, t'e fas'ionable C'ristianity 2as t'e ol) Oly&$s, fro 2'ic' t'e

venerable :ree! )ivinities 'a) been reove) T'ere, on a great 2'ite t'rone, sat

:o) t'e Bat'er, on 'is rig't t'e Son, an) t'en t'e blesse) Virgin, cla) in a gol)en

robe, an) Kcovere) 2it' vario$s feale a)ornents;K on t'e left sat :o) t'e @oly:'ost S$rro$n)ing t'ese

(7(

t'rones 2ere 'osts of angels 2it' t'eir 'ar&s T'e vast ex&anse beyon) 2as fille)2it' tables, seate) at 2'ic' t'e 'a&&y s&irits of t'e $st enoye) a &er&et$al

ban5$et

If, satisfie) 2it' t'is &ict$re of 'a&&iness, illiterate &ersons never in5$ire) 'o2

t'e )etails of s$c' a 'eaven 2ere carrie) o$t, or 'o2 $c' &leas$re t'ere co$l)be in t'e enn$i of s$c' an eternally $nc'anging, $noving scene, it 2as not so

2it' t'e intelligent


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blas&'eo$s, an) &ict$re) to 'iself an a2f$l eternal ivinity, 2'o &erva)e) t'e

$niverse, an) 'a) none of t'e as&ects or attrib$tes of an 4estor 2as )ee&ly

ib$e) 2it' t'e )octrines of et2een 'i an) Cyril, t'e >is'o& or /atriarc' of


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T'e overt'ro2 an) &$nis'ent of 4estor, 'o2ever, by no eans )estroye) 'is

o&inions @e an) 'is follo2ers, insisting on t'e &lain inference of t'e last verse of

t'e first c'a&ter of St att'e2, toget'er 2it' t'e fifty(fift' an) fifty(sixt' versesof t'e t'irteent' of t'e sae gos&el, co$l) never be bro$g't to an

ac!no2le)gent of t'e &er&et$al virginity of t'e ne2 5$een of 'eaven T'eir

&'iloso&'ical ten)encies 2ere soon in)icate) by t'eir actions 'ile t'eir lea)er2as torente) in an (

T'e )issensions bet2een Constantino&le an) $t t'e glories of t'is genero$s ca&aign co$l) not &reserve a$rice 'iself< $tiny bro!e o$t in t'e Aoan ary, 'ea)e) by /'ocas, a cent$rion T'e

stat$es of t'e e&eror 2ere overt'ro2n T'e /atriarc' of Constantino&le, 'aving

)eclare) t'at 'e 'a) ass$re) 'iself of t'e ort'o)oxy of /'ocas, consecrate) 'ie&eror T'e $nfort$nate a$rice 2as )ragge) fro a sanct$ary, in 2'ic' 'e 'a)

so$g't ref$ge; 'is five sons 2ere be'ea)e) before 'is eyes, an) t'en 'e 2as &$t to

)eat' @is e&ress 2as inveigle) fro t'e c'$rc' of St So&'ia, tort$re), an)


67/277

2it' 'er t'ree yo$ng )a$g'ters be'ea)e) T'e a)'erents of t'e assacre) faily

2ere &$rs$e) 2it' ferocio$s vin)ictiveness; of soe t'e eyes 2ere blin)e), of

ot'ers t'e tong$es 2ere

(?(

torn o$t, or t'e feet an) 'an)s c$t off, soe 2ere 2'i&&e) to )eat', ot'ers 2ere

b$rnt

'en t'e ne2s reac'e) Aoe, /o&e :regory receive) it 2it' ex$ltation,&raying t'at t'e 'an)s of /'ocas ig't be strengt'ene) against all 'is eneies is'o&K T'e ca$se of 'is action, as 2ell as of t'at of t'e /atriarc' of

Constantino&le, 2as )o$btless t'e fact t'at a$rice 2as s$s&ecte) of agrianten)encies, into 2'ic' 'e 'a) been l$re) by t'e /ersians T'e ob of

Constantino&le 'a) 'oote) after 'i in t'e streets, bran)ing 'i as a arcionite,

a sect 2'ic' believe) in t'e agian )octrine of t2o conflicting &rinci&les

it' very )ifferent sentients C'osroes 'ear) of t'e $r)er of 'is frien)

/'ocas 'a) sent 'i t'e 'ea)s of a$rice an) 'is sons T'e /ersian !ing t$rne)

fro t'e g'astly s&ectacle 2it' 'orror, an) at once a)e rea)y to avenge t'e

2rongs of 'is benefactor by 2ar

T'e Exarc' of


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>$t t'e revol$tion t'at 'a) ta!en &lace in Constantino&le )i) not arrest t'e

oveents of t'e /ersian !ing @is agian &riests 'a) 2arne) 'i to act

in)e&en)ently of t'e :ree!s, 2'ose s$&erstition, t'ey )eclare), 2as )evoi) of alltr$t' an) $stice C'osroes, t'erefore, crosse) t'e E$&'rates; 'is ary 2as

receive) 2it' trans&ort by t'e Syrian sectaries, ins$rrections in 'is favor

every2'ere brea!ing o$t In s$ccession, et'le'e,

:et'seane, Calvary (( by b$rning t'e se&$lc're of C'rist, by rifling an)

)estroying t'e c'$rc'es, by scattering to t'e 2in)s &riceless relics, by carryingoff, 2it' s'o$ts of la$g'ter, t'e cross

iracles 'a) once abo$n)e) in Syria, in Egy&t, in


69/277

$t, )rea)f$l as it 2as, t'e /ersian con5$est 2as b$t a &rel$)e to t'e greatevent, t'e story of 2'ic' 2e 'ave no2 to relate (( t'e So$t'ern revolt against

C'ristianity Its iss$e 2as t'e loss of nine(tent's of 'er geogra&'ical &ossessions

((


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Collyri)ians, E$tyc'ians, :nostics, Dacobites, arcionites, arionites,4estorians, Sabellians, Valentinians Of t'ese, t'e arionites regar)e) t'e Trinity

as consisting of :o) t'e Bat'er, :o) t'e Son, an) :o) t'e Virgin ary; t'e

Collyri)ians 2ors'i&e) t'e Virgin as a )ivinity, offering 'er sacrifices of ca!es;t'e 4estorians, as 2e 'ave seen, )enie) t'at :o) 'a) Ka ot'erK T'ey &ri)e)

t'eselves on being t'e in'eritors, t'e &ossessors of t'e science of ol) :reece

>$t, t'o$g' t'ey 2ere irreconcilable in atters of fait', t'ere 2as one &oint in

2'ic' all t'ese sects agree) (( ferocio$s 'atre) an) &ersec$tion of eac' ot'er


71/277

c'aracteriHe) by t'e &ossession of sing$lar anly bea$ty an) a ost co$rteo$s

)eeanorQ c'are) 2it' 'is &erson T'e feale 'eart in all ages an) co$ntries is

t'e sae S'e ca$se) a slave to intiate to 'i 2'at 2as &assing in 'er in),an), for t'e reaining t2enty(fo$r years of 'er life, o'ae) 2as 'er fait'f$l

'$sban) In a lan) of &olygay, 'e never ins$lte) 'er by t'e &resence of a rival

any years s$bse5$ently, in t'e 'eig't of 'is &o2er,


72/277

(B8(

syste intro)$ce) by self()enying, earnest en t'at )i) not offer exa&les of

s$&ernat$ral te&tations an) s$&ernat$ral coan)s ysterio$s voicesenco$rage) t'e y a series of 2ell(con)$cte) ilitary o&erations, 'is eneies 2ere

co&letely overt'ro2n


73/277

it' 'is o2n 'an) 'e offere) $& t'e caels in sacrifice @e consi)ere) t'at

&rieval instit$tion to be e5$ally sacre) as &rayer, an) t'at no reason can be

allege) in s$&&ort of t'e one 2'ic' is not e5$ally strong in s$&&ort of t'e ot'er

Bro t'e &$l&it of t'e Caaba 'e reiterate), KO y 'earers, I a only a an li!e

yo$rselvesK T'ey reebere) t'at 'e 'a) once sai) to one 2'o a&&roac'e) 'i2it' tii) ste&s* KOf 2'at )ost t'o$ stan) in a2eJ I a no !ing I a not'ing b$t

t'e son of an (

cease), an), gaHing stea)fastly $&2ar), sai), in bro!en accents* KO :o) (( forgive

y sins (( be it so I coeK

S'all 2e s&ea! of t'is an 2it' )isres&ectJ @is &rece&ts are, at t'is )ay, t'ereligio$s g$i)e of one(t'ir) of t'e '$an race

In o'ae), 2'o 'a) alrea)y bro!en a2ay fro t'e ancient i)olatro$s

2ors'i& of 'is native co$ntry, &re&aration 'a) been a)e for t'e reection of

t'ose tenets 2'ic' 'is 4estorian teac'ers 'a) co$nicate) to 'i, inconsistent2it' reason an) conscience


74/277

>$t, t'o$g' 'e reecte) 2it' in)ignation 2'atever ig't see to )is&arage t'e

)octrine of t'e $nity of :o), 'e 2as not able to eanci&ate 'iself fro

ant'ro&oor&'ic conce&tions T'e :o) of t'e +oran is altoget'er '$an, bot'cor&oreally an) entally, if s$c' ex&ressions ay 2it' &ro&riety be $se) Very

soon,

(B?(

'o2ever, t'e follo2ers of o'ae) )iveste) t'eselves of t'ese base i)easan) rose to nobler ones

T'e vie2 'ere &resente) of t'e &riitive c'aracter of o'ae)anis 'as

long been a)o&te) by any co&etent a$t'orities Sir illia Dones, follo2ing

Loc!e, regar)s t'e ain &oint in t'e )ivergence of o'ae)anis froC'ristianity to consist Kin )enying ve'eently t'e c'aracter of o$r Savior as t'e

Son, an) 'is e5$ality as :o) 2it' t'e Bat'er, of 2'ose $nity an) attrib$tes t'e

o'ae)ans entertain an) ex&ress t'e ost a2f$l i)easK T'is o&inion 'asbeen largely entertaine) in Italy ante regar)e) o'ae) only as t'e a$t'or of

a sc'is, an) sa2 in Islais only an


75/277

>$t, in


76/277

a sonK T'e +'alif Oar, 2'o too! Der$sale, coences a letter to @eracli$s,

t'e Aoan e&eror* KIn t'e nae of t'e ost ercif$l :o)9 /raise be to :o), t'e

Lor) of t'is an) of t'e ot'er 2orl), 2'o 'as neit'er feale consort nor sonK T'eSaracens nic!nae) t'e C'ristians KoHra', a strong to2n 2'ere o'ae) 'a)first et 'is 4estorian C'ristian instr$ctors It 2as one of t'e Aoan forts 2it'

2'ic' t'e co$ntry 2as )otte) over >efore t'is &lace t'e Saracen ary enca&e)

T'e garrison 2as strong, t'e ra&arts 2ere covere) 2it' 'oly crosses an)

consecrate) banners It ig't 'ave a)e a long )efense >$t its governor,Aoan$s, betraye) 'is tr$st, an) stealt'ily o&ene) its gates to t'e besiegers @is

con)$ct s'o2s to 2'at a )e&lorable con)ition t'e &o&$lation of Syria 'a) coe


77/277

receive) ti)ings of t'e alaring a)vance of 'is assailants @e at once )is&atc'e)an ary of seventy t'o$san) en T'e Saracens 2ere co&elle) to raise t'e

siege < battle too! &lace in t'e &lains of


78/277

leat'ern 2ater(bottle T'e lac! Sea, an) even lay in front ofConstantino&le (( all t'is 2as as not'ing after t'e fall of Der$sale

T'e fall of Der$sale9 t'e loss of t'e etro&olis of C'ristianity9 In t'e i)eas of

t'at age t'e t2o antagonistic fors of fait' 'a) s$bitte) t'eselves to t'eor)eal of t'e $)gent of :o) Victory 'a) a2ar)e) t'e &riHe of battle, Der$sale,

to t'e o'ae)an; an), not2it'stan)ing t'e te&orary s$ccesses of t'e

Cr$sa)ers, after $c' ore t'an a t'o$san) years in 'is 'an)s it reains to t'is

)ay T'e >yHantine 'istorians

(C8(


79/277

are not 2it'o$t exc$se for t'e co$rse t'ey are con)ene) for ta!ing* KT'ey 'ave2'olly neglecte) t'e great to&ic of t'e r$in of t'e Eastern C'$rc'K yHantine 'istorians alone 2'o 'ave trie) to conceal t'is great

catastro&'e T'e C'ristian 2riters of E$ro&e on all anner of s$bects, 2'et'er of

'istory, religion, or science, 'ave follo2e) a siilar co$rse against t'eir

con5$ering antagonists It 'as been t'eir constant &ractice to 'i)e 2'at t'ey co$l)not )e&reciate, an) )e&reciate 2'at t'ey co$l) not 'i)e

I 'ave not s&ace, nor in)ee) )oes it co&ort 2it' t'e intention of t'is 2or!, to

relate, in s$c' )etail as I 'ave given to t'e fall of Der$sale, ot'er con5$ests oft'e Saracens (( con5$ests 2'ic' event$ally establis'e) a o'ae)an e&ire

far excee)ing in geogra&'ical extent t'at of


80/277

t'e lang$age of t'e yHantine tyrant an) 'is syno) of C'alce)on T'ey 'astene) to &ay trib$te to t'e

!'alif, to re&air t'e roa)s an) bri)ges, an) to s$&&ly &rovisions an) intelligence to

t'e inva)ing ary

e&'is, one of t'e ol) /'araonic ca&itals, soon fell, an)


81/277

con5$est to Egy&t Ot'an conte&late) t'e annexation of t'e entire 4ort'(

nations 2'o 2ors'i& any ot'er go)s t'an t'eeK

T'ese Saracen ex&e)itions 'a) been t'ro$g' t'e interior of t'e co$ntry, for t'e

>yHantine e&erors, controlling for t'e tie t'e e)iterranean, 'a) retaine)

&ossession of t'e cities on t'e coast T'e +'alif


82/277


83/277

t'is rear!* K< victorio$s line of arc' 'a) been &rolonge) above a t'o$san)

iles fro t'e roc! of :ibraltar to t'e ban!s of t'e Loire (( a re&etition of an

e5$al s&ace 2o$l) 'ave carrie) t'e Saracens to t'e confines of /olan) an) t'e@ig'lan)s of Scotlan)K

(CB(

It is not necessary for e to a)) to t'is s!etc' of t'e ilitary )iff$sion of

o'ae)anis, t'e o&erations of t'e Saracens on t'e e)iterranean Sea, t'eir

con5$est of Crete an) Sicily, t'eir ins$lt to Aoe It 2ill be fo$n), 'o2ever, t'att'eir &resence in Sicily an) t'e so$t' of Italy exerte) a ar!e) infl$ence on t'e

intellect$al )evelo&ent of E$ro&e

T'eir ins$lt to Aoe9 'at co$l) be ore '$iliating t'an t'e circ$stances

$n)er 2'ic' it too! &lace P


84/277

&estilential forests fro t'e e)iterranean to regions so$t'2ar) far beyon) t'e

e5$inoetial line

>$t, t'o$g' o'ae)anis 'a) not reac'e) its c$lination, t'e )oinion oft'e !'alifs 'a) 4ot t'e s2or) of C'arles artel, b$t t'e internal )issension of t'e

vast ag)a), of Cairoan, an) of Cor)ova Unity in o'ae)an&olitical action 2as at an en), an) C'risten)o fo$n) its safeg$ar), not in

s$&ernat$ral 'el&, b$t in t'e 5$arrels of t'e rival &otentates To internal

aniosities foreign &ress$res 2ere event$ally a))e) an)


85/277

'en


86/277

nu#erals and arith#etic, and catalogue and give na#es to the stars. )) *he' la'

the $oundation o$ #odern astrono#', che#istr', and ph'sics, and introduce great

i#prove#ents in agriculture and #anu$actures

KI4 t'e co$rse of y long life,K sai) t'e +'alif


87/277

(7D>(

a s$&erfl$ity of occ$&ation, 2e ay be certain t'at t'e care of a library of 'alf a

illion boo!s 2o$l) transcen) even 'is 2ell(trie) &o2ers; an) t'e cost of&reserving an) s$&&orting it, t'at 'a) )ean)e) t'e a&le reso$rces of t'e

/toleies an) t'e CGsars, 2as beyon) t'e eans of a graarian 4or is t'e

tie re5$ire) for its cob$stion or )estr$ction any in)ication of t'e extent of t'ecollection Of all articles of f$el, &arc'ent is, &er'a&s, t'e ost 2retc'e) /a&er

an) &a&yr$s )o excellently 2ell as !in)ling(aterials, b$t 2e ay be s$re t'at t'e

bat'(en of igotry, 'o2ever, 'as often)isting$is'e) itself by s$c' ex&loits T'e S&aniar)s b$rnt in exico vast &iles of


88/277

an) artyr)os T'ey $tterly re&$)iate) an Oly&$s fille) 2it' go)s an)

go))esses Kabylonian

ca&tivity


89/277

(( KI a convince) t'at t'e affairs of en go by )ivine )ecree, an) not by o$r

a)inistrationK T'e $ss$len are t'ose 2'o s$bissively resign t'e

(7D(

selves to t'e 2ill of :o) T'ey reconcile) fate an) free(2ill by saying, KT'e

o$tline is given $s, 2e color t'e &ict$re of life as 2e 2illK T'ey sai) t'at, if 2e

2o$l) overcoe t'e la2s of 4at$re, 2e $st not resist, 2e $st balance t'e

against eac' ot'er

T'is )ar! )octrine &re&are) its )evotees for t'e acco&lis'ent of great t'ings

(( t'ings s$c' as t'e Saracens )i) acco&lis' It converte) )es&air into

resignation, an) ta$g't en to )is)ain 'o&e T'ere 2as a &roverb aong t'e

t'at Kes&air is a freean, @o&e is a slaveK

>$t any of t'e inci)ents of 2ar s'o2e) &lainly t'at e)icines ay ass$age

&ain, t'at s!ill ay close 2o$n)s, t'at t'ose 2'o are incontestably )ying ay be

snatc'e) fro t'e grave T'e De2is' &'ysician becae a living, an acce&te)&rotest against t'e fatalis of t'e +oran >y )egrees t'e sternness of

&re)estination 2as itigate), an) it 2as a)itte) t'at in in)ivi)$al life t'ere is an

effect )$e to free(2ill; t'at by 'is vol$ntary acts an ay 2it'in certain liits

)eterine 'is o2n co$rse >$t, so far as nations are concerne), since t'ey canyiel) no &ersonal acco$ntability to :o), t'ey are &lace) $n)er t'e control of

i$table la2

In t'is res&ect t'e contrast bet2een t'e C'ristian an) t'e o'ae)an nations

2as very stri!ing* T'e C'ristian 2as convince) of incessant &rovi)entialinterventions; 'e believe) t'at t'ere 2as no s$c' t'ing as la2 in t'e governent

of t'e 2orl) >y &rayers an) entreaties 'e ig't &revail 2it' :o) to c'ange t'e

c$rrent of affairs, or, if t'at faile), 'e ig't s$ccee) 2it' C'rist, or &er'a&s 2it't'e Virgin ary, or t'ro$g' t'e intercession of t'e saints, or by t'e infl$ence of

t'eir relics or bones If 'is o2n s$&&lications 2ere $navailing, 'e ig't obtain 'is

)esire t'ro$g' t'e intervention

(7DB(

of 'is &riest, or t'ro$g' t'at of t'e 'oly en of t'e C'$rc', an) es&ecially if

oblations or gifts of oney 2ere a))e) C'risten)o believe) t'at s'e co$l)

c'ange t'e co$rse of affairs by infl$encing t'e con)$ct of s$&erior beings Islareste) in a &io$s resignation to t'e $nc'angeable 2ill of :o) T'e &rayer of t'e

C'ristian 2as ainly an earnest intercession for benefits 'o&e) for, t'at of t'e


90/277

Saracen a )evo$t ex&ression of gratit$)e for t'e &ast >ot' s$bstit$te) &rayer for

t'e ecstatic e)itation of In)ia To t'e C'ristian t'e &rogress of t'e 2orl) 2as an

ex'ibition of )isconnecte) i&$lses, of s$))en s$r&rises To t'e o'ae)ant'at &rogress &resente) a very )ifferent as&ect Every cor&oreal otion 2as )$e to

soe &rece)ing otion; every t'o$g't to soe &rece)ing t'o$g't; every

'istorical event 2as t'e offs&ring of soe &rece)ing event; every '$an action2as t'e res$lt of soe foregone an) acco&lis'e) action In t'e long annals of

o$r race, not'ing 'as ever been abr$&tly intro)$ce) T'ere 'as been an or)erly, an

inevitable se5$ence fro event to event T'ere is an iron c'ain of )estiny, of2'ic' t'e lin!s are facts; eac' stan)s in its &reor)aine) &lace (( not one 'as ever

been )ist$rbe), not one 'as ever been reove) Every an cae into t'e 2orl)

2it'o$t 'is o2n !no2le)ge, 'e is to )e&art fro it &er'a&s against 'is o2n

2is'es T'en let 'i cally fol) 'is 'an)s, an) ex&ect t'e iss$es of fate

Coinci)ently 2it' t'is c'ange of o&inion as to t'e governent of in)ivi)$al life,

t'ere cae a c'ange as res&ects t'e ec'anical constr$ction of t'e 2orl)


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fo$n) to be t2o '$n)re) t'o$san) @as'eite c$bits; t'is gave for t'e entire

circ$ference of t'e eart' abo$t t2enty(fo$r t'o$san) of o$r iles, a

the history of the conflict between science & religion

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