Mrs. Stahl

The History of Marine Science, Marine Technology, Human Impact,

and The Scientific Method

What is Marine Biology?

• The study of living organisms that inhabit the seas and their interactions with each other and their environment.

Why is the ocean important? • We know very little about the tremendous

amount of organisms in the ocean.

• Makes up 71% of the planet, only know 5%

• Beauty- Ecotourism

• Commercial Products

• Conservation

• Supply a significant amount of food-> fish, seaweeds, shellfish. 80 million metric tons of food are harvested annually from the world’s oceans.

Importance of the oceans

• Exchange heat energy with the atmosphere and oceans which create weather patterns -> habitats.

• Industry- shipping channels, imports /exports

• Lots of jobs

• Scientific Research- ecology, physiology, biochemistry, and biogeography.

What is ocean productivity?

• The amount of food the ocean can produce and the number of organisms it can support.

What is Oceanography?

* Study of ocean waves, tides, and currents

There are four branches:

1. Geological Oceanography

2. Chemical Oceanography

3. Physical Oceanography

4. Biological Oceanography

Geological Oceanography

Topography

Hydrothermal vents

Seafloor

Plate Tectonics

Chemical Oceanography

•Dissolved elements

•pH (potential hydrogen)

•Dissolved Oxygen

•CO2 levels

•Any other chemical aspect

Physical Oceanography

Waves, Tides, Currents

Biological Oceanography

Seeks to understand what controls the distribution and abundance of different types of marine life

How living organisms influence and interact with processes in the oceans.

The History of the Sea

165,000 Years Ago

• Stone blades and piles of shells were found in seaside caves in S. Africa from Stone Age clambakes.

• Ochre pigments used for symbolic body paint

110,000 Years Ago

• Shell harpoons, fish hooks, and shell bead jewelry has been found.

• Finding these items allows us to gain insight on how the Native people lived off of the land and relied on the ocean.

Early Man / Native Americans Used the land for many food sources such as fish and shellfish.

Shell Middens- seen all around Fl.

Phoenicians- 2000 B.C.

• Pacific Islanders

• Seamanship and Navigation

• Used wind, waves, and current patterns to navigate the ocean.

• Used the North Star = “Phoenician Star”

The Greeks and Aristotle, 384-322 B.C.

• Were the first ones to study the sea’s creatures

• Aristotle- was the first one to develop a means of classifying them.

• “ladder of life”- scheme of classification: echinoderms, vertebrates, marine mammals, crustaceans

• Described more than 500 species, studied fish gills and proposed that they were used for gas exchange, and made many detailed anatomical descriptions about the cuttlefish.

James Cook-1728-1799

First to make scientific observations, explored all the oceans, circumnavigated the world twice

Antarctic ice fields

Brought back specimens of plants and animals

Discovered the Pacific Islands- Hawaii, Tahiti, and New Zealand

Made detailed charts using a chronometer (detailed longitude)

Charles Darwin- 1831

HMS Beagle, 5 year journey

Made observations of the natural world

Proposed the theory of evolution and natural selection.

Made scientists think about adaptations.

Atolls in the tropics

Atolls-> rings of coral reefs that

enclose a lagoon. They have

risen out of the ocean.

The Voyage of The Beagle (Darwin)

1831 - 1836

http://education.nationalgeographic.com/encyclopedia/atoll/

Edward Forbes-1840

Extensive dredging of the sea floor

Discovered many organisms

Found that the sea floor life is different at different depths.

HMS Challenger-1872

The ship left England in 1872, and returned in 1876, sampling

the waters and marine life of parts of the Atlantic and Pacific

Oceans. They took an enormous number of samples, from

sea water to bottom mud, from microscopic plankton to fish

and birds.

The Challenger Expedition- C. Wyville

Thompson

The major findings of the Challenger Expedition include*:

The Challenger Expedition

• the first systematic plot of currents and temperatures in the ocean

• a map of bottom deposits that has not been changed much by more

recent studies

• an outline of the main contours of the ocean basins

• the discovery of the mid-Atlantic Ridge

• the then record 26,900 feet (8,200 meters) Challenger Deep in the

Mariana Trench

• the discovery of 715 new genera and 4,717 new species of ocean life

forms

• the discovery of prodigious life forms even at great depths in the

ocean!

* According to the Environmental News Network Daily

News.

Sir Charles Wyville Thomson- 1882

• Chief scientist on the HMS Challenger

• Discovered plankton but didn’t get credit.

Victor Hensen- 1887

• Coined the term plankton- small floating organisms that utilize the currents.

Louis Agassiz- 1873

• Father of Alexander Agassiz

• Founded the first Marine Science laboratory called the Anderson School of Natural History and then moved it to Woods Hole, MA where Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute stands today. One of the most prestigious marine institutes in the world.

Woods Hole Oceanographic Inst.

• Largest, private research facility

• Massachusetts

• Home of Alvin

Alexander Agassiz- 1877 / 1922

• Cataloged Marine life and studied the color of marine life and how color changes with the depth of the ocean-> Wavelengths- ROYGBIV

• Shallow water the animals were brightly colored and in the deeper water they went from blues and greens to blacks and reds.

• Studied the structure and formation of coral reefs

• He also thought that the Pacific and Caribbean were once connected because he found similar organisms on each coast of Central America.

Carl Chun- 1883 • Cephalopods and

squid specialist

• Discovered the vampire squid

• Explored the deep sea

Vampire Squid

Sonar- around 1939

• Onset of World War II

• SONAR- Sound Navigation Ranging: detection of underwater echoes

• Developed in response to the growing importance of submarine warfare.

• A ship emits a loud sound or pulse, and then times how long it takes for the echo to return from the sea floor.

Rachel Carson 1907-1964

• Scientist an writer

• Worked for the U.S. Fish and Wildlife

• Focused a lot on public awareness and wrote many books

Eugenie Clark- 1942

• Known as the “Shark Lady”

• Founded Mote Marine Lab formerly known as the Cape Haze Marine Lab

• See article

Sylvia Earle 1935-?

• Botany- studied that vegetation (plants) were the basis of the ecosystem.

• Part of the 1970’s Tektite crew which was all women and they lived in an underwater habitat.

• 1979- She was fascinated with the deep sea and she broke the record for the deepest dive- 381 m. / 1250 ft. in a Jim Suit.

• 1990’s – Chief Scientist of NOAA

• Currently at National Geographic

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Jacque Cousteau-1943

• One of the first people to really describe what the ocean looked like underwater.

• SCUBA- Self Contained Underwater Breathing Apparatus

Robert Ballard • Used submersibles

and ROV’s to explore the Titanic, discover hydrothermal vents, USS Yorktown, and The Bismarck

• http://www.ted.com/talks/robert_ballard_on_exploring_the_oceans?language=en

Fifty percent of our

country that we own, have

all legal jurisdiction, have

all rights to do whatever

we want, lies beneath the

sea, and we have better

maps of Mars than that

fifty percent.

—Robert Ballard

Edith Widder • Found the Giant Squid! First scientist to create

an apparatus to attract and observe the giant squid in its natural habitat.

• https://www.ted.com/talks/edith_widder_how_we_found_the_giant_squid?language=en

Other Marine Labs • Scripps Institution of Oceanography, Ca

• Univ. of Miami’s Rosenstiel School of Marine Science

• Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute, Fl.

• Friday Harbor Laboratories, Wa

• Duke University

• Woods Hole Oceanographic, Ma

Marine Biology Today!

• The amount of inhabitants that occupy our oceans is rapidly increasing each day, mainly due to the great advances in technology.

Marine Technology

Trieste- Jacques Piccard

• 1st bathyscaphe, 1953, launched near Naples, Italy

• Was purchased by the US Navy in 1959.

• 1960- historic dive to the bottom of the Marianas Trench, the Challenger Deep.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bathyscaphe_Trieste.jpg

Johnson Sealink

http://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/te

chnology/subs/sealink/sealink.ht

ml

•Underwater apparatus that is occupied by two men.

•Used to collect data

AUV-Autonomous

underwater vehicle

Unmanned

Robot that travels underwater

Makes detailed maps of the seafloor

Military uses them to find mines or to monitor a protected area (such as a harbor).

Shark Week 2013- White Shark off Cape Cod, Massachusetts

• http://dsc.discovery.com/tv-shows/shark-week/videos/robot-films-a-great-white.htm

ARGO- Camera system used to find the Titanic in 1985

ALVIN

http://www.whoi.edu/page.do?pid=8422

1964

Most famous for locating the lost hydrogen bomb in the Mediterranean Sea in 1966

Exploring the first known hydrothermal vent sites in the 1970’s

Surveying the wreck of RMS Titanic in 1986

Carries one pilot and two scientists and can stay submerged for 6-10 hours

Basket can return up to 400 pounds of seafloor samples

4,500 meters (about three miles)

Named for Allyn Vine, a WHOI scientist that helped pioneer submersible technology.

RMS Titanic's Final Resting Place

12,500 ft (3810 m)

ROV- Remotely Operated Vehicles

• Highly maneuverable underwater robots operated by a person aboard a surface vessel. They are linked to the ship by a group of cables that carry electrical signals back and forth between the operator and the vehicle

http://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/technology/subs/rov/rov.html

Glomar Challenger • First research vessel

specifically designed in the late 1960s for the purpose of drilling into and taking core samples from the deep ocean floor

Deep-Sea Drilling Programs

The Deep Sea Drilling Project (1968–1975) was conducted

to confirm a compelling theory about the history of the ocean

floor.

The 122-meter drilling ship, the Glomar Challenger, was

designed to drill into the sea floor more than 6,000 meters

below the sea surface and recovering samples of sea floor

sediments.

In 1985, the JOIDES Resolution

was built to take over the deep-sea

drilling functions as part of the

International Ocean Drilling

Program, a joint oceanographic

research effort between the United

States, France, the United

Kingdom, Germany, and Japan. JOIDES Resolution

Side Scan and Multibeam Sonar- scans the ocean floor and makes detailed maps.

Tools of the Trade

Gravity Core

•The most basic sampling device used to collect core samples from the seafloor, it penetrates less than 10 meters into the sediment

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Nansen Bottles

•Sub-surface measurements of water samples are made with water sampling bottles.

•There it is closed by tripping action. When the bottles have been brought back on deck, the water samples are analyzed.

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Hydrometer

•A device used to measure the densities of liquids and solutions.

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Secchi Disk •Used to estimate the transparency of seawater, and can provide a relative measure of productivity or turbidity.

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Drift Bottles

• The use of drift bottles as a means of charting ocean currents is an old one, and their use in research is not without precedent.

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Current Meter

•An instrument for measuring the velocity, force, etc. of currents.

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Refractometer

• An instrument used to measure the salt concentration of seawater by using the refraction of light.

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Hydrophone

•A microphone for acoustic measurements in fluids.

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Hydrophone

SCUBA • Self • Contained • Underwater • Breathing • Apparatus

• SCUBA is useful for

shallow water work with many advances in deep dive capabilities.

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Global Positioning System (GPS)

•A worldwide radio-navigation system that utilizes satellites to triangulate a specific location on earth.

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Nets and Sieves

Dip Net

•Useful for scooping up seaweed, jellyfish, and other drifting organisms from docks and the side of the vessel.

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Sediment Sieves

•Used to analyze sediment grain size composition.

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Plankton Net

• A cone shaped net of fine mesh material with a collecting jar at the base.

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Phyto and Zooplankton Nets: Variety of mesh sizes to target certain species groups

Dredge

•This device is dragged across the ocean floor to obtain biological or geological samples.

•It can take many shapes either cylindrical or boxlike.

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Trawl Net

•The mouth of the net is kept open through "otter boards" attached to the leading ends of the net, or, by current passing through the net.

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Crab Pots

• Crab Pots are used for collecting crabs for study and food

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ARGO BUOY

-Over 3200 floating in oceans

-Collects temperature, density, and salinity from water column

-Transmits data to a satellite and goes back under to collect

for next 30 days

-Each one transmits for 5 years

How ARGO Works

Argo Buoys Around the World

Sample of Onboard Operations

• Marine Mammal Observations and Biopsies

• Marine Bird Observations

• Oceanography Studies

• Flyingfish- Dipnetting

• Humboldt Squid Study

• Zooplankton Abundance Study

• Midwater Fish Survey

• Mammal Acoustics Project

Marine Mammal Survey

Biopsies • Goal: If mammals get close enough to launch

small boat or shoot from the bow, biopsies are collected for DNA studies

• Success Rate: Extremely hard to obtain samples. Collected each leg.

Biopsy Attempts

Crossbow

Sample to Process

Marine Bird Observations

• Goal- identification and population size

• Observe through a variety of binoculars

• Use ID guides

• Tagging- typically around the foot of the animal.

Oceanography Studies

• All the abiotic factors that are crucial for the ocean to maintain homeostasis and have a stable food web.

• Salinity, temperature, dissolved oxygen, nitrogen levels, pH, etc…

Oceanography Operations

1-2

Historical Review of

Oceanography

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Antarctica CTD Profile

RV Nathaniel B. Palmer Dec, 2000.

Position: 140.7 E Long, 65.9 S Lat.

Temperature

Temp. [c]

De

pth

[m

]

Salinity

Salinity [psu]

De

pth

[m

]

Acoustic Survey

Sound 1: Sperm whales

Sound 2: Minke whale

Sound 3: Bowhead whale

Dipnetting

Gut Content Removal

Mid-Water Surveys

Time to Pick the Net

Let the Sorting Begin

Summing It Up

Special Thanks

• Special thanks to Heather Judkins of USF for allowing use of some of her slides and pictures.

Videos • Sharkcam- Take 1 http://www.discovery.com/tv-

shows/shark-week/videos/the-remus-sharkcam.htm

• Giant squid- http://www.discovery.com/tv-shows/curiosity/videos/first-video-of-a-giant-squid.htm

• Vampire Squid- http://video.nationalgeographic.com/video/news/squid-vampire-threatened-vin

• HMS Challenger- http://www.nhm.ac.uk/nature-online/science-of-natural-history/expeditions-collecting/hms-challenger-expedition/

• Trieste-