the history of health care - quia1].pdf · the history of health care . ... – advanced the...
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Ancient Times
• Prevention of injury from predators
• Illness/disease caused by supernatural spirits
Ancient Times
• Herbs and plants were used as medicine examples: – Digitalis from foxglove plants
• Then, leaves were chewed to strengthen & slow heart
• Now, administered by pills, IV, or injections
Ancient Times
• Herbs and plants were used as medicine examples: – Quinine from bark of cinchona tree
• Controls fever and muscle spasms
• Used to treat malaria
Ancient Times • Herbs and plants were used as medicine
examples: – Belladonna and atropine from
poisonous nightshade plant • relieves muscle spasms especially GI
– Morphine from opium poppy • relieves severe pain
Egyptians
• Earliest to keep accurate health records • Superstitious • Called upon gods • Identified certain
diseases • Pharaohs kept many
specialists
Egyptians • Priests were the doctors
– Temples were places of worship, medical schools, and hospitals
– Only the priests could read the medical knowledge from the god Thoth
Egyptians
• Magicians were also healers
• Believed demons caused disease
• Prescriptions were written on papyrus
Egyptians • Embalming
– Done by special priests (NOT the doctor priests)
– Advanced the knowledge of anatomy – Strong antiseptics used to prevent decay – Gauze similar to today’s surgical gauze
Egyptians
• Research on mummies has revealed the existence of diseases
– Arthritis – Kidney stones – Arteriosclerosis
Egyptians • Some medical practices still used
today – Enemas – Circumcision (4000 BC) preceded
marriage – Closing wounds – Setting fractures
Egyptians • Eye of Horus
– 5000 years ago – Magic eye – amulet to guard against disease,
suffering, and evil – History: Horus lost vision in attack by
Seth; mother (Isis) called on Thoth for help; eye restored
– Evolved into modern day Rx sign
Jewish Medicine
• Avoided medical practice • Concentrated on health rules concerning
food, cleanliness, and quarantine • Moses: pre-Hippocratic medical practice
– banned quackery (God was the only physician)
– enforced Day of Rest
Greek Medicine
• First to study causes of diseases • Research helped eliminate
superstitions • Sanitary practices were associated
with the spread of disease
Greek Medicine • Hippocrates
– no dissection, only observations – took careful notes of signs/symptoms
of diseases – disease was not caused by supernatural
forces • Father of Medicine
– wrote standards of ethics which is the basis for today’s medical ethics
Greek Medicine
• Aesculapius – staff and serpent
symbol of medicine – temples built in his
honor because the first true clinics and hospitals
Roman Medicine
• Learned from the Greeks and developed a sanitation system – Aqueducts and sewers – Public baths
• Beginning of public health
Roman Medicine
• First to organize medical care • Army medicine • Room in doctors’ house became
first hospital • Public hygiene
– flood control – solid construction of homes
Dark Ages (400-800 A.D.) and Middle Ages (800-1400 A.D.)
• Medicine practiced only in convents and monasteries
• custodial care
• life and death in God’s hands
Dark Ages (400-800 A.D.) and Middle Ages (800-1400 A.D.)
• Terrible epidemics – Bubonic plague (Black Death) – Small pox – Diphtheria – Syphilis – Measles – Typhonid fever – Tuberculosis
Dark Ages (400 –800 A.D.) and Middle Ages (800-1400 A. D.)
• Crusaders spread disease • Cities became common • Special officers to deal with sanitary
problems • Realization that diseases are
contagious • Quarantine laws passed
Renaissance Medicine (1350-1650 A.D.)
• Universities and medical schools for research
• Dissection • Book publishing
16th & 17th Century • Leonardo da Vinci
– anatomy of the body
• Anton van Leeuwekhoek (1676) – invented
microscope – observed
microorganisms
16th & 17th Century
• William Harvey – circulation of blood
• Gabriele Fallopian – discovered fallopian tube
• Bartholomew Eustachus – discovered the eustachian tube
• Some quackery
18th Century
• Benjamin Franklin – invented bifocals – found that colds could be passed from
person to person • Laennec
– invented the stethoscope
19th & 20th Century • Inez Semmelweiss
– identified the cause of puerperal fever which led to the importance of hand washing
• Louis Pasteur (1860 –1895) – discovered that microorganisms cause
disease (germ theory of communicable disease)
19th & 20th Century • Joseph Lister
– first doctor to use antiseptic during surgery
• Ernest von Bergman – developed asepsis
• Robert Koch – Father of Microbiology – identified germ causing TB
19th & 20th Century
• Wilhelm Roentgen – discovered X-rays
• Paul Ehrlick – discovered effect of medicine on
disease causing microorganisms • Anesthesia discovered
– nitrous oxide, ether, chloroform
19th & 20th Century • Alexander Fleming
– discovered penicillin • Jonas Salk
– discovered that a killed polio virus would cause immunity to polio
• Alfred Sabin – discovered that a live virus provided
more effective immunity
1900 to 1945 • Acute infectious diseases (diphtheria,
TB, rheumatic fever) • No antibiotics, DDT for mosquitoes, rest
for TB, water sanitation to help stop spread of typhoid fever, diphtheria vaccination
• Hospitals were places to die • Most doctors were general practitioners
1945 to 1975
• Immunization common • antibiotic cures • safer surgery • Transplants • increased lifespan • chronic degenerative diseases