TheHerbHandbook

Disclaimer

This e-book is intended as an introduction to how some herbs are used formedicinalandculinaryuses.Itisintendedforeducationalpurposesonly.Herbsshould not be used in the place of traditional medical care, used withpharmaceutical medicine or taken during pregnancy. If any reaction to herbsoccurs that is of concern to you, contact your trained herbal practitioner ordoctor.

Introduction5GrowingHerbsforBeginners5OutdoorHerbGardening6

ChoosingaSite:SiteandSoilCondition6DeterminingtheSizeofYourHerbGarden7SowingSeeds7CuttingandDivision7Harvesting8WinterProtection8

IndoorHerbGardening8HerbsinContainers9

PreservingHerbs9AirDrying10OvenDrying10SilicaorSaltDrying11Freezing11Storage11

CompanionPlanting11GrowingHerbsOrganically12ListofHerbs15

Angelica15Anise16Basil17

BayLaurel(BayLeaves)19Bergamot21Borage22Caper24Catnip25Chamomile27Chervil28Chicory30Chives31Coriander/Cilantro33Cress34CurryLeaves36Dandelion37Dill39Elderflower40Epazote42Fennel43Fenugreek(leaves)45GarlicChives46GinkgoBiloba48Goldenseal49Hawthorn51HerbesdeProvence52Hops53Hyssop55KaffirLimeleaves56Lavender58LemonBalm59Lemongrass61LemonVerbena62Lovage64Marjoram65Mints67Nasturtium68Nettle70Oregano71Parsley73Perilla75Rosemary76

Rue78Sage80Savory81SeaBuckthorn83Senna84Sorrel86Tarragon87Thyme89

Conclusion90

Introduction

Botanically, “herb” refers to any annual or perennial plant with a non-woodystem. However, the term herb has come to cover plants that have a specificbenefit to mankind. Some even consider them to be the highest quality foodknown to the human race. Wehave been using herbs for thousands of years,

bothforflavoringfoodandforhealing.They'reversatile,easytogrow–eitherin the garden or in pots on thewindow sill – and can be used fresh, dried orfrozen.

Herbshaveavarietyofusesincludingculinary,medicinal,orinsomecasesevenspiritual usage. For culinary purposes, the green, leafy part of the plant istypicallyused,butforherbalmedicinetheroots,flowers,seeds,rootbark,innerbark (cambium), berries and sometimes the pericarp or other portions of theplantarealsoused.

Whenyou thinkofherbs,commonherbssuchasBasil,ParsleyandRosemarycometomind.Butthere'sawealthofherbsthatarenotsocommon:herbsthathave a myriad of uses. In this book, we have attempted to introduce somecommonaswellassomerelativelyunknownherbsanddiscusstheirproperties,uses,cultivationstrategiesandmuchmore.

GrowingHerbsforBeginnersEventhoughherbshaveanairofmysteryaroundthemowingtotheirculinary,medicinalandornamentalproperties,growingherbsisnotasmystifying.Infact,herbsaregreatforfledglinggardenersasitiseasiertogrowherbsthantogrowvegetables. Most herbs are relatively pest and disease-free and require littlemore than adequate sunlight, and moderately fertile and well-drained soil toflourish.

Herbsfallunderthreemajorcategories—Annuals,BiennialsandPerennials.

Annuals:

Annual herbs bloom only once in a year and perish after that. Anise, Basil,Coriander,Chervil,Dill,andBoragearesomeexamplesofannualherbs.

Biennials:

Just as the name suggests, biennial herbs are the ones that survive for twoseasons (two years). Caraway, Evening Primrose and Parsley are examples ofbiennialherbs.Theyproduceleavesinthefirstseasonandflowersandseedsinthesecondseasonafterwhichtheplantdoesnotsurvive.

Perennials:

Perennialherbsaretheonesthatsurvivemorethantwogrowingseasons.Mostculinary herbs such as Chives, Fennel,Marjoram,Mints,Oregano, Rosemary,Tarragon, Lavender, Sage, Savory, Thyme, etc are perennials. These types ofherbsgainmaturityinthesecondyearwhilegrowingataslowpaceinthefirstyear.

OutdoorHerbGardeningYourownherbgardenaddsaspecialtouchtoyourhomecookedmeals.WhetheritisfreshBasilforspaghettisauceorpesto,LemongrassforyourfavoriteThaidish orLavender tomake an exotic potpourri, you can grow them all in yourbackyard.Itisnotatalldifficulttogrowandmaintainyourherbgarden,allyouneedissomepatience,perseveranceandplanning.

ChoosingaSite:SiteandSoilConditionEachherbhasspecificrequirementstogrowbest.Basicfactorslikeexposuretosunlight,soilfertilityandmoistureaswellasotherplantssurroundingtheherbsformamajorportionoftheserequirements.

Ideally,asitethatyouchooseforgrowingherbsshouldgetatleast4to6hoursofsunlighteachday.Thesoilshouldnotbeexcessivelywet,mostherbspreferwell-drained soil. However, some herbs like Sage, Rosemary and Thyme cantoleratemoderatelymoist soil.You can improve the quality of poorly-drainedsoilbyaddingsandorcompost.Awordofcaution-doitinmoderation,asthesoilcangettoorichandgetsusceptibletodiseases.

Youdonotneedhighlyfertilesoil;lowtomoderatelyfertilesoilisgoodenoughfor the herbs to flourish. Additional fertilizer is often not required. In somecases,highlyfertilesoilcanproducealargenumberofleaveswithpoorflavor.

DeterminingtheSizeofYourHerbGardenThesizeofyourherbgardenwilldependuponthenumberofvarietiesofherbsyouwant to have in your garden.Youmay allot 12-by-18 inch plots for eachherbinthegarden.Ifyouwishtomakeakitchengardenthena20-by-4feetareashouldbeadequate.Ideally,keepannualandperennialherbsapart.

SowingSeedsSeedsare themostcommonsource forpropagationandproper sowing isvitalfor the optimal growth of the herb.Youmayget the seeds from local nurseryfarms,farmer’smarkets,gardeningsupplystores,orbyprocuringseedsonline.

Beforesowing,clearthesoil-bedofstones,debrisandweedsupto6-12inchesdeepandthenlevelit.Sowtheseedsbybroadcasting(scattering)orsystematicdrillinginrows,dependingontheherb’srequirement.Onceseedsaresprinkled,rake the ground andwater it adequately. Ensure that thewater does notwashawaythesoil.

Seedsmaybesowndirectlyinthegroundorincontainers,pots,seedtraysetc.Seedsshouldnotbesowntoodeepintothesoilastheymayfailtogerminate.

Usually, spring is the ideal time for sowing, especially in the case of annualherbs.Biennialscanbeplantedinlatespringandperennialscanbegrownatanytimeof theyear.Seeds that are sensitive to frostmaybe sown indoorsduringwinterandthenseedlingsmaybetransplantedoutdoorsinthespring.However,someherbslikeAnise,FennelandDillcannotbewell-transplantedandsotheirseeds should be sown directly in the garden. Herbs like Mint propagatethemselves,slowlyoccupyingtheentiregarden.Tocontroltheirrampantways,theyareplantedinbottomlesscontainerssunkintothesoil.

Ensure that you keep adequate distance between two plants so that they canflourish.

CuttingandDivisionHerbscanalsobegrownthroughthecuttinganddivisionmethod.Thismethodespeciallyworkswellforthoseherbsthattakelongertogerminatefromseeds.Herbs like Mint, Tarragon, Chives, Savory, Lovage, and Lemon Balm aresuccessfullypropagatedthroughrootdivision.Lavender,ScentedGeraniumandRosemaryareeasilypropagatedbyplantcuttings.

HarvestingYour plant will be ready for harvesting when it blooms and when it bearssufficientleavesrequiredforcontinualgrowth.However,thetimeforharvestingwilldependontheherb,thepartoftheplantthatneedstobeharvestedandtheintendeduseoftheherb.

Asaruleofthumb,iftheleavesoftheherbarerequired,harvestthembeforetheherb blossoms as they are of optimum quality at that time. Seeds can becollectedaftertheplanthasbloomedandtheseedsmature.Typically,thecolorofseedheadswouldchangefromgreen(unripe)tobrownorgrey(ripe).Someherbs likeGoldenseal andChicory can be harvested for their roots in autumnoncetheleavesfadeaway.FlowersofherbslikeBorageandChamomilecanbepluckedjustbeforetheherbfullyblossoms.

Generally earlymorning is considered the ideal time for harvesting the herbs.Annualherbscanbeharvestedtillfrost,whileperennialherbscanbecollectedtilllateAugust.

WinterProtectionPerennial plants likeOregano,Rosemary andFennel aswell as biennial herbslikeCaraway and Parsley are vulnerable towinter. They need to be protectedfromfrostandstrongwinterwindsthatmightaffecttheseherbs,especiallywhenthey are shallow rooted. Applying mulch (with straw, oak leaves, boughs) 4inchesdeep,afterthegroundhasfrozeninearlywinter,canprotecttheplants.Itshouldberemovedonlywhentheplantsshowsignsofgrowthinearlyspring.

Ensurethatthesoilisnotexcessivelywateredorelsetheplantmaysuccumbtorootrot.Theymaynotgrowwellinpoorlydrainedsoils.Addorganicmattertothesoilwhichmayhelpreduceitssogginess.Youmayalsoprotectyourplantbyplantingitonraisedbeds.

Verysensitiveplantsshouldbebroughtindoorsduringwintermonthsandcanbetransferredoutdoorsinspring.

IndoorHerbGardeningYoudon’thave tobedeprivedofhomegrownherbs ifyoudon’thaveenoughoutdoor space to cultivate herbs. Indoor herb gardening is also the preferredmethod of herb growers living in regions that have harsh or extreme climaticconditions.Growingherbsindoorsisnotjustausefulthingtodo,thebeautifulfoliage, aroma and blossomsof herbs also add to the aesthetic appeal of yourhome.Herbscangrowwell inpots,containers, jarsandbaskets indoors.Placethemonyourkitchenbench,balcony,porch,deck,roof-toporwindowsills.Choosesmall,slowgrowingherbsforyourindoorherbgarden.Someherbsthatgrowparticularlywell indoorsareBasil,Chives,Chervil,Lavender,Marjoram,Rosemary,Oregano,andThyme.

Indoor herbs need special care and nurturing as factors like drainage, sunlightandfreshairthatareessentialforoptimumgrowth,arenotnaturallyavailabletothem.

HerbsinContainersHerbsthatrequireahighmoisturelevelandaresusceptibletorootrotinsoggygarden soils,growbest in containers.Theseherbsare alsoeasy tomove fromonelocationtoanotherwithoutworryingaboutuprootingthedelicateplantsorbysubjectingthemtoextremeenvironmentalchanges.Also,theycanbeshifteddepending on theweather and required exposure to sun. Perennial plants likeRosemaryneedtobeprotectedfromchillywintersandneedtobetakenindoorsduring the cold months. Hence, it is practical and sensible to grow them incontainerstoshiftthemindoorsconveniently.

Thoughclayorterracottapotsarefavorableforgrowingherbs,containerswithadrainageholeatthebottomarealsopreferred.Herbsgrownincontainersshouldbewateredonlywhentheuppersurfaceofthesoildries.Remembertoprotectthemfrompestsandinsectssuchasaphids,spidermitesandwhiteflies.

PreservingHerbsPreservingherbs,particularlybydryingthem,isaprovenmethodtomakeyourgardenbountylastlonger.Forretaininghighestflavorandquality,airdryingistheeasiest,mostinexpensivemethodforpreservingherbs.Moistureevaporatesslowlyandnaturallyduringairdrying,leavingbehindtheessentialoilspresentintheherbs.DehydratorsareusefulifyouaredryinglargequantitiesofherbsorherbssuchasBasilthathaveahighmoisturecontent.Usingamicrowaveoventodryherbsisnotadvisableastheherbsareessentially“cooked”andhencethequalityoftheherbsiscompromised.

Thoughtheprocessissimpleandeasy,itrequirescareandprecisionsothattheflavorandaromaoftheherbsarenotdepleted.Harvestingattherighttimeisthefirst step towards successfulpreservation.Mostherbs shouldbeharvested justwhentheyareabouttobloom.Atthispoint,theessentialoilcontentinthebudsandleavesis thehighest.However, if theherbiscultivatedforseeds, therighttimetoharvestitisaftertheherbhasbloomedandwhentheseedshaveacquiredabrownishcolor.

Ideally,herbsshouldbeharvestedinthemorning,afterthedewdropssettledontheplantshaveevaporated.Doingsowillpreventwiltingoftheherbs.

AirDryingAirdryingispreferableforsturdy,low-moisturevarietiesofherbssuchasSage,Thyme,SummerSavory,Dill,BayLeaves,Oregano,RosemaryandMarjoram.Basil,Tarragon,LemonBalmand theMintshaveahighmoisturecontentandwillmouldifnotdriedquickly.Airdryingisnotpreferredforsuchherbs.

Followthesesimplestepstoairdryherbs:

1.Usesharpscissorsorpruningshearstocuttheherbstoensureminimalbruisingoftheplant.Gentlyshakeeachbranchtoremoveinsects.Examineeachbranchandremoveold,damagedordiseasedleaves.2.Rinseeachbranchincoldwaterandthoroughlyblotdrywithtowelsorpapertowels.Wetherbstendtogomoldywhichdestroysthewholebunch.3. Turnbranchesupsidedownandremoveleavesalongtheupperstem.The top leaves closest to the buds are more pungent and flavorful thanlowerleaves.Youmaytiefiveorsixstemstogetherinasmallbunch.Forhighmoistureherbs,tietwoorthreestemstogether.4. Crush the leaves ifdesired,butkeep inmind thatwholeherbs retaintheirflavorlongerthancrushed,groundorrubbedherbs.5.Placethebunchupsidedowninalargebrownpaperbag.Gatherthebagaroundthestemsandtie.Tearorcutseveralholesinthebagforventilation.Ensureplentyofroominsidethebagsoleavesdonottouchthesidesofthebag.Categorizeeachbagbywritingthenameanddateoneachbag.6. Hangthebaginawarm,airyroomorattic.Leaveundisturbedforatleast2-4weeks.

Drying theherbs in thesuncanspeedup theprocessbutmayresult in lossofflavor,colorandfragrance.

OvenDryingIn somecases,herbsare alsoheated in theoven forquickerdrying.However,thismethodrequiresutmostcareas theslightestnegligencecan lead to lossofflavorandcoloroftheherbs.Here’showtodothis:

Settheconventionalovento180°F/82C Spreadtheherbsonatrayensuringthattheydon’toverlapeachother.Dothisinsmallbatches.Placethetrayintheovenandkeepthedoorslightlyajar.Lettheherbsdryintheovenfor3-4hours.Taketheherbsout,letthemcooldownorcometoroomtemperatureandstoreinanairtightcontainer.Donotstoretheherbswhiletheyarestillhot.

SilicaorSaltDryingSilica or salt drying is commonly used for drying flowers. In this process, acontainerisfilledwithsilicaornon-iodizedtablesaltandtheherbsareplacedinlayersinthecontainer.Thissoaksallthemoisturefromtheherbandletsitretaintheoriginalshape.Thisentireprocesstakestwotofourweeks.

FreezingFreezingisalsoacommonlyusedmethodforpreservingherbslikeChives,Dill,BasilandParsley.Theherbscanbeblanchedinboilingwaterforaboutaminuteand then soaked immediately in ice water. The herbs can then be sealed inzipperedbagsandstoreduntiluse.AninterestingwayofstoringherbssuchasCoriander/Cilantro,BasilandMintsistochoptheherbsfinelyorpureethemanduseyourregularicecubetraytofreezetheherbsincubes.Nexttimeyouwanttousetheseherbs,justdropacubeintoyourrecipeandvoila!

StorageDried herbs should be stored in clean, dry, airtight containers. Label and dateeach container. Herbs are susceptible tomould, therefore, theymust be driedproperlybeforebeingstored.Thecontainersmustbecheckedeveryfewdaysforany sign ofmoisture ormould. If there is anymoisture in the jar, the dryingprocedureshouldberepeated.Also,driedherbsmustbekeptawayfromlightorheattopreservetheircolorandflavor.

Storetheherbsinacool,dryanddarkplace,awayfromsunlight.Driedherbscanlastindefinitely,butarebestusedwithinayear.HerbsareNOTlikewine,theydonottastebetterwithage!Mostherbswilllosetheirflavorandaromawitheverypassingday,andassuchyoumayneedtouseaspoonfulofherbswhenjustapinchwouldnormallydo.

CompanionPlantingCompanionplantingisbasedontheconceptthatcertainplantscanbenefitotherswhenplanted inproximity.Sometimes, justplantingcertainherbsnext toeachotherinyourherbgardencanshowphenomenalresults.Thismethodcanmakeyour herbs flourish, improve the soil quality and help in pest management.Conversely,somecombinationsofplantsjustdon’twork-whengrowntogether;thegrowthofeitheroneoralloftheplantsmaybeaffectedadversely.

Someplants releaseorabsorbchemicals, affect thedensityand textureofthesoilthatmayhelporharmotherplants.GrowingBasilwithtomatoescanintensify the flavor of tomatoes and also keep flies and mosquitoes away.However, if Basil and Rue are planted together, they decelerate each other’sgrowth.

Thetablebelowcontainsalistofobservationsmadeaboutsomecommonherbs:

NameofHerb

GrowsWellWith

KeepAwayFrom

Angelica

Dill

Anise

Coriander/Cilantro

Basil

Tomato

Rue

BayLeaves

BeansandGrains

Borage

Tomato,Squash,Strawberries

Caraway

Dill

Catnip

Aubergine

Chervil

Radish

Chives

Carrots

Coriander/Cilantro

Anise

Dill

Cabbage

Carrots, Caraway andAngelica

Fennel

Mostplants

Hyssop

Cabbage,Grapes

Radish

Lovage

MostPlants

Mint

Cabbage,Tomatoes

Nasturtium

Radish, Cabbage, Squash,Pumpkin,Fruittrees

Oregano

Brassicas

Parsley

Tomato,Asparagus

Rosemary

Cabbage,Beans,Carrots,Sage

Rue

RosesandRaspberries

Basil

Sage

Rosemary,Cabbage,Carrots

Cucumbers

Thyme

Cabbage

GrowingHerbsOrganicallyGrowingorganicherbs is one step closer topromoting sustainable agriculture.Theamountofchemicalsyourherbgardenfeedsonintheformofpesticidesandfertilizerscanbeshocking.Afterall,youendupconsumingthesetoxinsthroughthe yield and adversely affect your health in the process. Building your ownorganicherbgardencanbeapanaceatothatproblem.Itmightseemlikeahugeleaptostopusingthemostconventionalwaysofgardeningandtogoallnatural,butitpaysoffinthelongrunandisnotascomplicatedasitsounds!

Ifyou lookat someof thebenefitsoforganicgardening,youwouldbe surelytemptedtogiveitatry.Organicallygrownplantsarealsoknowntohavebetterresistance against pests, diseases and weather abnormalities. When you growherbs organically, you will notice significant improvement in yield quality,quantityandflavoroftheherbs.Organicmatterisalsoknowntoenrichthesoilandimproveitswaterretentionlevelanddrainage.

Hereishowyoucanbuildanorganicherbgarden:

Clearyourgardenofweeds.Uprootordigoutalltheweedsandwaitforafewdaystoensuretheydon’tsproutagain.Thiswillhelpyoucheckanyweedproblemsinthefuture.

Preparethesoil.Measurethelevelsofvariousnutrientspresentinthesoiland the amount required to grow the herbs of your choice. Consult aprofessionalgardenertohelpyouassessthis.

Useorganicfertilizers tosupplementyoursoil.Youcanaddcompost,groundbark,leafmold,bonemeal,mossandrockphosphateinadditiontotheverycommonanimalmanuretoenrichyoursoil.Usegreensandtoaddnitrogen,phosphorusandpotassiumtothesoil.Youcanadjustthesoil’spHlevelbyusinglimeorsulphur.

Youcanevenconsidermakingyourowncompostwithvegetablewaste,grasscuttings,seaweed,fishleftoversetc.Makeacompostheapandplaceit onyourherbgarden after the ingredients havebrokendown.However,thisprocessisfairlytime-consuming,soyoumustbepatient!

Addonefertilizerandtwonutrientsatatimeandletitsettleforamonthinthesoilbeforeplantingtheherbs.Ifthesoilinyourgardenisclay,youwillalsohavetoaddsomesandtoit.

Lookfororganicseeds.Owingtotheirgrowingdemand,theyareusuallyavailable inmost nurseries. You can also look for organic farms, gardencenters,farmers’cooperatives,healthfoodstoresaswellashorsebarnsandchickenproducerstogetorganicseedsandfertilizers.

Ifyouhavealreadybuiltthegardenusinginorganicfertilizers,youcanstillgoorganic.Allyouhave todo is, replace thechemicalswithnaturalorganicfertilizersandnutrients.

Check your garden on a regular basis. Thiswill help you check any diseases,weeds,pestsorsproutsatanearlystage.

ListofHerbsAngelica

Angelica(Archangelicaofficinalis)isabiennialherbbelongingtotheApiaceaefamily, known for its aroma andmedicinal properties. It is also known as the“herb of the angels”. The plant grows from 1 m to 2.5 m in height, has apurplish-green stem and triangular leaves. It has a fleshy taproot with smallbranches.Theplantbearsdelicatewhitecoloredflowersthatbloominclusters.Thefruitispale-yellowandhasoval-shapedseeds.

CommonNames

Angelique, American Angelica, Archangel, Garden Angelica, High Angelica,Masterwort,Purple-stemAngelica,WildArchangel,WildAngelica

Properties

Angelicahasawarmingeffectandpropertiesthatcountertheeffectofpoison.Ithas been used as a remedy for various contagious diseases like plague andinfluenza,andisknowntorelievewoundscausedbydogbites.Thisherbhelpsin improving the blood circulation and alleviates conditions like Buerger'sdisease(acuteinflammationandclottingofarteriesandveinsofhandsandfeet).Improved blood circulation, coupled with the warming effect of this herb,provides relief in bronchitis. The root of this plant is usually used for curingvarious respiratoryproblems.AllpartsofAngelicaareknown to stimulate thedigestivesystemandalleviateindigestion,gasandcolic.

Angelica’sstemsareknownfortheirnaturally-sweetflavorandareoftenusedinthe candied form in sweets and for decoration in pastries. The stems are alsoused to add flavor topork, fishand shellfish recipes aswell as in teas, soups,saladsandvariousherbmixtures.TheoilextractedfromAngelicaleafstalksareused as a flavoring agent in gin, vermouth and various liqueurs. Due to itsaromatic qualities and ornamental appeal, the flowers are also used in floralarrangements.

Warnings

Despitevariousmedicinalbenefits,Angelicashouldbeconsumedinmoderation.Angelicaisknowntothinbloodandisnotsuitableforpregnantwomen.

CultivationAngelica is grown in moist, shady areas and moderate weather in Europe,Canada and United States. The seeds do not respond well to transplantation.They require slightly acidic soil, with a pH level ranging between 4.5 and 7.Ideally,theseedsshouldbefreshtoallowgerminationandshouldberefrigeratedfor4to5weeksbeforesowing.SpringistheidealtimetoplantAngelica.

Angelicaplantissusceptibletodangerslikecrownrot,aphids,leafminersandspidermites.

AniseAnise(Pimpinellaanisum) is an aromatic herb from theMediterranean regionandSouthwestAsia. It ismainlygrown inEurope,SouthwestAsia, India,andpartsofSouthAmerica.AnisebelongstotheApiaceaefamilyandisafloweringplant. Anise plant grows up to 1-3 ft in height and bears white to yellowish-whiteflowers.Thefruitis3mm-longwhenripe,ovalshapedandgrey-greenincolor.

CommonName

Anise,Aniseed

Properties

Though the entire plant exudes ‘anisey’ aroma, only the fruit is used forconsumption and medicinal benefits. Anise has an assortment of healingproperties. It helps in relieving gas and other digestion-related disorders.Additionally,ithelpsincuringanemiabyimprovingdigestion,whichpromotesabsorptionofiron.Aniseaidslaxationofmucousandworksasanexpectorant.These qualities help in curing cough, asthma and bronchitis. It also hasantibacterial and antiseptic properties and is known to soothe pain and relaxmuscles. Nursing women can benefit from this herb as its seeds help inincreasing theproductionof breastmilk.The seeds are used in variousherbalmedicines used to cure impotence and frigidity. Anise tea can be helpful inalleviatingmorningsickness.TopicalapplicationofAniseoil isalsoknowntohelpincuringliceandscabies.

Apartfromthemedicinalbenefits,Aniseisalsousedtoaddflavortoalcoholicdrinks and various foods like breads, desserts, cakes, candies, curries, etc.Aniseedoilisalsousedtoaddfragrancetoperfumesandsoaps.

Warnings

Aniseislargelyconsideredasasafeherb.However,itcanhaveside-effectsonpeopleallergictoanethole,whichisthechiefcomponentofthisherb.ExcessiveuseofAniseoilisknowntocausenausea,vomitingandseizures,especiallyinthecaseofinfants.ConcentratedAniseoilcanalsocauseirritationonsensitiveskin.

Cultivation

Anise is an annual herb and needs at least 120 frost-free days tomature. Theseedsaresowninearlysummerindry, lightsoil.Anisecanalsobeplantedasseedlings.Thedistancebetweentwoplantsshouldideallybe4inches.

BasilBasil(OcimumBasilicum)isafragrantherbbelongingtotheLamiaceaefamilyandnativetoIndia,AsiaandAfricabutisnowgrownandconsumedallovertheworld.Basilplantnormallygrowsupto1-2feetinheightandhasroundleaveswhichsometimeshaveruffledorpointededges.Theleavesaretypicallygreenincolor, although some varieties have a speck of red or purple. Basil plant isstrikinglysimilartothepeppermintplant,whichisnotsurprisingastheybelongto the same family. There are over 60 varieties of Basil, all of which differsomewhatinappearanceandtaste.

CommonNames(Varieties)

Common Basil, Garden Basil, Sweet Basil, African Blue Basil, Anise Basil,French Basil, Holy Basil (Tulsi), Thai Basil, Genovese Basil, Lemon Basil,CinnamonBasil,SpicyGlobeBasil,PurpleRufflesBasil,RedRubinBasil

Properties

Basilisknownforitsantibacterialproperties.Essentialoilpresentinitsleaveshasdemonstratedtheabilitytoinhibitseveralspeciesofpathogenicbacteriathathavebecome resistant to commonlyused antibiotic drugs.Basil leaves canberubbedoninsectbitestopreventitchinessandrashes.Itisconsideredasananti-inflammatory food source and can provide relief for individuals withinflammatoryhealth problems like rheumatoid arthritis or inflammatorybowelconditions. Teamade by infusing Basil leaves can help in relieving digestivedisorders.ItisagoodsourceofVitaminA,iron,calciumandmagnesium,allofwhichpromotescardiovascularhealth.

Basilleavesalsoofferauniquebenefit–essentialoilderivedfromtheseleavescanbeusedasaninsectrepellent. Itcanalsobeusedinmassageoil toaidindepressionoranxiety.

ThehighlyfragrantBasilleavesareliberallyusedtoseasonavarietyofdishes.ThisherbislargelyusedinItalian,Thai,VietnameseandLaotiancuisine.FreshBasilleavesaddadelicateflavorandaromatosauces,gravies,sandwichesandsalads.

Warnings

Basil is a relatively safe herb and there are no known allergies or side effectsassociated with it. However, pregnant or breastfeeding women should avoidusingessentialoilderivedfromBasilleaves.

CultivationBasil is a non-fussy herb and will grow under most climatic conditions.However, it needs soil that iswell-drainedyet retains enoughmoisture so thattheplantdoesnotwilt. Itneedsadequate sunshine–about6 to8hourseveryday,andcanbegrownindoorsaswellasoutdoors.Directexposuretosunlightandadequatewatersupplyareessentialfortheplanttoflourish.

Preventive steps shouldbe taken toprotect theplant fromseedand soilbornediseaseslikeFusariumwilt.Itmayalsogetaffectedinchillyweather.Commonpestslikeaphids,fleabeetlesandJapanesebeetlesmayalsodestroytheplant.

BayLaurel(BayLeaves)BayLaurel(Laurusnobilis)isanevergreentreeoralargeshrubbelongingtotheLauraceaefamily,historicallyrenownedforitsbeautyandaromaticleaves.ItisnativetotheMediterraneanregionandAsiaMinor.Theleavesareolive-green,about6–12cmlongand2–4cmbroad,withacharacteristicfinelyserratedandwrinklededge.TheflowersaresmallandyellowincolorandbloominclustersaroundMay.

CommonNames

Bay Laurel, Bay Leaf, Bay Tree, Daphne, Grecian Laurel, Laurel, Laurierd'Apollon, Lorbeer, Laurier Sauce, Noble Laurel, Roman Laurel, Sweet Bay,TrueLaurel,WreathLaurel

Properties

BayLaurel orBay leaves have been traditionally used for treating high bloodsugar, migraine headaches, bacterial and fungal infections, and gastric ulcers.The leaves and berries are believed to have several medicinal propertiesincluding astringent, carminative, diaphoretic, digestive, diuretic, emetic andstomachic properties. Essential oil derived from Bay Laurel (Oil of Bays orOleumLauri)canbeappliedtopicallyforthetreatmentofarthriticpain,musclesprains,bruisesandswellinginthetendons.BayLeafhasalsobeenusedtotreatrheumatism,amenorrhea,andcolic.

Bay leaves are intensely aromaticwith notes ofwood, eucalyptus and clove.Theyimpartauniquearomaandflavor tomarinades,sauces,soupsandstews.They are used extensively in Mediterranean, European and North Americancuisine.

WarningsBay leaves areverybitter and shouldbe removedbefore serving a recipe thatuses these leaves.Not only are they tough to chew, but they are also easy tochokeonifswallowedinadvertently.

Cultivation

BayLaurelmakesagreatadditiontothekitchengardenandcanbeeasilygrownon a patio or deck. It essentially needs adequate sunlight and protection fromeasterlywindsand frost.Thesoilor thecompostusedmustcontain lime.Theplantdoesnotrequiremuchwatering.Itcanbepropagatedduringlatesummer,withthehelpofshoots.Inplaceswherethetemperaturefallsbelow25degreescentigrade,BayLaurelshouldbeplantedindoors in largecontainers.Thiswaytheplantcanbemovedindoorsduringwinters.

Itisvulnerabletoaphids,powderymildews,mealybugs,psyllids,insects,thripsetc.

BergamotBergamot (Monarda didyma) also known as ‘Oswego tea’ is indigenous toEasternNorthAmericaandisamemberoftheLamiaceaefamily. Thishighlyfragrantplantgrows2-3 feethigh.Flowersvary incolor frompink to reddishand are in large curlicues on top of the stem. Dark colored leaves are roughsurfaced and contain citrus flavor. Leaves and flowers form the consumablepartsoftheherb.

CommonNames

American Bee Balm, AmericanMelissa, Fragrant Balm, GoldMelissa, HorseMint,IndianNettle,IndianPlume,RedBalm,RedBergamot,ScarletBergamot,ScarletMonarda

PropertiesBergamot is considered to be an expectorant, tonic, deodorant andantispasmodic. Additional properties include anti-anxiety, antiseptic,carminative, digestive, insecticide and analgesic. These properties help inailmentslikenausea,vomiting,cough,flu,stomachupsetsandsinus.Bergamotprimarilyactsasastimulantandhelpswithdigestion.ConsumingBergamotteais known to provide relief in cold, throat and digestion problems. It can alsohelp in chest problems, insomnia and flatulence. Bergamot oil is useful inaromatherapyandaids in treatmentof anxiety,nervous tensionandhelpswiththe urinary tract and respiratory system. Topical application of the oil isconsidered tobegood for skinproblems like eczema, acne andpsoriasis. It isusefulinwoundsandswollenveins.Bergamot leaves and flowers are widely used for its fruity flavor and aroma.They can also be used in fruit drinks and salads to add flavor as well as forgarnishing. It particularly enhances pork recipes. Leaves are used for makingrefreshingherbalteaaswellasafacialsteam.Freshaswellasdriedleavesandpetalscanbeaddedtobathingwatertohavearefreshingandperfumedbath.

WarningsItisnecessarytorestricttheintakeofbergamotinfusiontospecificdosesanditisadvisabletoconsultyourdoctorinthecaseofanyexistinghealthproblems.Itis known to stimulate menstruation therefore pregnant women and thoseexperiencingmenstrualdisordersshouldavoidit.

CultivationOftenregardedasagardenplant,itcanpropagatefromcreepingrootsandslipsor cuttings.Well-drainedmoist and highly organic soil is preferable. The soilshouldbe slightlyacidicandmustbekeptwell-wateredduringhotweather. Itcan bear full sun but exposure to morning sunlight is favorable for optimalgrowth. It is considered tobeagoodcontainerplant.Seeds shouldbe sown8weeksbeforethelastspringfrostdate.Morningtimeisidealtoplucktheleavesforfreshuse.Thoughknowntobeapest-freeherb,itissometimessusceptibletoaphidsandpowderymildewwhichcanbepreventedwiththehelpofgoodaircirculation.

BorageBorage(Boragoofficinalis)isanannualherbthatisknowntohaveoriginatedinSyriaandbelongs to theBoraginaceaefamily. ItgrowsthroughoutEurope, theMediterraneanregion,NorthAfrica,IranandisalsocultivatedinsomeareasofNorthAmerica.Borageplantgrows2to3feetinheightandbloomssmall,blue,pink or purple-colored flowers. These beautiful flowers have five narrowtriangular star-shaped petals and hence its name “Starflower”. The leaves andstemsoftheplantarecoveredwithsmallbristle-likehairs.Itproducesplentyofseedsandthuscontinuestogrowandspreadprolifically.

CommonNames

Beebread, Bernagie, Borage, Borraja, Bourrache, Bugloss, Burrage, CommonBorage,FleursDeBourrache,Hodan,Ruri-Zisa,Starflower

Properties

This herb has a highmucilage content thatmakes it helpful in relievingmostrespiratorydisorders.OwingtotheskinsmootheningpropertiesofBorage,itcanbeusedasasalvetocureskininflammations,rashesandsores.Borageissaidtostimulate the production of adrenaline, helping the body copewith stress andfatigue. It also makes an excellent detox agent and is used in several herbalremedies to cure gastrointestinal disorders such as irritable bowel syndrome(IBS).

Borageleavesandseedoilcanbeusedtoalleviatepremenstrualcramps,moodswingsanddepressiondue tohormonal fluctuations inwomen.An infusionofBoragepromotes theproductionofmilk inbreastfeedingmothers. Its teaalsohelps to reduce fever, relieves chest congestion and encourages a speedyrecoveryafteranillness.

FreshBorage leaves taste likecucumbersandadds textureandflavor tosoupsandsalads.TheattractiveBorageflowersareedibleandtastemildlysweet,likehoney.Theyareusedtodecoratedessertssuchascakesandpastriesandarealsofrozeninicecubestoaddanextrazingtococktailsandcoolers.

Warnings

Borage leaves contain traces of liver-toxic pyrrolizidine alkaloids, and is arestricted variety in some countries including Australia and New Zealand.Consuming Borage in large quantities may cause liver damage and cancer.However, due to its therapeutic properties, using the herb in moderation isconsideredperfectlyharmless.

CultivationBorage isconsideredawild,easy togrowherbandcan toleratemost typesofsoil.Idealgrowingconditionsaredrysoil,sunnyclimateandrichsoilwithapHlevelof6to7.Borageseedsshouldbeplantedaround¼inchdeepastheyneedairtogerminatesuccessfully.Theplantneedstobeprotectedfromavarietyofpestsandinsectslikeladybutterfly,woollybear,caterpillarsandtarnishedplantbug.Itisalsovulnerabletoinfectionssuchascrownrot.

CaperCaper (Capparis spinosa) is a biennial, evergreen, shrub belonging to theCapparaceaefamily,nativetotheMediterraneanregion.Theplantusuallygrowswildinrockycoastalareasandhasoval-shaped,fleshyleaves.Theplantbearssmall buds, closed tight as fists, that spring daily from the long shoots andeventuallyopenintoexquisitewhite,palepinkorpinkflowerswithvioletpistilsand stamens.Thebudsare the sizeofamaizekernel andolivegreen incolorwhenripe.

CommonNames

Caper, Cappero, Capperone, Caper Bush, Capparis Spinosa, Kabar, Kapers,Kapersy,Kebre

PropertiesCaper is believed to have aphrodisiac, astringent, carminative, emmenagogueanddiureticproperties. The leaves, stemsand fruitsof thisplant areused fortreating sterility, to increase sexual desires, to heal open wounds and to treatmouthinfections.HerbalteamadefromCaperrootandyoungshootsissaidtobebeneficial in treating rheumatism.Caper rootsalsohelp in increasingbloodpressurebycontractingthebloodvessels.TopicalapplicationofCaperroots isknown to help sensitive skin and bruises.Caper bark is dried to be used as adiuretic.

The buds of this bush are also known to have laxative, expectorant and tonicproperties.Theyareused to treatcoughs,eye infectionsandknowntopreventcataract formation.Caperdecoction isalsoused tocure fungal infection in thevaginalarea.Topicalapplicationofbruisedleavesisbelievedtocuregout.

Caper buds are used extensively as a condiment or garnish inMediterranean,GreekandItaliancuisine.Theyaretypicallypickledinoil,brineorvinegarandexcess salt is drained off before using them for cooking. They go particularlywellintomatoandwinebasedsaucesandinpoultryandfishrecipes.CaperscanalsobeusedtosubstituteolivesforgarnishingaMartini.

Warnings

Consulting a health care professionalmay be advisable to avoid any possibleadverse effects of Capers. Pregnant women and others taking any medicaltreatmentshoulduseitcautiously.

Cultivation

It can propagate from seeds as well as cuttings. It is an easy-to-grow shrubwhichcangrowwellinsandy,loamyorevenheavy(clay)soils.Itpreferswell-drained soil rich in acids and alkaline. Adequate sunlight and watering arerequiredfortheshrubtogrowatitsbest.Generallyittakes3-4yearstomaturecompletely. Ensure that regular pruning is carried out to achieve higherproduction.

CatnipCatnip (Nepeta cataria) is an aromatic, perennial herb that belongs to theLamiaceae family. It is native to Europe and Asia and is cultivated in NorthAmerica.Catnipplantsgrowfrom3 to5 ft inheightandhave fuzzy,greyish-green leaves and small, white flowers that bloom in the summer. The herb ispopularforitsfragranceandthestimulatingeffectithasonallmembersofthefeline(cat)family.

CommonNames

Cataria,Catmint,Catnep,Catnip,Catrup,Cat'sHealAll,Cat's-play,Cat'sWort,Catswort, Catwort, Chi Hsueh Tsao, Field Balm, GardenNep, Herba Cataria,HerbaCatti,Nebada,Nep

Properties:Catniphasastringentpropertiesandhasasettlingeffectonthestomach.Ithascarminative qualities and thus acts as a remedy for colic, flatulence andheadaches due to digestive problems. It is also considered a diaphoretic andthereforeitsinfusionhelpsinalleviatinghighbodytemperaturecausedbyfever.Catnip tincture acts as an effective ointment for curing rheumatic condition,arthritis andhemorrhoids. Ithasalsobeenused tocurebronchitis, asthmaand

eruptive diseases like measles. The herb is also known to relieve cough,muscular pain and have a sedating effect when consumed. It is known tostimulatemenstruationandalsoworksasatonic.AninfusionmadefromCatnipcan also help in curing bruises and dark-circles. Catnip has a pleasant andappealing taste, which makes it an easy option for treatment of children’sailments.

Catnip also tends to have a sedative effect on human beings and is oftenconsumed in the form of herbal tea, especially to helpwith sleeplessness andfatigue.Itisalsousedasaculinaryherbandisfrequentlyaddedinsalads.

WarningsCatnip is known to stimulate uterine contractions and induce menstruation.Thesequalitiesmakeitunadvisableforpregnantwomenandwomenwhosufferfrommenstrualdisorders.

Cultivation

Catnipisanon-fussyherb.Itgrowsbestinwell-drained,averagelyrichsoilandpartialshade.However,itcantoleratedry,sandysoilandfullsun.ThepHlevelofthesoilcanvaryfrom4.9-7.5anditshouldbetoppedwithcompost.Catnipcan be propagated through seeds, stem cuttings or by dividing the roots. Theseeds should be sown indoors, six to eight weeks before the last frost date.Catnipcanbegrownindoorsinpots,butitrequiresatleast5hoursofsunlightperday.

Theplantselfsowsandneedsproperweedingtoavoidgettingbushy.Catnipisusuallypestfree,butneedsprotectionfromrootrotandrust.Italsoneedstobeprotectedfromcats,astheyareattractedtoitssmellandcandamagetheplant.

ChamomileChamomile (Matricaria chamomile) is an annual herb belonging to theCompositaefamilyandisnativetoEurope.However,nowitgrowswildacrosstheworld.Itshollow,erect,branchingstemgrows20inchestall.Theplantbearslightgreenfeather-likeleavesanddaisy-likeflowersandsmellslikepineappleorapple.

CommonNames

Camomile, German Chamomile, Hungarian Chamomile, Mayweed, PineappleWeed,ScentedMayweed,SweetChamomile,WildChamomile

PropertiesChamomileherbandflowersaresaid tohaveseveralmedicinaluses includingtonic, stomachic, anodyne, antispasmodic, laxative, diaphoretic, analgesic,carminative,anti-inflammatoryandsedativeproperties.Chamomileflowerteaisapopular herbal tea and is good for treating insomnia andother suchnervousconditions. Because of the anti-inflammatory properties of the herb it isconsideredgoodforrheumatism,arthritis,andotherpainfulswellings.Itisalsoan antispasmodic for intestinal andmenstrual cramps, relieving gas pains andactsasaverymildbutefficientlaxativeandloosenstightmuscles.

The herb is also used extensively in manufacturing lotions, massage oils andother beauty products as it can help reduce eczema itching and other skininflammation.Chamomile preparations aremild enough for usingon sensitiveyoungskinofinfantssufferingfromskinconditions.Chamomilemouthwashcanbeusedforsoothingmouthsoresandgumdisease.

Chamomileflowerinfusioncanbeappliedexternallyasawashorcompressforskin inflammations, sunburn, burns, and added to the bath for relaxing tired,achymusclesandfeetandsofteningtheskin.Theflowersaremadeintoasalvefor treatinghemorrhoidsandwounds.Thedried flowersareused inpotpourri,scentedcandles,incensesticks,linenpouches,herbpillows,andarealsousedasinsectrepellents.

Apart from its extensiveuse formakingadelightful andbeneficialherbal tea,Chamomileflowersarealsousedinsalads.

WarningsChamomilemay affect the rate of breakdown of awide range of prescriptionmedications. It may interact with anticoagulant medications (medicines thatpreventbloodclotting).Becauseofitssedativepropertiesitshouldbeusedwithcaution by people taking sedative medications such as benzodiazepines andalcohol.Chamomile tea contains tannins,whichmay reduce the absorption ofironsupplementsiftakentogether.

CultivationThisherb is relativelyeasy-togrowand toleratesmostkindsofsoil.Adequatesunlightispreferredandspringistheidealtimeforplantation.Seedsshouldbesown 24-36 inches apart. It can tolerate a pH range of 6.1 to 7.5 and expectssufficient regular watering. The plant is known to self-seed and spreadprolifically.Hence,itisnotadvisabletogrowitincontainers.

ChervilChervil (Anthriscus cerefolium), a biennial herb, is indigenous to southernRussia,CaucasusandtheMiddleEastandstemsfromtheApiaceaefamily.Thenormalheightofthisannualplantis12-18inches;insomecasesitmaygrowupto 24-30 inches. The light green colored leaves contain an elusive aroma andpepperyflavor.Thestemsarethin,uprightandnotdeeplyrootedinthesoil.Itgiveslittlesilverywhiteflowersintheformofclusters.

CommonNamesChervil, Beaked Parsley, French Parsley, Garden Chervil, Gourmet Parsley,SaladChervil

Properties

Flowers, roots and leaves can be consumed for both culinary as well asmedicinalbenefits.Chervilisconsideredasaneffectiveexpectorantandgeneralstimulant. It is known to cure eczema, alleviate stomach problems and keepsbloodpressureincheck.Besidesthis,Chervilinfusionalsoservesasagoodskinfreshener. It is said that Chervil tea consumption helps in reducing bloodpressureaswellasservesasacoolsoothingeyewash.Theplantisalsoknowntoreducedigestionproblems.

Besidesmedicinaluse,Chervilleavesareusedinsalads,soups,stews,seafood,eggdishesandcertainsaucestoaddaromaandflavor.Freshleavesandflowersarealsousedforgarnishingandstuffing.Itsrootscanbecookedasvegetables.ChervilisextensivelyusedinFrenchCuisine.

Warnings

Chervil is generally recognized as safe for human consumption and has noknownsideeffects.

Cultivation

This herb can be easily cultivated outdoors as well as indoors using pots,containers,boxesetc.Itrequiresacoolandmoistatmospherewithashadysite.Springorautumnseasonsarefavorableforcultivation.Seedsshouldbesown2weeksbeforethelastspringfrostdate.Itisadvisabletousefreshseedsastheyare effective only for a limited period. It is necessary to keep soilmoist. It isknownthatseedlingstakearound7-14daystoemerge.Ideally,keepadistanceof10inchesbetweentwoplants.

Chervilisknowntobesusceptibletocarrotweevilsandaphids.

ChicoryChicory(CichoriumintybusL.)isabushy,perennialherbnativetoEuropeandbelongs to the Asteraceae family. It is also cultivated in North America andWest Asia. It can grow wild and is also cultivated for its roots, flowers andleaves.Theherbattainsaheightof three to five feetandhasbeautifulblueorlavender flowers. The plant has a taproot, similar to that of a dandelion. Theleaves towards thebaseof theplantarehairy, like thatofadandelion.Due tothesesimilarities,ChicoryisoftencalledBlueDandelion.

CommonNames

Blue-sailors, Blue Dandelion, Chicory, Coffeeweed, Endive, Garden Chicory,Succory,WildChicory,WildSuccory

Properties

Chicory root has several medicinal benefits. It acts as a stimulant, ensuringsmooth functioning of the stomach, liver and gall bladder. Chicory is alsoknownasamild,non-irritatingdiureticandlaxative,particularlyhelpfulinthetreatment of chronic constipation. It is also considered as an effective bloodtonic,usefulintreatinganemia.Chicoryflowers,seedsandrootsareusedforthetreatmentofvarious liverandgallbladderdefects.Itpromotes thesecretionofbileandemptiesthegallbladder.

Becauseofitsastringentproperties,applyingapoulticeoffreshChicoryleaveson skin afflictedwith imperfections such aspimplesor blemishes canproviderelief. This poultice is also used as a remedy for other skin lacerations,inflammationsandswelling.

Chicory roots are baked, ground and used as a coffee substitute or additive.GroundChicoryismixedwithcoffeetocountertheacidiceffectofanexcessofcaffeineontheliver.Ithasasedatingeffectonthenervoussystemthatbalancesthe stimulating effect of coffee. The young leaves of the Chicory plant areblanchedandaddedtosaladsandarealsousedinsomeRomanrecipes.Insomeplaces in Europe, tender, young Chicory roots are served steamed or boiled,seasonedwithbutterandotherherbs.

WarningsChicory is considered a relatively safe herb as it iswidely used all across theworld,without any significant incidence of adverse effects.However,Chicoryrootisrichinoxalatesandshouldbeavoidedbypeoplewhohavethetendencytoproducekidneystones.

Cultivation

Chicory, likemostwild herbs, is easy to grow and is not fussy about the soiltype.However,ifChicoryiscultivatedforitsroot,itshouldbesowninadeepbed. The seeds should ideally be sown in drills during late spring. The drillsshould be 15 inches apart from each other.With the combination of the righttime,deepbedandfriablesoil,therootscanbeeasilygatheredinthefalloftheplant’s firstyear.Cultivatorsmustnote thatChicoryhas a tendency to spread;therefore, itmust be planted in areas disjoined from the rest of the garden orfarm.

Chicory needs to be protected from grazing stock. It is also susceptible toSclerotiniasclerotiorum(whiterot,waterysoftrot)incold.

ChivesChives(Alliumschoenoprasum)arethesmallestandthemostdelicatelyflavoredspeciesoftheAlliaceae(onion)family.TheyarenativetoAsia,NorthAmericaandEasternEuropebutarecommonlygrownalloverEurope.Chiveplantsgrowinclumpsandtheirround,hollowgrass-likeleavesgroweighttotwentyinchesinheight.Theplanthasround,pinkorpurple-coloredflowersthatbloominthemonthsofJuneandJuly.

CommonNames

Chives,Cives,Civette

Properties

ChiveshavemedicinalbenefitssimilartothoseofonionandgarlicandarerichinvitaminAandC.Chivesareknowntohelpwith improving indigestionandreducing blood pressure. Essential oil derived from Chives is known to haveantibacterialproperties.

Chives are known for their subtle oniony flavor that makes them a popularadditioninvariouscuisines.Typically,freshchivesarefinelychoppedandusedin salads, sandwiches, and other such savory dishes. They go very well withpotatoes, sour cream, cheese andegg recipes suchasomelettes and scrambledeggs.

Warnings

Chivescontainsulphurcompoundswhichgivethemtheircharacteristiconionyflavor. HandlingofChivesmaycauseallergiccontactdermatitis andurticaria(hives).

Cultivation

The easiest and quickest way to growChives in your garden is to pull out aclump from an existing patch and plant it wherever youwant to grow them.Theycanalsobeplantedfromseeds.Plantthemdirectlyinthegardeninearlyspring or as late as 2months before the first fall frost. They require rich andmoistsoilwithapHlevelrangingfrom6to8.Ideally,Chivesneedfullsuntoflourishbutcanalsosustainreasonablywellinpartialshade.

The garlicky and oniony odor of the plant prevents pests and insects fromdamagingtheplant.Inrarecasesrustordownymildewmaybeseen.

Coriander/CilantroCoriander (Coriandrum sativum), also known as Cilantro, is an annual herbconsiderednativetoSouthernEuropeandtheMiddleEastbutisalsoindigenousto South-Western Asia. The bright green plant, belonging to the Apiaceaefamily,hasdelicatestemsandathintaproot.Itgrowsupto16to24in.(40-60cm).Thecompoundlowerleavesareroundinappearanceandlobed,whiletheupperleavesarefinelydividedintoverynarrow,lacysegments.Theplantbearssmallwhiteorpinkflowersandthefruitsarenearlyglobularandconsistoftwo,single-seededmericarp.Coriander seedshaveamildburning tasteanda spicyaroma.FullyripeanddriedCorianderseedssmellandtastecompletelydifferentfromtheleaves.

CommonnamesCilantro,Coriander,ChineseParsley,Dhaniya,HuSui,MexicanParsley

PropertiesCoriander is consideredasanappetite stimulant andpromotes the secretionofgastricjuices,therebyaidingdigestion.Italsoactsasacarminativeandissaidto improve most troubles of the gastrointestinal tract including indigestion,flatulenceanddiarrhea.Apoulticeofcorianderseeds,whenappliedtoaffectedareas can relieve painful joints and rheumatism. Essential oil derived fromcorianderseedspossessesantibacterialandantifungalpropertiesandcanbeusedasafungicide.Onepharmaceuticaluseofcorianderisinmaskingthetastesoffoul medicines, especially purgatives, or to calm the irritating effects on thestomachcausedbysomemedicines.

All parts of theCorianderplant are edible and areused extensively inMiddleEastern,Indian,SouthEastAsian,Mexican,andCentralAmericancuisines.Itisahighly fragrantherb and is added tovarious salads, soups, sauces, chutneys,curries,stirfriedvegetables,andothersavoryrecipes toaddflavorandaroma.FreshCoriander is usually chopped and added to dishes just before serving topreserveitsflavorandproperties.

Coriander seeds (whole as well as powdered) are an important ingredient incurrypowderandinvariousrecipesoftheIndiansubcontinent.CorianderrootsareusedinThaicookingtoflavorsoupsandchickenrecipes.

WarningsCorianderislargelyconsideredsafetouseandhasnoknownsideeffects.Somepeople are, however, put off by the pungent aroma and the distinct flavorimpartedbycorianderleavesinvariousrecipes.

Cultivation

Corianderisaneasyherbtogrow,preferringawell-drained,fertilesoil.Thesoilshouldnotbeover-fertilizedasahighlevelofnitrogencandelayripeninganddestroytheflavoroftheplant.ThepHlevelofthesoilshouldbefrom4.9to8.2.Corianderplantcantoleratespellsofcoldandheatbutneedadequatesunlight,proper watering in dry periods and weeding. The delicate herb needs to beprotected from harsh winds. Coriander plant does not respond well totransplantation.Coriandercanalsobegrownindoorsinapot.

Itisvulnerabletofungalinfectionsandtherootssuccumbtodecayifthesoilispoorlydrainedandhasahighnitrogencontent.

CressCress (Lepidium sativum) also known as Garden Cress comes from theBrassicaceae (mustard) family and is indigenous to Europe andAsia. It is anannualherbwhichisalsoconsideredasasaladplantandcangrowupto2feettall. It bears refreshing, pungent frilled leaves with a peppery flavor. Thebeautifulorangeflowersareoftenusedforcreativedecorativepurpose.Fruitsoftheplantaresimilartocaperberries.

CommonNames

Curly Cress, Garden Pepper Cress, Passerage, Pepper Grass, Pepperweed,Pepperwort,TownCress

PropertiesCresshasnumeroushealingproperties.NutritionalelementslikeVitaminAandC,iron,calcium,andfolicacidpresentinitsleavesimpartsignificantmedicinalvalue to the herb. It is believed that they serve as an effective treatment forhealthyhairandskinaswellasotherhealthbenefits.Leavesarealsoknowntohelpasdetoxificationagents.Garden Cress is extensively used in green salads to add zing to its taste andappearance. Its culinaryuse includesgarnishing aswell as cookingas agreenleafy vegetable. They are also used in sandwiches instead of lettuce to add apepperyzingtoboringsandwiches.YoungandfreshCressleavescanalsoaddtastetovarioussoups.

WarningsAvoid self prescribing the herb. Seek advice of your health care professionalbeforeconsumingitformedicinalpurposes.Pregnantwomenshouldconsumeitcautiously.

CultivationCressisaneasyherbtogrowindoorsaswellasoutdoors.Itisnotfussyaboutthe soil, weather and maintenance; however, it grows best in damp soil andpartialshade.Itisalsosuitableforaquiculturecultivation.Earlyspringorearlyautumnare the ideal time toplant the seeds.Considered tobeaquickcrop, ittakesabout7-12daystomatureandharvestingcanbecarriedoutthen.Toobtainregularcontinualsupplyoftheleavesensurethatyousowseedssuccessively.

Thisplantneeds tobeprotected fromextremelycoldweatherespeciallywhenthetemperaturefallsbelow-5C.

CurryLeavesCurryLeaves(Murrayakoenigii)arenativetoSouthWestAsiaandbelongstotheRutaceaefamily.ItisusedextensivelyinIndia,Malaysia,Fiji,andSrilankaforvariousculinaryandmedicinalpurposes.Theleavesaresmall,pointedandinclusters,givingoutastrongaromastronglyreminiscentofcitrusandanise.Thetreecangrow2to5metersinheightandbearswhitefragrantflowersandpurpleorgreenberries.

CommonNames

CurryLeaf,FeuillesdeCari,FoglidiCari,MeethaNeem,Pindosin

PropertiesCurry Leaves are used extensively in traditional Indian alternative healingtherapies such as Ayurveda. They are used to cure piles, lower the bodytemperature, and are beneficial in treating leukemia and blood disorders.Infusion made of Curry Leaves with hot water and a little honey is said toprevent conditions such as nausea, constipation, and other stomach disorders.Theyareusedtoalleviatemorningsicknessaswellasmotionsickness.Itisalsousedtorelieveskinirritationsandtreatwoundscausedbypoisonousbites.

CurryLeavesareconsideredindispensableinSouthEastAsiancuisine.Theyarebestusedfreshinvariouscurries,vegetables,pickles,chutneysetc.andaddanaromaticpungentflavor.Theyaddauniquetwisttoseveralvegetariandelicaciesaswellasmeatandfishdishes.DriedCurryLeaveshaveverylittleflavorandhavehardlyanyculinaryuse.

WarningsSeeds and some other parts of the plant are poisonous and should not beconsumed.Skinirritationandothersuchallergicreactionsmaybesomeof thepossiblesideeffectsoftheherb.

CultivationCurryLeavesmakebeautifulandusefulhouseplantspreferringrich,moistwell-drainedsoilandwill toleratesemishade. TheeasiestwaytocultivateaCurryLeaf tree is the cutting method along with transplanting suckers which growreadily frommatureplants.CurryLeaves freezeverywell, butdonot removetheleavesfromitsstalkswhenstoringthem.

Ensurethatthecurryleaftreeisprotectedfromspidermites.

DandelionDandelion (Taraxacum officinale) is a perennial herb with about 100 species.OriginatinginEuropeandAsia,theplantbelongstotheAsteraceaeorsunflowerfamilyandiscloselyrelatedtoChicory.Itcangrowupto12inchesinheight.Theplanthaslongrosette-shaped,toothedleavesthatmaybedarkorlightgreenincolor.Abrightyellowflowergrowsoneachpurplishstalkwhichissmooth,leaflessandhollow.The flowermatures into the familiar,white,globular seedhead overnight. Each seed has a tiny parachute, to spread far andwide in thewind.

CommonNames

BlowBall,Cankerwort,Lion'sTooth,Pissabed,Priest's-crown,PuffBall,PuGongYing,Pu-kung-ying,SwineSnout,Telltime,WhiteEndive,WildEndivePropertiesDandelionleavesandrootsareknowntohelpintreatinghypertensionandweakhearts. The roots act as detoxification agents that help in improving thefunctioning of the liver and gall bladder. It helps kidneys function better byeradicating the toxins from the body. The roots are also considered to treatdiseaseslikepsoriasis,arthritisandgout.

TheflowerscontainvitaminA;vitaminB2andheleninwhichhelpcurenight-blindness.Dandelionisalsousedasaremedyagainstskinproblemslikeeczemaandacne.FungalinfectionandulcersintheurinarypassagecanalsobetreatedwithDandelion.Thelaxativenatureoftheplantaidsinstomachdisorderssuchasconstipation.Theplantisalsobelievedtoenablecirculationinthebodyandstrengthens body vessels. Its diuretic properties help in relieving premenstrualsymptomssuchasbloatingandweightgainduetowaterretention.

Topical application of Dandelion juice is said to remove warts and to enablefasterhealingofwounds.

Dandelion greens arewonderful in salads, they are best consumed steamedorsautéed.Dandelionflowersarealsoconsideredadelicacy.Theymaybedippedinbatteranddeepfried,sautéedandaddedinstir-fries,orpickledwithvinegarandspices.Dried,roastedandgroundDandelionrootsareusedtomakecoffee.

WarningsSome individualsmightget skin rashes as a sideeffectofhandlingDandelionherbs. Itmay lead to excessive production of stomach acids, so ulcer patientsshould cautiously consume it. Because of the intense diuretic nature theconsumptionofDandelionshouldbesubjecttodoctor’sadvice.

CultivationIt is widely cultivated in Germany and France but grows across the world.Dandelion isknown togroweasily in fields, lawns,wasteground, sand, rocksetc.Ittoleratesmostkindsofsoilandisconsideredtobeagardenplantinmanycountries.Springseasonissuitableforplantation.Harvestingcanbecarriedoutinautumn. Itcan toleratesoilswithapHrangeof4.8 to7.5.Seedsshouldbesown at a depth of amaximum 1 inch in the soil so as to germinate in goodorder.

Dandelionmaybevulnerabletosomecommonpestsandinsectinfestations.

DillDill (Anethum graveolens) has its origin in the Mediterranean region andsouthernRussia.ThisherbbelongingtotheApiaceaefamilyisalsoextensivelygrown in England, Germany and North America. It is aromatic and normallygrows around 2 feet in height. Dill leaves are wispy and fernlike and have apleasing, sweet taste. Like Fennel, it hasmany yellow flowers in umbels andfeather-likeleavesattachedtotheuprightstalks.DriedDillseedsarelightbrownincolorandovalinshape,aresimilarintastetoCaraway,withafragrant,sweetandcitrusyflavorwithabitterundertone.

CommonNamesAmericanDill,CommonDill,DanishDill,Dillseed,Dilly,Dillweed,EuropeanDill,GardenDill

PropertiesThough Dill is renowned for its culinary uses; its leaves, seeds and oils alsoprovide medicinal benefits. Oil of Dill (extracted from the leaves, stems andseedsof theplant) hasbeen traditionallyused tomakeDillwaterwhich is aneffective remedy to treat colic, gas and other stomach as well as digestionproblems in infants. Italsoalleviates intestinal spasmsandcramps.Dill seeds,whenchewed,caneliminatebadbreath.Theplantalsoaidsincough,coldflu,cramps and flatulence. Nursing mothers who consume it regularly can haveincreasedbreastmilkproductionandcanpassonthenutritivebenefitsofdilltotheirbreastfeedingchildrentohelppreventcolic.

Dill is also considered antibacterial andhelpsprotect against free radicals andcarcinogens.

Dill leavesandseedsarewidelyusedasseasoning inanumberofdishes.Dillseeds in particular are used extensively in Scandinavian and German cuisine.YoungDill leavesgoverywellwithfish,particularlysalmonandtrout.Dill isalsousedforflavoringsaucesandbakedgoods.

WarningsImmediate exposure to sunlight after the consumption of Dill may lead todevelopskinrashes(photodermatitis)insomeindividuals.

CultivationDillcangrowinopenareasaswellasindoorsincontainersorpots.Well-drainedfertilesoilisbestforcultivation.Sunlightandadequateregularwateringduringdry periods is required. Spring season is favorable for the plantation as Dillneeds a cool temperature.To avoid stalksbeing affectedby strongwinds theyshouldbeplantedinasecurearea.Seedsshouldbesown¼inchdeepinthesoiland about 6 inches in distance between 2 plants is necessary. If cultivatedindoors,itwillrequire5hoursofdirectsunlightdaily.Seedsgerminatewithin2weeks.Harvestingofleavescanbecarriedoutduringsummerbeforetheplantblossoms. Seeds should be picked only when completely ripe and brown incolor.

Though it is considered to be a pest-free and disease-free plant, it may besusceptible tomildew.This can be prevented by avoiding overhead sprinklingwhenplantsreach2feethigh.

ElderflowerElderflower(Sambucusnigra),alsoknownasElder, isadenseplantknowntohave originated inEurope belonging to theCaprifoliaceae family. It is largelygrowninmanyEuropeancountries.Theheightoftheplantmayreachupto10meters. Its aromatic star-shaped flowers are white in color and grouped inbunches.Theplantproducesberry-like fruitswhichmaybe starkblue, amber,redorblackincolor.

CommonNamesBourtree,Elderberry,Elderflower,EuropeanElder,PipeTree

PropertiesFlowers and berries of this plant are used for various culinary andmedicinalpurposes.Theflowershelpinalleviatingear,noseandthroatinfections.Itservesasagoodtreatmentforallergiesandfungaldiseases.Itimprovesthefunctioningofthekidneys,therebyaidinginrapidexcretionofthemetabolicwasteproductsofthebodyviatheurinarysystem.

Elderflower infusion is known to cure viral diseases likemeasles and chickenpox. It also provides relief in arthritis. Fever, constipation, anxiety anddepression can also be treated using elderflower. Elderflower infusion orointment can be applied to cuts and wounds on the body. Such topicalapplication helps overcome sunburn, heals injuries or cracks on the skin andhelpssootheskinirritation.ElderberriesarerichinvitaminCandhelpcureskininfectionlikerheumatismanderysipelas.

The fleshy and juicy berries of the plant are used to prepare jams, jellies,ketchups and chutneys. Elderflower and elderberries are also used to makerefreshing summer drinks and coolers. They are also used tomake elderberrywineandchampagne.Elderberrycordialwhentakenhotwithsugar,rightbeforebedtime,isatraditionalremedyforcuringcolds.

WarningsLeaves and branches are poisonous and not fit for consumption. There ispossible risk of cyanide toxicity, gastrointestinal distress, vomiting, diarrhea,abdominal cramps and weakness associated with the consumption of leaves,stems, roots or bark. Allergies like skin rashes, irritation or difficulty inbreathing may also develop. Pregnant or breastfeeding women should notconsumeitastheymayruntheriskofbirthdefectsormiscarriage.

CultivationIt easilygrows inwasteoruncultivated land, inhedgesor inwoodedareas. Itcan propagate from seeds, cuttings and rootstalks. Normally spring time issuitableforsowingtheseedsoftheplant.Itssoilrequirementsconsistofsandy,loamy soil with adequate water. It prefers moisture along with full or partialsunlight. Flowers are harvested in late spring while harvesting of the elderberriesiscarriedoutinautumn.

Protect theplant frombirds andanimals likehummingbirds, squirrels, rabbits,bears,foxes,deeretc.astheymaydestroytheplantforfoodandnest.

EpazoteEpazote (Chenopodium ambrosioides) also known as ‘Wormseed’ is native toMexicoandthetropicalregionsofCentralandSouthAmerica.ItbelongstotheChenopodiaceae family. The stems bear multiple branches with small jaggededgedgreenleavesonit.Thisannualplantisabout1mtallandbearsclustersofsmall yellow flowers along the stems. The small cluster of fruits containsnumeroussmallblackseeds.

CommonNames

Amasamas, Amush, American Wormseed,Anserina, Apasote, Camatai, Cashua, Chenopode, Contegras, Erva-De-SantaMaria, Herbe A Vers, Jerusalem Tea, Jesuit’s Tea, Mastruco, Meksika Cayi,Paiku,Paico,Pazote,SemenContra,SpanishTeaPropertiesSome of the properties of Epazote include – antibacterial, anti-parasitic, anti-malarial, amebicide, insecticidal and vermifuge. It is also considered to beantacid, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, carminative, antiseptic, antispasmodic,laxativeandstimulant.Epazoteplantisconsideredtobeoneofthebestremediesagainst intestinalworms,parasitesandamoebas.Thecarminativecharacteristicoftheplanthelpsinreducinggas.Itisalsoknowntoaidinnervousdisorders,asthma and menstruation problems. Cough, cramps, gout, hemorrhoids andbronchitis can be treated using the leaves and other parts of the plant.Additionally,itisalsobelievedtohelpinhealingwounds,improvingdigestion,increasingbreastmilkproduction,aswellaspreventingulcers.

EpazoteisusedliberallyinMexicancuisineandformsanimportantingredientin black-bean recipes. It is also used to season soups, quesadillas, enchiladas,tamalesandvariouscheeseandegg-basedrecipes.

WarningsSome people are put off by the intensely pungent odor of this herb,which isbelieved to be fairly reminiscent of gasoline!Also, intake of the herb in largeproportionscanbehazardous.Thetoxiceffectsoftheessentialoilmayleadtocardiacproblems,respiratorydisruptions,sleepiness,vomitingandweakness.

CultivationEpazoteplantcanbeeasilycultivatedinyourkitchengarden,butsinceitisnotacommonherb,procuringitsseedsmaybealittledifficult.Oncecultivateditmaykeep on multiplying naturally in the subsequent seasons without the need toreplanttheseeds.Sandyandrockysoilispreferredwithconsiderableexposureto sunlight. Heat and light should be adequately available for the seeds togerminateingoodorder.Atleast2feetdistancebetweentwoplantsisneededtoensurepropergrowth.

FennelFennel(FoeniculumvulgareMill.),alsoknownas‘spiceofangels’,belongingtotheApiaceaefamilyisbelievedtohaveoriginatedintheMediterraneanregion.Theplantgrowsup to8 feet tall and is sweetly scented. Itbears smallyellowflowersbeautifullyarrangedonumbels.Theovalshapedfruits(alsoreferredtoasseeds)about1cmlongandslightlycurvedaregreenish-yellowincolor.

CommonNamesCommonFennel,Hsiao-hui-hsiang,LargeFennel,RomanFennel,Shatapushpa,Shih-lo,SweetFennel,Tzu-mo-lo,WildFennel,Xiao-hue-xiangProperties

TheentireFennelplantincludingstems,leaves,fruits,androotsisedible.Fennelisusedingripewatertorelievecolicandisalsoknowntohelpinheartburnandconstipation. Fennel is also believed to help relieve premenstrual cramps andothersuchdisorders.Theessentialvolatileoilsintheplantareknowntoenhancefood absorption in the body and help treat digestion related disorders. It isconsidered tobeantisepticand isbelieved tohelp incuringurinary infections.Theherbisalsoanexcellentdetoxificationagentthatenablesquickevacuationofbodywastes.ApplicationofFenneloilcanaidinreducingjointpains,helpsin treating arthritis, abdominal pains, toothache and earache. Fennel seeds areknowntobeofgreathelpindealingwithkidney-stoneproblems.

Fennel iswidely used as a culinary herb to season sauces, salads, vegetables,bread, stir-fries, pies etc. Finely chopped stems and leaves are used as herbalstuffingaswellastoaddflavortomarinades.FreshFennelleavescanbeusedinvarious fish recipes. Fennel seeds are ground and used as a spice or as aningredientofaspicemixture.

WarningsSomepeoplemaynotbeabletotolerateFennelverywellandmayexperienceafewsideeffectsuponconsumingtheherb.Fenneloilshouldnotbeingestedorused in cooking as it may lead to nausea, vomiting, or seizures. Fennel hasestrogenicpropertiesandhenceisnotrecommendedforpregnantwomen.

Cultivation

Fennel is widely cultivated in temperate regions across the world. It requireswell-drained,non-acidic,goodquality,deepsoil.Itcangrowinshadedareasbutgrowsbestwithadequatesunshineandsufficientwater.Germinationtakesplaceafter 10-14 days of planting the seeds. Fennel can also be grown in pots andcontainers.Plantscanbeharvestedthroughoutthesummerseason.

Fennel issusceptible towhiteflies,aphidsandothersuchpestsandinsects thatmayseverelydamagetheplant.Itisalsovulnerabletorootrotandfrost.

Fenugreek(leaves)Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum), also known as ‘Greek hayseed’belongs to theFabaceae family. Its origin is in southernEurope,westernAsiaand the Mediterranean region and is widely cultivated in India. The normalheightoftheplantis2feetwithdelicate,longstems.Thelightgreenleavesareslightly bitter with a pungent, yet pleasing aroma and contain a set of 10-20aromaticseeds.

CommonNames

Bird’s Foot, Billy-goatClover, CamelGrass, Common Fenugrec, Foenugreek,Goat’sHorn,GreekHayseed,Methi,Trigonella

PropertiesHighly aromatic, Fenugreek leaves are consideredmildly laxative and have acooling effect.They canhelp in treating indigestion, flatulence and a sluggishliver.Theyarealsosaidtohelploseexcessbodyweightandtocuredizziness,drowsinessandgeneralfatigue.InfusionmadeoffreshFenugreekleavesissaidto curemouth ulcers. Fresh juice of Fenugreek leaves is said to prevent hairloss, curedandruff andpromotenewhairgrowth. Ifused in a facemask, it issaidtoreducewrinklesandfinelines.

Fenugreekseedsarealsoknownfor theiranti-diabeticproperty. Theyarealsoconsideredexcellenttotreatarthritisandtoreducebloodcholesterol.Theyalsoincrease breastmilk production in breastfeedingmothers. Fenugreek containsnaturalexpectorantpropertiesandisconsideredidealfortreatingsinusandlungcongestion.Italsohelpsinlooseningandremovingexcessmucusandphlegm.Themucilagecontentoftheseedshelptocureexternalboils,burnsandulcers.

Fenugreek leaves aswell as seeds are used extensively in Indian, SriLankan,andMiddleEasterncuisine.Freshleavesareusedinstir-frieddishes,addedinstews,andcurries.Driedleavesarealsousedforthepotent,intenseflavortheyaddtovariousrecipes.WholeaswellasgroundFenugreekseedsareusedasaseasoningforcurriesandspiceblend.Theyarealsousedinpickles,chutneys,andsauces.

WarningsFenugreekmayslightly lowerbloodsugar levels, so if suffering fromdiabetesand on any other medication, ensure that you are aware of this property ofFenugreek. Pregnant women should also consume it after consulting with aphysicianbecauseofitshighestrogencontentandabilitytostimulatetheuterus.

CultivationFenugreekisaherbgardener’sdelight, it isfuss-freeandveryeasytogrow.Itideallyrequiresgood,welldrainedsoilifitneedstobecultivatedinopenareas.Itcanalsobegrownindoorsinpots.Ensurethattheplantgetsenoughsunlightandanadequatewatersupply.Springisthebestperiodtosowtheseedsandittakes3–5monthstomature.ItcantolerateapHrangeof5.3to8.2.TheplantissusceptibletofungaldiseaseslikeCercosporaleafspot.

GarlicChivesGarlic Chives (Allium tuberosum), a perennial herb, is native to Asia and amemberoftheAlliaceae(onion)family.Theplanthaslonggreenshoots,atinybulb, and white flowers and closely resembles regular chives in appearance.However, while regular chives have a mild flavor similar to onions, GarlicChivesaretruetotheirnameandhaveastronggarlickyflavor.

CommonNamesChinese chives,Chinese leek,GarlicChives,Ku chai orKuTs’ai,GauChoy,OrientalGarlicChives,Nira

PropertiesInChinesemedicine,GarlicChivesareconsideredtobeyinorawarmingfood.They have been traditionally considered to have healing and rejuvenatingproperties. Garlic Chives are a good source of calcium, iron, vitamin C,thiamine,caroteneandriboflavin.Theyhelpin treatingfatigueandservesasacounter-poison.Itcanhelpincontrollinginordinatebleeding.Leavesandbulbsare used for external application on insect bites and wounds. The seeds areknowntocurekidney,liveranddigestionproblems.Thestrongaromahelpsinkeeping insects and plant disease away. The herb is also thought of as beingeffectiveinreducingbloodcholesterolandbloodpressure.GarlicChivescontainasulphur-richmustardoilthatisbelievedtoaiddigestionandhelppromotetheflowofblood.

GarlicChivesarepackedwithgarlicky flavorandareused in stir-fries, stews,sauces,egg-basedrecipesandseafood.Theyaregreatsubstitutesforgarliconthose dayswhen you don’t feel like peeling and smashing garlic cloves. Thefreshleavesandflowerscanbeusedtogarnishsaladsandsoupsandaddahintofaromatotheserecipes.

WarningsThose who cannot tolerate any member of the onion family (are allergic to);includinggarlic,onionandchivesshouldprobablyavoidgarlicchives.

CultivationGarlicChivesarefascinating,usefulandabeautifulherbtogrowinyourkitchengarden. It can be cultivated indoors in a pot, container or out in the garden.Organic and fertile soil is favorable for cultivation which should be keptadequatelywateredduringthegrowthseason.Itcanflourishifwell-exposedtothesun.Seedsareverytinyandshouldbeplanted¼inchdeepandabout1inchapart.Germinationcantakeuptoafortnight.HarvestGarlicChivesbyclippingthemclosetotheground.

Thoughconsideredtobeapest-freeplant,itmaybeaffectedbyfungaldiseasesinsoggyconditions.

GinkgoBilobaGinkgo(Ginkgobiloba)treesareoneoftheoldesttreeslivingonearth(formorethan150millionyears)aredioeciousgymnospermaccordingto theirbotanicalclassification.Thismeansthatmaleandfemaletreesareseparate,andtheseedshave a fleshy outer layer. Once believed to be extinct, the trees wererediscovered in China in the mid 1700s. The tree can reach about 100 feetheight,hasmediumgreen fan-shaped leaves thataredichotomously ribbed,onlongpetioles,andusuallyhaveaslitinthemiddleoftheupperleafblade.Thefemale tree produces abundant and malodorous tan-orange oval fruits inSeptemberandOctober.

CommonNamesBai Guo, Fossil Tree, Ginkgo, Ginkgo Tree, Ginkgo Nut, Japanese SilverApricot,KewTree,MaidenhairTree,Yin-hsing

PropertiesTraditionalChineseMedicineusesGinkgoseedsabundantly in treatingseveralailments.Ginkgo leaf extract has been used to treat a variety of ailments andconditions, including asthma, bronchitis, fatigue, and tinnitus (ringing in theears). It is also believed to improve memory; to treat or help preventAlzheimer's disease and other types of dementia; to decrease intermittentclaudication (leg pain caused by narrowing arteries); and to treat sexualdysfunction,multiplesclerosis,andotherhealthconditions.

The antioxidant property of Ginkgo is believed to prevent blood clotting andservesasagoodremedytopreventstrokesandheartattacks.Italsoreportedlyserves as an excellent remedy for high blood pressure, angina andarteriosclerosis. It is believed that asthma can be effectively cured by theantiallergenicandanti-inflammatorypropertiesoftheherb.

The roasted nuts of the trees form an important part of traditional Chinesecuisine.UsedinCongee,theyareservedinweddingoccasionsaswellasatthetime ofNewYear. In Japan, the cooked seeds are consumed alongwith otherdelicaciesaswellasaddedtorecipeslike‘chawanmushi’.Theseedsarecannedandsoldas‘WhiteNuts’inAsiangrocerystores.

WarningsModerate consumption is harmless. Mild diarrhea, nausea, restlessness,vomiting,headache, stomachupset etccanbe the resultofexcessive intakeofGinkgo Biloba. Self prescription should be avoided and consulting a medicalexpertcanhelppreventanypossibleadverseconsequences.

Cultivation

Not so fussy about the soil specifications, these trees can grow well in mostkindsofsoilas longas theyarekeptwell-drained.Theypropagatefromseedsand can tolerate full sun to partial light. The soil pH requirementsmay rangefrom5.1to7.5dependingupontheacidcontentofthesoil.Itrequiresregularadequatewateringtogrowatitsbest,however,itsgrowthrateisslow.

GoldensealGoldenseal(HydrastisCanadensis)isaperennialherbindigenoustoCanadaandeastern United States. Also known as ‘Yellow root’, it belongs to theRanunculaceae family. The stem is hairy and purplish above the ground andyellow below the ground where it connects to the yellow rhizome. The darkgreen toothed leavescontain5 to7 lobes. Its smallgreenish-white flowersareerectandterminalwithnopetalsbutnumerousstamens.FruitappearssimilartotheRaspberrybutitisnotedible.

CommonNames

Eye Balm, Eyeroot, Goldenseal, GroundRaspberry, Indian Dye, Jaundice Root, Ohio Curcuma, Orange Root, YellowEye,Yellow IndianPaint,YellowPaintRoot,YellowPuccoon,WildCurcumaPropertiesGoldensealisessentiallyahealingherbanddoesnothaveanyculinaryusage.Therhizomeandrootsofthisherbisusedforseveralherbalmedications.Thisherb is believed to have several medicinal properties including hepatic,alterative, anti-catarrhal, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, laxative,emmenagogue,andoxytocic.

Goldenseal has been traditionally used to treat skin disorders, digestiveproblems, liver conditions, diarrhea, wounds, sore and inflamed gums, ulcersand eye irritations. Herbal tea made using this herb is said to help in sorethroats.Goldensealtincturecanbeusedasamouthwashorgargleforinflamedgumsandmouthulcers.Theherb isusedasanexpectorantandstimulates thesecretion and flow of bile. Goldenseal is also used in topical antimicrobialointmentstocureskinirritations,woundsandrashes.

WarningsGoldensealusageshouldnotexceed its recommendeddosage. IfGoldenseal isingested in large quantities, it can produce convulsions andmay prove fatal.Highdoses can causemouth and throat irritation andmay lead to paresthesia,paralysis, respiratory failure, and in extreme cases even death. Goldensealshould not be used by pregnant or lactating women. Those with high bloodpressureorheartconditionsshouldalsoavoidusingGoldenseal.

CultivationGoldenseal grows extensively in mountainous areas of North America. Well-drained, fertile soil and a partially shaded location (60% to 75%) are highlysuitableforcultivation.Itpropagatesfromrootstalksaswellasseeds.Rootstalkscanbeplantedinautumnkeepingabout8inchesdistancebetweentwoplantsina row. Itwill take3-4years togrowcompletelyand the rhizomes thencanbepluckedintheautumnanddriedintheopenair.

Goldenseal shouldbeprotected from somecommon insects, invertebratepestsanddiseases.Theymayalsobedamagedbyanimalssuchasdeer.

HawthornHawthorn(Crataegusmonogyna)isadeciduousshruborsmalltreeindigenoustoEurope,NorthAmericaandEastAsiaandgrowsacrossthetemperateregionsof the northern hemisphere.This long lasting tree bears small berry-like fruits(alsoknownasHaws)thatarebrightredincolorwhenripe.Itmaygrowupto30 feet in height.The smallwhite flowers,with five petals and numerous redstamensaremoderatelyfragranced.

CommonNames

EnglishHawthorn,Haw,May,MayBlossom,Maybush,Mayflower,MayTree,Quick-set,Shan-cha,Thorn-appleTree,Whitethorn

PropertiesHawthornhasbeentraditionallyusedinEuropean,ChineseandAmericanherbaltreatmentsasaremedyforheartproblemsbecauseofitsantispasmodic,cardiac,sedative and vasodilatory properties. It is particularly beneficial for treatingAnginapectoris,Atherosclerosis,congestiveheartfailureandhypertension(highbloodpressure).TheastringenteffectofHawthornberries isknown tohelp indiarrhea and dysentery. The astringent bark of the plant is believed to treatmalaria and other fevers. Itmay also be beneficial in treating acne, seborrheaandsuchotherinflammatoryconditionsaffectingskin.

Relaxant properties of the leaves, flowers and berries is thought to increaseappetite, alleviate stagnation of food in the intestines and help in insomnia,restlessnessandagitation,reducestressandanxiety.Hawthornisalsoknowntobe a diuretic that helps to cure fluid retention problems and is a treatment forkidneystones.Italsohelpswomentodealwithmenopause.Generallytheherbisconsumedintheformofateaortinctureformedicinalpurposes.Itissaidthattheprolongedanddiligentuseoftheherbcangivebetterandeffectiveresults.

YoungHawthornleavesareusedinsalads.Thehaws(berries)canbeconsumedrawaswellascooked.Theyareusedtomakejams,preservesandtoaddflavortobrandyandwine.

WarningsHawthorn is considered to be very safe for consumption. However, largeamounts of hawthorn may cause sedation and/or a significant drop in bloodpressure,possiblyresultinginfaintness.

CultivationHawthornisaneasytogrowplantandcangrowinmostkindsofsoil.Howeverwell-drained, moist and loamy soil is favorable for better growth. Adequatesunlight is necessary to get fruits of optimumquality.This hardy thorny plantcanbegrowninpasturesaswellasintheformofhedges.Ensurethatseedlingsaretransplantedatleastevery2years.

The plant is susceptible to fireblight, various insect species and caterpillars oftheLepidopteraspecies.

HerbesdeProvenceHerbesdeProvenceorProvencalHerbsareatraditionalblendofaromaticherbsoriginating in the Provence region in France and hence the name Herbes deProvence. This classic herb blend generally includes Rosemary, Thyme, BayLeaf,Savory,Fennel,MarjoramandBasil.Youmayadd(orremove)theherbsasperyourtastepreferences.OtherpopularherbsthatmaygointhisblendareLavender,Sage,ChervilandTarragon.

PropertiesTheherbs thatare included in thisexquisiteherbblendhave theirownuniquemedicinal and healing properties. And collectively, their health benefits areheightenedandtheyalsoimparttheirsignatureflavortotherecipesthatusethisherbblend.

Herbes de Provence go phenomenally well with most recipes from theMediterraneanregion.Theyaretraditionallymixedwitholiveoilandareusedas amarinade or rub for fish or poultry. They are also coated on vegetables,meat or poultry before roasting or grilling. This herb blend is also used as aseasoningforpizzas,sauces,salads,soupsandstews.

HopsHops (humulus lupulus) is a perennial vine-like dioecious (male and femaleflowersareonseparateplants)plantbelongingtotheCannabaceaefamily,nativetoEurope,Asia andNorthAmerica.The root is stout and the stem that arisesfromiteveryyearislong,ofatwiningnature,flexibleandverytough.Itisalsoprickly and has a tenacious fiber. The dark green leaves are heart-shaped andlobed,onfoot-stalks,andaretypicallyplacedoppositeoneanotheronthestem.Theflowersspringfromtheaxilsoftheleaves.Themaleflowersareinloosebunches,3 to5 inches long.Thefemaleflowersare in leafycone-likecatkins,called strobiles. Fully developed strobiles are about 1¼ inch long, oblong inshape and rounded, consisting of a number of overlapping, yellowish-greenbracts,attachedtoaseparateaxis.

CommonName

EuropeanHops,CommonHops,Lupulin,EnglishHop,HopsVine,Lai-ei-ts'ao,Le-ts'ao

PropertiesHops are considered to have tonic, nervine, diuretic, anodyne and aromaticproperties. The volatile oil has sedative and soporific effects while the bitterprinciplesare stomachicand tonic. Theyareused to stimulateappetiteand toenhance sleep. Sachets containing dried Hops leaves, flowers and fruits areoften put inside pillows to ease restlessness and nervous conditions.Hops areblended with various herbs to cure stress, headaches, and depression. Aninfusion isveryeffective inheartdisease, fits,neuralgia, indigestion, jaundice,stomachor liver problems, asthma andmenstrual pain. Hops juice is a bloodcleanserandisveryeffectiveindealingwithcalculusproblems.

Asanexternalapplication,HopsareusedwithChamomileheadsasaninfusionorpoulticetoreducepainfulswellingsorinflammationandbruises.

Despiteitsbittertaste,Hopshavenumerousculinaryuses.Apartfrombeinganindispensableingredientinbeer,itsextractandoilarealsousedtoflavoryeast,candy,puddings,icecreams,confectionary,etc. InsomepartsofEurope,Hopsspearsareblanchedandservedasadelicacy.Hopsshootsarealsocookedinasimilarwaytoasparagus.

WarningsHops are not recommended for pregnant women. They belong to the samefamilyascannabisandshouldnotbeusedforextendedduration.

CultivationHopsaretypicallynotstartedfromseeds,butinsteadfromrootsorrhizomesthatareplantedinmid-spring.ThoughHopsisgrowncommercially,itthrivesalongroadsidesandondumpstoo.Itneedswell-drained,rich,lightsoilandbrightsuntogrowbest.However,itcantoleratepartialshadeordeepsandysoiltoo.Theplantsneed tobewateredwell.Hopsarevulnerable tovarious fungaldiseaseslikemildew,mite-attacks and insects like flea beetles, aphids and vine borers.Usually, these can be checked by spraying of pesticides and insecticides.However, sometimes the plants might have to be destroyed completely andgrownatadifferentlocation.

HyssopHyssop(Hyssopusofficinalis) is a perennialmemberof theLamiaceae family,native to southern Europe and Asia. It is cultivated in some areas of theMediterranean and throughout North America. It is a common garden plant.Hyssophassmallandnarrowleavesthathavefinehairscoveringthem.Hyssopflowers that bloom from June to October can be blue, white, pink or mauvecolored.Likemostplantsofthemintfamily,Hyssopleavesandflowerscontainavolatileoilthatgivesitacamphor-likearomaandabittertaste.

CommonNames

CommonHyssop,GardenHyssop,HerbHyssop,Hyssop

Properties

Hyssopisusedasadiaphoreticandanexpectorant.Thiscombinationcanhelpincuring congestion and fevers. Hyssop is used for making herbal tea to curecoughs, colds and sore throats. It is also used in the form of an infusion ortincture to cure these problems. The infusion is also known to alleviaterheumatismandbruises.

Thevolatileoilpresent inHyssop iswidelyused invariousFrenchwinesandvarious liqueurs to lend a unique aroma. The oil is also used in variousmedicines to treat bronchitis and clear mild problems in the respiratory tract.Hyssophasacalmingeffectandcanbeusedasasedativeforhelpingasthma.Itsoilalsoactsasasolutionforirritationsinthedigestivetract.Itcanhelpincuringcolic,bloatingandindigestion.

Hyssopleavesandflowersareusedtoseasonvegetables,soups,sauces,pickles,etc.Theyarealsousedtoaddafreshmintyflavorinsomesalads.

Warnings

ThoughHyssop is known for itsmedicinal values, it is not recommended forpregnant women. Hyssop is believed to induce menstruation and lead tomiscarriage if consumed in large quantities. People suffering from iodineimbalanceshouldalsoavoidHyssopasitisiodine–rich.Hyssopcanirritatethemucusmembranes;therefore,itshouldbeusedeitherinacutecasesorwhentheinfectionisatitspeak.

CultivationThoughHyssopisnotsensitivetothesoil-type,itcangrowwellinlight,well-drainedsoil.It thrivesindry,rockyandlimestonesoils.TherecommendedpHrangeforHyssopis5.0to7.5.Theseedsshouldbeplantedsomeweeksbeforethelastfrostdate.

Hyssop isgenerallypest-freebut its roots arevulnerable to rotting in soft andwaterysoil.

KaffirLimeleavesKaffirLime(Citrushystrix)isamemberoftheRutaceaefamilyandindigenoustosouthEastAsia.Thisisasmallthornyplantthatgrows3-4mtallandbearssmall white aromatic flowers. The intensely aromatic leaves are dark greencoloredwithaglossysheen. Thesizeof the leavescanvaryquiteabit, fromlessthananinchtoseveralincheslong.Thelargerleavesareusuallydarkerincolor.Theleaveshaveauniquecharacteristic–theyareindentedinthemiddle,whichgives the appearanceof two leaves stuck together, to look like a figureeightshape.TheKaffirLimefruitlookslikearegularlimeandisdarkgreenincolorwithaknobblysurface.

CommonNamesJerkPurut,JerukSambal,KiefferLime,Makrut,SomMakrut,ThaiLime,WildLime

PropertiesTheessentialoilsinthefruitrindandleavesofthisplantareincorporatedintovarioustopicalointments.ThevolatileoilspresentintheKaffirLimeleavescanact as a natural stain remover and insect repellant. The citrus juice of KaffirLimeandtheessentialoilsderivedfromtherindandleavesareconsideredtobeagoodhealthtonic.Infolkmedicine,thejuiceofKaffirLimeissaidtopromotegumhealthandisusedinbrushingteethandgums.Therindisbelievedtohaveblood cleansing and stomachic properties that aid in proper functioningof thedigestivesystem.

Thejuiceisalsousedasahaircleansertokeepthescalpandhaircleanandfreshsmelling.Itisalsoconsideredtobeagoodremedyforliceanddandruff.

The citrusy scent of the leaves is intensified when the leaves are rubbed orbruised. Theyareused toaddzesty, lemonyessence topotpourris,herbal teasandvinegars.Kaffir Lime leaves are used extensively in Thai cooking, Cambodian andLaotian cuisine. The leaves can be used like Bay leaves, adding them at thebeginning, to release their flavor into the foods and removing before serving.Use leaves in soups, broths and curries.Very finely slivered leavesgowell insalad,orcanbeaddedtocookeddishes.ThezestoftheKaffirLimefruitisanabundantsourceofessentialoilandimpartsauniqueflavortoseveralThaiandCreolerecipes.

WarningsKaffirLimeleaveshavenosignificantsideeffects.ThejuicefromKaffirLimefruitsmaybebitterandnotpalatablebysomeindividuals,butitisnottoxic.

Cultivation

KaffirLimeplantsarenotveryfussyaboutsoilrequirements,theywillgrowinawiderangeofsoils,preferablywelldrainedfertilesoil.Theplantmaygrowupto30feetinheight(typicalgrowthis10-15feet),butbecauseitisslowgrowingitcanbegrowninpots.Ifpruned,itcanbeplantedinthegroundandkeptsmall.Theycanalsobegrownfromseedbuttheplantswillbethorny.Ensurethatyouprotectyourplantfromextremeweatherconditions.Theplantissusceptibletopestsincludingwhiteflies,aphids,scales,andthecitrusleafminer.

LavenderLavender (Lavandula officinalis), a perennial herb, belongs to the Lamiaceaefamily and native to the Mediterranean region. It is widely cultivated inAustralia,SouthernEuropeand theUnitedStates. Itgrowsaround1 to3minheightandhaslong,spiky,numerousstems.Theoblonggreyish-greenleavesarenarrowandcurledlikeaspiral.Thestrikinglightpurple,blueorwhiteflowersareintenselyaromatic.

CommonNames

Common Lavender; English Lavender; French Lavender; Garden Lavender;LavandulaAngustifolia;LavandulaLatifolia

Properties

Lavender is extensively used in aromatherapy. It is considered a therapeuticherbthathelpseaseanxiety,fatigue,headachesandinsomnia.Theherbcanalsobetakeninternallyorappliedtopicallytorelievetoothaches,lossofappetiteandsprains. The herb is also used as a flavoring agent for disagreeable odors inmedicinesorointments. Theessentialoil,when taken internally, is restorativeand a tonic against faintness, heart palpitations, giddiness and colic. It alsoupliftsthespirits,dispelsflatulenceandpromotesappetite.

Adding Lavender oil in the bath water can have a rejuvenating and relaxingeffect. The essential oil is used extensively by perfumeries and the beautyindustry.

LavenderfeaturesprominentlyinFrenchcuisine,particularlyofSouthernFranceorProvence.Lavenderisalsousedasaherb,eitheraloneorasaningredientofHerbes de Provence. Lavender flowers can be candied and are used fordecorating desserts. Lavender can be mixed with sugar, which can then besprinkledoncakesandotherpatisserieitems.TheflowersarealsoblendedwithblackteaandusedtomakeLavendertea.

WarningsLavender may counteract with some existing medication, supplements or anyother treatment leading to side effects. Seek advice of your health carepractitioner to avoid this. Though allergic reactions are rare to occur, somepeople may develop reactions like vomiting, nausea and mild headache.Pregnantornursingwomenshouldavoidusingit.

CultivationConsidered to be a garden plant, Lavender is easy-to-grow and fuss-free.However,itpreferswell-drainedwarmsoilandsufficientsunlight.Thealkalineandchalkcontentinthesoilcanbeanaddedadvantage.Extremedampnessmaydestroy the plant so adequate air circulation between the plants should beensured.Careshouldbetakentoprotecttheplantfromwinterwinds.Lavendercanalsobegrowninpotsandcontainers.

LemonBalmLemonBalm(Melissaofficinalis)isaperennialherbbelongingtotheLamiaceaefamilyandnativetoSouthernEurope,WesternAsia,andNorthernAfrica.Theplantgrowsupto1to2feetinheightandhasacitrusyandrefreshingscent.Theleaves are deeply wrinkled and range from dark green to yellowish green incolor.Thetwo-lippedflowersarefoundinsmallclustersattheaxisoftheleavesandmaybewhiteoryellowishincolor.

CommonNames

Blue Balm, Common Balm, Cure-all, Dropsy Plant, English Balm, GardenBalm,HoneyPlant,LemonBalm,Melissa,SweetBalm

PropertiesLemon Balm has a history of being used as a healing herb. Lemon Balm ispopularly used to make herbal teas because of its calming and sedativeproperties.Itisbelievedtohelpinreducinganxietyandtotreatinsomnia.Thisherb is also considered beneficial for a variety of health problems, includingAlzheimer's,AttentionDeficitHyperactivityDisorder(ADHD),indigestion,gas,insomnia,andhyperthyroidism.Italsohasantibacterialandantiviralpropertiesthat help against scorpion or animal bites through external application. Aninfusion made of fresh Lemon Balm leaves help in treating depression,indigestion,nauseaandanxiety.Italsoalleviatespainfulswellingsandcoldandflu.Thehighly fragrant and appealing essential oil derived fromLemonBalmleavescanbeusedasmassageoilorointmentandappliedtohelprelieveinsectbitesmosquitobites,asthmaandbronchitis.

LemonBalmhasadelicate,freshlemonyflavorwhichmakesitagreatherbtohave inyourkitchen.Fresh leavesareusedasanattractivegarnishand toaddzesttosweetorsavorydishes.Theyalsoenhancetheflavoroffreshfruitsalads,green salads, herb butters, cocktails and sorbets. Itworkswell in stuffing forpoultry,lamborpork.Itssubtleflavorisparticularlywellsuitedforcookingfishandmakingsauces.

WarningsLemonbalmisatherapeuticherbandhasnosignificantsideeffects.However,pregnantandlactatingwomenshouldavoidthisherboruseitwithcaution.

CultivationLemonBalmisprolificandgrowsallacrosstheglobe.Itprefersrichandwell-drainedbutdampsoil.Adequatesunlightisfavorablebutitcangrowwelleveninpartialshade.Seedsneed tobeplantedabout8weeksbefore the lastspringfrostdateandplantsshouldbekeptaround18-24inchesapart.Regularweedingisrequired.Leavescanbepluckedfreshatanytimeduringthegrowingseason.It canalsobegrown indoorsandwill requiredirect sunlight foraminimum5hoursor14-16hoursofartificiallightdaily.

Theplantissusceptibletopowderymildewandpotentialattacksbychewingandsuckinginsects.Generallyitisconsideredtobeapest-freeplant.

LemongrassLemongrass(Cymbopogoncitrates) isaperennialherbwidelycultivatedin thetropicalclimatesofSoutheastAsia,India,SriLanka,Brazil,CentralAfricaandGuatemala. This member of the Poaceae family has broad, sharp-edged anddelicatelyperfumedgrass-like leaves.The lifeof theplant spansover three tofouryearsandthecropisharvestedeverythreetofivemonths.

CommonNames

Cymbopogon,BarbedWireGrass,Citroengrass,CitronellaGrass,FeverGrass,FrenchIndianVerbena,HerbeDeCitron,LemonGrass,Sereh,SilkyHeads

Properties

Lemongrass is known to have antispasmodic, hypotensive, anticonvulsant,analgesic,antiemetic,antitussive,antirheumaticandantisepticproperties.Ithasbeen traditionally used for treating dyspeptic disorders, fevers, colds, nervousconditions and exhaustion. The leaves and oil are also used as a remedy forindigestion.Lemongrasshasarefreshing,citrusyfragranceandtheessentialoilderived from Lemongrass is used to manufacture scented candles, cosmetics,bathproducts,perfumesanddeodorants.

Lemongrass stalks are used extensively in Thai, Vietnamese, Indonesian, SriLankanandCaribbeancooking.Itisusedinteas,soups,curries,picklesandinmeatandseafoodrecipes.

WarningsLemongrass oil should be used in a diluted form as a flavoring agent and fortopicalapplication.Concentratedlemongrassoilcanbetoxicandfatal.Pregnantwomen should avoid consuming Lemongrass as it may cause uterinecontractionsandstimulatemenstrualflow.

CultivationLemongrass is an easy herb to grow in your kitchen garden. It can tolerate awidevarietyof soils;however, calcareous soils candamage thecrop.The soilmust be well drained and fertilized. A warm and humid climate is ideal forcultivatingLemongrass.Thecropcanbepropagatedthroughseedsorslips.TheseedsshouldideallybesowninthelastweekofMayorearlyweeksofJune.

Careshouldbetakentopreventdiseaseslikelongsmut,rust,redleafspot,leafblightetc.Itissaidthatolderleavesaremorevulnerabletoinfections.

LemonVerbenaLemonVerbena(Aloysiatriphylla)isadeciduousannualshrubthatisamemberoftheVerbenaceaefamily,andnativetoArgentina,Paraguay,Brazil,Uruguay,Chile,andPeru.ItgrowsintropicalregionsofAmerica,NorthAfrica,mostofEurope,ChinaandJapan.Theshrubgrowsupto5ftinheightandisknownforitsbeautyandastronglemonyaroma.Ithasfragrantpale-greenleavesthatareusually3to4incheslong.Theshrubhaspale-purpleflowersthatbloomduringAugust.

CommonNames

AloysiaCitrodora,LemonBeebrush,LemonVerbena,LippiaTriphylla,LippiaCitrodora,VerbenaTriphylla

Properties

Lemon Verbena is used as a remedy for alleviating indigestion, flatulence,stomach cramps and nausea. Infusion or tincture made from Lemon Verbenaworksasatonicforthenervoussystem.

Oil extracted from Lemon Verbena leaves is known to have insecticidalproperties. It is used for making perfumes. The oil is also added in varioushome-made lotions and creams to help in reducing puffiness around the eyes.Addingtheinfusiontobathwatercanhelpinsofteningtheskin.

Lemon Verbena leaves are used in herbal tea, jams, jellies, puddings,confectionery,cakes,stuffingandicecreamstoaddflavorandfragrance.

WarningsConsuming Lemon Verbena in high doses can cause vomiting and stomachirritations.AvoidsteppingoutinthesunafterapplyingLemonVerbenaoilasitmayaffectskinpigment.

CultivationLemonVerbena is an easy herb to grow and a great addition to your kitchengarden.Itneedsawarmanddampclimate,coupledwithpartialsunlightandafrost-freeatmosphere.Duringwinters,LemonVerbenamustbegrownindoors.It thrives in light,well-drained,alkalinesoil. It ispropagated throughseedsorcuttings, ideally in spring. The plant is harvested during the summer when itflowers.

LovageLovage (Levisticum officinale) is a perennial herb indigenous to theMediterranean region and belongs to theApaceae family. It grows throughoutEurope, Southwestern Asia and United States. This hardy plant, vaguelyresemblingcelery,growsabout3-4feetorevenhigherandhas5-6incheslongthickcarrot-shapedroots.Theplantbearslarge,darkgreenbasalleaves,onerectstalks, and is divided into narrowwedge-like segments. The leaves are shinyandwhenbruisedtheygiveoutapleasingaroma,somewhatreminiscentbothofAngelicaandCelery.

CommonNames

CornishLovage, ItalianLovage,Lovage,LovePersley, Maggi Plant, Old English Lovage, Racine de Liveche, Sea Parsley,Smellage

PropertiesLovage leaves are considered as an emmenagogue. The essential oil derivedfrom this herb is also useful in relievingmenstrual cramps. The diuretic andcarminativepropertiesofLovagerootsandseedshelpinincreasingtheflowofurine,disordersoftheurinarytractandinreleasingabdominalgas.Itishelpfulintreatingcolic,indigestion,poorappetiteandbronchitis.Lovageisconsideredtobequiteeffectiveinthetreatmentofmalaria,sorethroat,jaundiceandboils.Itisalsousedinbathanddeodorantpreparations.

The roots, stems, leaves, seeds (fruits) and flowers of the Lovage plant areedible. The leaves are used in salads, soups and sauces. Seeds are used inpickles,garnishes,bakedgoodsandegg-baseddishes.YoungstalksandstemsofLovagecanbeblanchedandcookedasavegetable.

WarningsLovageisnotadvisableforthosewithkidneydisordersorthosewhosufferfromoedema caused by kidney or heart problems. Pregnant or lactating womenshouldconsultwiththeirdoctorbeforeconsumingthisherb.

Cultivation

Lovage prefers fertile, well-drained soil with a pH range of 5.0 to 7.6 andadequatesunshine.Fortheseedstogerminate,theyshouldbesown¼inchdeep.

The plant is susceptible to aphids, chewing insects, and fungal diseases andthereforeneedstobeprotected.

MarjoramMarjoram (Origanum marjorana) is native to the Mediterranean region. ItbelongstotheLamiaceaefamily(mintfamily)andafewconsideritasaspeciesofOregano.ItiswidelygrowninEasternEuropeancountries,FranceandUnitedStatesaswellasMediterraneancountries.Thewholeplantisaromaticandhasaminty-sweet flavorwith slight bitterness. The plant bears smallwhite or pinkflowers and round soft gray-green leaves. The normal height of this perennialplantisaround10inches.

CommonNamesMarjoram,MarjoranaHortensis,SweetMarjoram

PropertiesMarjoram has considerable medicinal value and was traditionally used as acounter-poison by theGreeks. The oil of this herb can be applied to alleviatebruises,sprainsandmuscularcramps.Itcanalsoserveasanagent inenablingmenstrual discharge. The powder form of the herb is used in certain sneezingpowders.Italsoactsasastimulant,antioxidant,antispasmodicanddiaphoretic.

Italian, French, Greek,Middle Eastern, American and North African cuisinesmakeextensiveuseof thisherb. Marjoramisextensivelyused inGermany inspicemixturesforproducingsausages.AcombinationofMarjoram,JuniperandBlack Pepper is used in stews. It enhances various vegetable recipes likelegumes,cabbageandfriedpotatoes.FreshMarjoramcanenhancetheflavoroffish dishes and is widely used in Southern European cooking. It is also animportant component of the French Bouquet Garni, fine herbs and picklemixtures.MarjoramisusedtoflavorgrilledmuttonandbreadsinwesternAsia.Itmayalsobeusedinfish,pork,beef,lamb,chicken,tomatodishes,saladsandstuffing.

Warnings

Marjoram is generally recognized as safe for human consumption as a naturalseasoning,aswellasbeingsafeasanessentialoil.

CultivationMarjoram requires adequate sunlight to growwell in an open location. It cantolerateanykindofsoilandhotclimates.Springistheidealtimeforplantingtheseeds. These small seeds may be sown, trodden and smoothened, in a widesurfacearea.Adequatewateringisnecessaryindryperiods.Regularweedingisadvisablebecauseofaslowergerminationperiod.ItwillbloominJulyandcanbeharvestedsimultaneously.Newplantscanalsopropagatefromcuttings.

Marjoram is not suitable for indoor cultivation as it is vulnerable to aphids,spidermites,leafminersandfungaldiseases.

MintsMints (Mentha) are aromatic, predominantly perennial herbs belonging to theLamiaceaefamily. Thisherbhas itsorigin in theMediterraneancountriesandWesternAsiabut isgrownabundantlyallover theworld. Thereareabout25species and several hundred (some say there are600varieties)ofMints.Mintleavesarearrangedinoppositepairs,oftencoveredwithfinehairononeside,with colors ranging from dark green and grey-green to purple, blue andsometimespaleyellow.

CommonNames(Varieties)

Apple Mint, Balm Mint, Brandy Mint, Corsican Mint, Curly Mint, Eau deCologneMint,GardenMint,GingerMint,LambMint,Spearmint,Peppermint,Pennyroyal,Phudina,PineappleMint,WaterMintPropertiesPeppermint (Mentha piperita) is the variety of mint that is used most oftencommercially and otherwise. It has stomachic, stimulant and carminativeproperties and serves as a good remedy for indigestion, flatulence, colic, liverand intestine problems. Menthol present in Peppermint oil has the ability toalleviate stuffy nose, cold, cough, flu, fever and other such disorders.

Peppermint oil is also used in a chest rub, inhalers and in ointments to treatmuscular aches and soreness. Peppermint herbal tea also contributes towardsrelieving menstrual cramps in women. Spearmint (Mentha pulegium), likePeppermint, is a good stomachic and digestive tonic. It is helpful in colic,flatulence, intestinalworms,headaches,feverandrespiratoryinfections.Italsoactsasastimulantandpromotesmenstruation.Spearmint infusionisknowntotreat skinproblems like itching, eczemaandother infections. Mint leaves arealsousedtorepelinsects.

Mints are abundantly used to flavor food and prepare jams, jellies, summercoolers,cocktails,candies,chewinggum,desserts, sauces,marinadesandevensome savory dishes. Mint oil is also used to perfume and lend its healingproperty to bath products, cosmetics and personal hygiene products such astoothpasteandmouthwashes.Pepperminthasa strongermintyaroma thananyother species and is used in bouquets, as an air freshener and inwreaths.Thementhol contained in its oil is used inmedicines, cigarettes, liqueurs, candiesandmanyotherproducts.

WarningsMint is not associated with any known allergies. But nursing mothers areadvisedtousemintswithcautionasitmayslowlactation.

CultivationMostvarietiesofmintsarerelativelyeasytogrow.Theyprefercool,moistareaswithpartial shadeandyetadequatesunshine.Theplantmaybepropagatedbyseeds, stem cuttings or by cuttings obtained by dividing existing plants. Idealdistancebetweentwoplantsis18inches.Mintsareeasytocultivateindoors,inpots and containers. However they will require a minimum 5 hours of directsunlight.

NasturtiumNasturtium(Tropaeolummajus)isaperennialherbnativetoSouthandCentralAmericaand isamemberof theTropeolaceae family. It is cultivated in tropicandtemperateregionsacrosstheworld.Itmaygrow8-12incheshigh;howevertheheightmayvarydependingupon thevarieties.Thebrightgreen leavesareroundedandshield-shaped.Thebrilliant-huedflowershavefivepetalsandmaybecrimson,yellow,orangeorcream.

CommonNames

IndianCress,Jesuit'sCress,MexicanCress,Nasturtium,PeruCress

PropertiesNasturtiumsarebeautiful,easytocultivateplantsthatarepredominantlygrownforornamentalpurposes.However,theyalsohavemedicinalpropertiessuchasantibiotic,antifungal,antiviralandantibacterial.Theherbalteafromtheleavesisbelieved tocurecoughs,cold, flu, respiratoryproblemsaswellasmenstrualdisorders.Leaves,whenrubbedongums,areconsideredtostimulateandcleanthem. The antibiotic property due to the high content of vitamin C and othercomponents help stimulate metabolism, digestive system, reducehyperthyroidism and flavonoids. The herb is also known to be effective fortopicaluseonminorcuts,abrasionsandskininfections.

Thebeautifuldelicatetissue-likeflowersaswellasleavescanbebest-usedforgarnishing salads, creamy soups, cakes, cheese and butters. It adds a sweet,tangyandslightlypepperytastetothefood.Theyalsoaddzesttomayonnaise,vinegars and vinaigrettes. Flower buds and seed pods may also be used inmakingpickles.

WarningsThough considered to be safe for consumption, excessive consumption of theherbmayleadtosomesideeffectslikevomiting.

Cultivation

Nasturtiumisveryeasytogrowandisoftenthefirstchoiceforbeginners.Itisnotsofussyaboutsoilrichnessbutpreferswell-drainedsoil.Springistheidealtimeforsowingtheseedsinwarmareaswhilelatespringorearlysummermaybesuitableincolderregions.Anextremelycoldclimatewillnotbesuitableforthis herb as it requires sufficient sunlight to flourishwell.Generally the seedsshouldbesown8-20inchesapartasperthevariety.Itisalsoknowntoself-seedandgrowabundantlyonceestablished.

NettleNettle(Urticadioica)comesfromtheUrticaceaefamilyandoriginatedfromthetemperate regions in the Northern Hemisphere. However, it widely grows inSouthern Africa, the Andes and in some areas of Australia. This small plantattains the height of around 2-3 feet and has erect stems. It bears dark greentoothed leaves,notched likeasaw,andhassmall,nearly invisible flowers thatgrow from the axils of the leaves. The plant containsmale aswell as femaleflowers, male flowers have stamens while the female flowers have a seed-producingorgan.Theentireplantiscoveredwithtiny,nearlyinvisiblestinginghairs that produce an intense, stinging pain, followed by redness and skinirritation.

CommonNamesChineseNettle,CommonNettle,CommonStingingNettle,GreatNettle,GreatStingingNettle,Hsieh-tzu-ts'ao,StingingNettle

PropertiesNettle is used for cleansing the body and as a detoxification agent. The highpotassiumandflavonoidscontentoftheherblenditthediureticpropertywhichhelpsintheproductionofurineaswellasineffectiveeliminationofmetabolicwastes. Nettle also serves as a good remedy for poor kidney functioning andfluidretention.

Theastringentpropertyoftheherbhelpsstopexcessivebleedinginthecaseofcuts/wounds, nose bleeds or menstrual bleeding. Topical application of freshNettle juice, infusion or tincture can help effectively soothe burns and relatedinjuriesaswellashelpingwithhemorrhoids.Itisalsoknowntoalleviateinsectstings and bites, skin irritation, eczema and other such skin related problems.Therestorativecharacteristicoftheherbhelpslactatingmotherspromotebreast-milkproductionandalsohelpswomenduringmenopause.

Respiratory ailments, catarrhal congestion, allergies, asthmatic attacks andarthritis are also treated with this herb. It is also thought to be an effectiveremedy for digestive problems like diarrhea, gas, ulcers etc. Arthritis andrheumatism are known to be alleviated on account of the formic acid andcompoundhistaminecontainedintheherb,whichpromotesbloodcirculation.

Nettlealsohasculinaryusesasitcanbeusedasagreenleafyvegetablesuchassaladgreens,insidedishes(suchascreamedspinach),soups,stewsandsoon.Itisimportanttocleanandchopnettleswearingrubbergloves.Oncetheleavesarecookedalittle,thestingersaredeactivated,andtheplantbecomeswonderfullyedible.FreshordriedNettleleavesareusedtomakeadetoxifyingtea.

WarningsStingingNettleobviouslyhasapotentsting.HarvestNettlebywearingaworkgloveand full sleevedshirt.Though thecasesofallergic reactionsoranysideeffectsarerare,peoplemaygetskinrashesiftheygetintodirectcontactwiththeplant. Pregnant women should avoid using the herb as it may influencemenstrualcycle.Careshouldbetakeninthecaseofanyexistingmedicationortreatment that is being taken. Consulting a health care professional beforeconsumingitisrecommended

CultivationNettle is a relatively fuss-free plant to cultivate. They have a perennial rootsystemthatspreadsquickly.Becauseofthistheirgrowthisprolific–almostlikea weed, which makes it very difficult to eradicate once its root system isestablished.Seedscanalsobecollectedfromthewildandthentherootscanbedividedatanytimeoftheyear.

OreganoOregano(Origanumvulgare)belongstotheLabiataefamilyandisindigenoustohilly Mediterranean regions. It is believed that ancient Greeks and RomansbroughttheherbtoEuropewhichsubsequentlywasnaturalizedacrosstheworld.ThenameOreganomeans‘joyofthemountain’andisderivedfromtheGreekname“Orosganos”.Oreganoisaperennialplantthatcangrowupto2-2.5feettall. The herb has erect branching stems with highly aromatic and pungenttastingleavesandclusteredflowers.GreekOreganohaswhiteflowersandwildOreganohaspurpleflowers.MexicanOregano,grownforexportinMexico,ismorepungent.Essentialoilcalledoriganumoilisobtainedfromtheleaves.

CommonNames

Common Oregano, Italian Oregano, Greek Oregano, Mexican Oregano, TrueOregano,TurkishOregano,WildMarjoram,WinterMarjoram

PropertiesOreganooil isconsidered tohaveantibacterialpropertiesand isused inherbalmedicationstotreatdiseasescausedbyfood-bornepathogenssuchasListeria.Oregano is also packedwith numerous phytonutrients and is believed to be apowerful antioxidant that can prevent oxygen-based damage to cell structuresthroughoutthebody.

Oregano is known to strengthen and stimulate the stomach. It helps withflatulence and promotes bile secretion. Hot Oregano tea alleviates cough,indigestion, gastric troubles and stomach upsets. Application of a pastemadefrom dry Oregano leaves and honey is known to heal bruises. AntisepticpropertiesofOreganoalsomakeitagoodtreatmentfortonsillitis,bronchitisandasthma. It is also known to help treatmild fever, cold and flu.Topical use ofOreganooilcanrelievetoothacheandjointpains.

This aromatic and flavorful herb is used extensively inMediterranean cuisine.TheGreeksandItalians,inparticular,useOreganoliberallywhilecooking.Itisused to flavor soups, stews, meat dishes, pizzas, pastas, vegetable casseroles,sauces,omelettes,egg-basedrecipesandmanymore.Oreganotwigsandleavesarealsousedtoflavorextravirginoliveoil.

WarningsPeoplewho are allergic to the herbs of theLabiatae familymay also get sideeffectsfromusingOregano.Someofitsallergicreactionsorsideeffectsincludechest pain, breathing problems, skin rashes, itching, swollen skin etc. Peoplewith allergies as well as pregnant women should consult their doctor beforeusingtheherb.

CultivationAdequate sunlight and rich, well-drained soil with some alkaline content isfavorableforthecultivationofOregano.Theseedsmaybeplantedinspringorearly summer keeping about 12 inches distance between two plants. Regularweeding is necessary as plants will grow slowly. Soil should be kept wellwatered and new plants should be transplanted every fall. Oregano is alsoconsidered to be a good indoor plant that can be cultivated easily in pots andcontainers.Sunlightandregularwateringshouldbemadeavailablefortheplantto flourish. One can start harvesting leaves and stems as soon as the plantblooms.

Theplantisvulnerabletoaphids,spidermites,fungaldiseaseandleafminers.

ParsleyParsley (Petroselinum crispum), a bright green, biennial herb, belongs to theApiaceaefamilyandisnativetotheMediterraneanregion.CommonParsleyorCurlyParsleyisthemostcommonvarietyandtypicallygrows8-14inchestall,formingdenseclumps.Italianflat-leafParsleyisalsousedextensivelyandcangrow 2-3 ft in height. The flat serrated leaves of this variety have a muchstrongerandsweeterflavorthantheothervarieties,makingitmoredesirableforcooking.TheherbhasyellowflowersthatbloomfromJunetoAugust.

CommonNames/Varieties

CommonParsley,CurlyParsley,GardenParsley,HamburgParsley, ItalianFlatLeafParsley,NeapolitanParsley,RockParsley

Properties

Parsley is largely grown for its leaves that are rich in vitamins andminerals.They are used for treating urinary tract infection, anemia and rheumatism.TopicalapplicationofbruisedParsleyleavescanhelpinalleviatinginsectbites,parasitesandbruises.The leavesalsoactasanexcellentmouth freshener,andhelpinmaskingbadbreathcausedbystrongsmellingfoodssuchasgarlicandonions. Parsley is also used as an expectorant, laxative and for the treating oflungcancer,spleendisordersandbreast tenderness.Parsleyrootsareknowntohave diuretic properties. The roots are used in the form of decoction. Parsleyjuicecanhelpintreatinggoutandarthritisbypromotingremovaloftoxinsfrominflamedjoints.Parsleyseedsareusedasamedicinefortreatingflatulenceandcolicpain.Parsleyoil is used inmedicines to stimulatemenstruation, regulatethemenstrualcycleandalleviatemenstrualpain.

ParsleyisapopularculinaryherbusedextensivelyinMiddleEastern,EuropeanandAmericancuisine.FreshParsleyisusedforgarnishingandaddingflavortoseveraldishessuchassoups,sandwiches,salads,stews,stir-friesandsoon.

Warnings

Allergies from Parsley are rare; however, it contains measurable amounts ofoxalates.Forthisreason,individualswithalreadyexistinganduntreatedkidneyorgallbladderproblemsmaywanttoavoideatingParsley.

Cultivation

Parsleygrowsbest in a sunnyareawhich receivesdirect light for 6-8hours aday,althoughitcantoleratesomelightshade.Plantswillbemoreproductiveifgrowninwelldrainedsoilthatisfairlyrichinorganicmatter,withapHrangeof6.0-7.0.

Parsleyisnotoriousforitspainfullyslowgerminationprocess,andthebestwayto cultivate the plant is through seed propagation. The rate of germinationdepends upon seed freshness, ranging from2-5weeks. Parsley can be grownindoorsaswellasoutdoors.

PerillaPerilla(Perillafrutescens)isanannualherbbelongingtotheLamiaceaefamilyindigenous toEastAsia,however, it isconsidered tobe the traditionalcropofChina, Japan, India, Korea, Thailand and other Asian countries. It is a verypleasingplant thatgrowsup to4feet tall. Itsbeautiful toothed leaveswith thetouch of purple or red and purple stems make the plant look attractive anddecorative for gardens. The herb bears numerous flowers that are pink orLavenderincolor.

CommonNamesAo Shiso, Beefsteak Plant, Ji Soo, Purple Mint, Purple Perilla, RattlesnakeWeed,Shiso,SummerColeus,WildBasil,WildRedBasil

PropertiesThe herb has severalmedicinal properties such as carminative, antispasmodic,antibacterial, antimicrobial, antiseptic, antidote, expectorant, stomachic, tonic,anti-asthmatic,anddiaphoretic.Perillahasbeenknowntohelpcurecancersandotherdiseases.

Colds,cough,influenza,asthma,nausea,vomiting,constipation,abdominalpainandallergicreactionsareknowntobewelltreatedandevenpreventedbyPerillainfusionandtea.TheChinesetraditionallyusethestemsoftheplanttocombatmorning sickness and restless fetus in the case of pregnant women. CrushedPerillaplantsmakeanexcellentinsecticide.

Theessentialoilsoftheplantareusedinaromatherapyaswellasinperfumes.Besidesthis,theseedoilisalsousedinvarnishes,printingink,paints,lacquersandforwaterproofclothcoatings.PerillaorShisoas it isknowninJapanisusedextensively inOrientalcuisine.Theyaddauniqueflavortosoups,pickles,rice,stir-friesandfishrecipes.FreshPerillaleavesandyoungseedpodsarewidelyusedintempura,salads,andmisosoup.Somepeopleusethefreshleavesasasidedishwithrawfish.Thisuseisintensely practical; the raw leaves are powerfully antiseptic and prevent foodpoisoning.Theoilextractedfromtheseeds(slightlyreminiscentofdarksesameoil)isusedtoflavorcandiesandsauces.Perillaseedcanbecookedwithmeals,roasted,crushedtointensifyitstasteand/ormixedwithsesameandsalt.

WarningsPregnantornursingwomenshouldavoidconsumingPerillaorconsumeitafterconsultingwiththeirhealthcarepractitioner.

Cultivation

Easilycultivable,Perillagrowswidelyinopenfieldsandwoodlands,wastesites,roadsidesetc.Thisnon-fussyplantrequireslighttomoderatelywell-drainedandrichsoil.Exposuretofullsunispreferred.

RosemaryRosemary(Rosmarinusofficinalis)isawoody,perennialherbwithpineneedle-like leaves belonging to the Lamiaceae family. It is a native of theMediterranean region but grows throughoutmuch of the temperate regions inEuropeandAmerica.Theshrubgrowsuptoaheightof3to5feet.Itsstraight,long and needle-shaped leaves are dark green at the top and white on theirundersidewithastrongspicyaroma.Itbearssmall,pale,dew-likeflowersthatcanbewhite,pink,purpleorblueincolor.

CommonNamesCompassWeed,Dewof theSea,GardenRosemary, Incensier,Mary'sMantle,Mi-tieh-hsiang,OldMan,PolarPlant

PropertiesRosemary is believed to be a good tonic, and has diaphoretic and astringentqualities. Rosemary oil has carminative properties and acts as a stomachic.Rosemaryhelpstorelaxthesmoothmusclesofthedigestivetractanduterus.Itis,therefore,usedtosoothedigestiveupsetsandrelievemenstrualcramps.TeabrewedfromRosemaryleavescanactasatonictocalmanxiousnervesandcanalsobeusedasanantiseptic.Italsohasanti-inflammatorypropertieswhichhelpin treatingasthma,bronchitis andother such respiratorydisorders. Itmayalsoimprovebloodcirculationandincreasebloodflowtotheheadandbrain.

Itcanbeappliedexternallyaswellasaddedtoothermedicinaloilstoalleviatemusclepains. It can alsobeused as a hair tonic as it canhelp condition andstrengthenthehair.BathwaterinfusedwithRosemarycanberejuvenatingandinvigorating.

Rosemaryisahugelypopularculinaryherb.Itgoesparticularlywellwithlamband other game meats. Rosemary sprigs can be added to soups, stews andcasseroledishesandthesprigsareremovedjustbeforeserving.

WarningsRosemaryisarelativelysafeherbtouse.However,excessiveuseofRosemarycancauseintestinalirritationandmenstrualcramps.

CultivationRosemarycanbepropagatedfromcuttingsofthetwistedwoodofnon-floweringbranches inearlysummer. Itcanalsobegrownfromseed.Chooseashelteredpositionandwell-drainedsoil,andensurethatthereissufficientsunshinefortheplanttoflourish.Itcanbecultivatedeasilyincontainersandpots.Harvestingofleaves, flowersandstemscanbecarriedoutatany time.However, leavesandstems contain the best flavor just before the plant blooms, so they should bepickedaccordingly.

Proper care should be taken to protect the plant from spidermites andmealybugs.Itisalsosusceptibletoattacksfromswarmsofinsectsaswellasrottingoftherootsinsoggysoil.

RueRue(Rutagraveolens)isahardyperennialthatbelongstotheRutaceaefamilyand is native to the Mediterranean and Southern Europe. The sub-shrub hasalternatebluish-greenleavesthattastebitterandyellowflowersthatbloomfromJunetoSeptember.Theplantexudesastrong,acridodorthatcanbenauseoustosome.

CommonNames

CommonRue,Countryman'sTreacle,GardenRue,GermanRueHerb-of-grace,Ruta

Properties

Rue is one of the oldest known garden plants that were grown for medicinaluses. The entire herb is believed to have healing properties. It is consideredstimulating,antispasmodicandemmenagogue.Ruecanalsohelpinimprovingthe digestive system by curing colic, constipation related problems, clearingintestinalwormsaswellasforcoughandcroupyinfections.AninfusionmadefromRue is alsoused as an eyewash to relieve strained eyes.Pulpor tincturemade from Rue shoots just before blooming is used as an ingredient inhomeopathicmedicine torelieverheumaticsymptoms,bruises, tendoninjuries,pain in the sciatic nerve and strain in the eye. Rue is believed to alleviateinfectionaftertoothextraction.

RuehasalsobeenusedasaremedyformultiplesclerosisandBell’spalsy.Itisalsousedtocureotherneuraldisorderslikehysteria,epilepsyandvertigo.

Theherb isbelieved tohaveantisepticandastringentpropertiesand isused torepelinsectsandpests.DriedRueistiedupinMuslinbagsandhunginclosetsandcupboardstodeterinsects. Theherbisalsogrowninthegardentocurtailpests.Historically,Ruewasusedextensively inMiddleEasterncuisineaswell as intraditionalRoman cuisine.However, because of its bitter taste and unpleasantaroma,itishardlyusedasaculinaryherbinmoderncuisine.

WarningsRue is not considered safe forpregnantwomenas it can inducemenstruation.Large doses of Rue can lead to violent gastric pain, vomiting and systemiccomplicationsthatcancausedeathinextremecases.Dueto its irritatingeffectonthegastrointestinaltract,Rueshouldnotbetakenorusedbyindividualswithbladder, kidney, liver, or stomach conditions. The volatile oil has an irritantqualityandmayresultinkidneydamageandhepaticdegenerationifingested.

Rueispotentiallytoxicandshouldbeconsumedwithcaution.

Cultivation

Rueisaneasyherb togrowandmaintain. Itgrowsbest inclimaticconditionssimilartotheMediterraneanregion,partialshadeanddryconditions.However,itistoleranttomostsoilsandweatherconditions.Itcanbepropagatedthroughseeds,rootslipsorcuttingsduringthespring.

SageSage (Salvia officinalis) is a small evergreen perennial belonging to theLamiaceae family native to the Mediterranean and Southern Europe and iscultivatedacross theworld. It growsabout1 footormore inheightwith soft,velvety,hairy,pale-greenegg-shapedleaves.Theplantbearstwo-lippedwhiteorpurpleflowers.

CommonNames

Common Sage, Dalmatian Sage,GardenSage,MeadowSage,RedSage,ScarletSage,TrueSage

PropertiesSageleavesareusedtoprepareherbalteathatisknowntoalleviatesorethroats,sore gums and cough. It also helps in tonsillitis and gets rid of mucus fromcongestedlungs.Thisteaisalsoconsideredtobeagoodremedytostoptheflowofextrabreastmilkpastnursingstageofwomen.

Application of crushed Sage leaves is known to provide relief in swelling,itching, eczema andpsoriasis. Its antiseptic propertyhelps against respiratoryinfectionsandimprovestheimmunesystem.Itisagoodremedyforfever,cold,asthmaandbronchitis.Sagehelpsdischargephlegmandrelievesinflammation.

Sage oil consists of medicinal properties such as antibacterial, antifungal andantiviral. It has a relaxant effect on the digestive tract which helps improveappetiteanddigestion.Ithelpswithnausea,diarrhea,colitisandliverproblems.It is also known to stimulate the menstruation flow in women and alleviatemenstrual cramps. The estrogenic property of the plant is considered to be agoodremedyformenopausalproblemslikehotflushesandnightsweats.

Sage isusedextensively incookingasanaromaticculinaryherb. Ithasbeentraditionallyconsideredasadigestiveaidandisoftencombinedwithfattyfoodssuchaspork,liverorpateandsausages.Itisalsousedtoaddflavorandaromato poultry, stuffing, soups, stews, gravies and pickles. Sage can be a littleoverpoweringbecauseofitsstrongflavorandaromasoitisbestusedsparingly.

WarningsSagecanbetoxicifoverused.Itshouldalsobeavoidedbypregnantwomenandbythosesufferingfromepilepsy.

CultivationSageiseasytogrowandcantoleratemostkindsofsoil.However,well-drained,loamysoilmakesanidealchoice.ThetolerablesoilrangeispH4.9to8.2.Fullsun is preferable but itmay also growwell in light shade. The ideal time forsowingtheseedsis2weeksbeforethelastspringfrostdateandseedsshouldbesowninthesoil½inchdeeporless.Theplantmayalsopropagatefromcuttingsandlayering.Itcanbeeasilygrownincontainersaswellaspots.However,it’sbesttogrowSageoutdoorsasitdoesnotthriveverywellindoors.

Thisplantisvulnerabletofungaldiseases,spidermitesandrottingofroots.

SavorySavory (Satureja), native to the Eastern Mediterranean and Southern Europe,belongs to the Lamiaceae family. It has about 30 species, annuals as well asperennials,ofwhichSummerSavoryandWinterSavoryaremorecommonandpopular.This smallplant,whichhardlygrowsabove50cm tall,hasa slightlypepperyandmintyflavor.Theplantbearsbeautifulwhorledflowersthatmaybewhite,palepinkorLavenderincolorandhasanarrowfoliage.

CommonNames/VarietiesCreeping Savory, Mountain Savory, Summer Savory, Thyme-leaved Savory,WinterSavory

PropertiesSavoryherbhasnumerousculinaryandmedicinaluses.Someof itsmedicinalpropertiesincludeexpectorant,carminative,appetitestimulantandanti-flatulent.Savory also aids women in regulating their reproductive systems and isbeneficial during pregnancy. Its warming nature makes it a good remedy forchestproblems.Kidneyandbladderailmentscanalsobetreatedwiththehelpofthisherb.

Itisalsoknowntohaveantifungalandantibacterialproperties.Savoryinfusionis said to alleviate bronchitis and asthma. The ointment form of the herb isconsidered tobeagood remedy formildskin irritationsand relatedproblems.Savorysprigsareusedtorubonbeestingsandtosoothetheinflammation.

Savoryalsohasextensiveculinaryusage.Itgoesverywellwithbeanrecipesandiswidely used in European and LatinAmerican cuisine. It is used in variousfoods like corn, grilled vegetables, stuffing, etc. It also adds taste to beef andlambstews,sausagesandpotatorecipes.Savoryhasauniqueflavorandcanbeusedasasaltsubstitute.Savorysprigsarealsousedtoflavorvinegar.

WarningsTherearenoknownadverseeffectsofthisherbanditisusuallyconsideredtobesafeforconsumption.However,excessiveconsumptionshouldbeavoided.

CultivationOftenregardedasaneasy-to-growgardenplant,Savoryisgrowninmanypartsof theworld. Its requirementsarenomore thanwell-drainedsoilandadequatesunlight. It can toleratepoor soil anddryormoist soil. It canbe cultivated incontainersandpotsindoors,provideditisexposedtosunroutinely.

SeaBuckthornSeaBuckthorn (Hippophaerhamnoides) is a dioecious shrub that comes fromEuropeandAsiaandisamemberoftheElaeagnaceaefamily.Itwidelygrowsinmany parts of Western Europe, Central Europe and Asia. The plant usuallygrowsupto6mtall(itmaygrowupto18minsomecases).Thebranchesaredense,rigidandthornywhilethelinearorlanceolateshapedleavesare3to8cmlong and less than 7 mmwide. The leaves are dark grey-green on the uppersurfaceandadistinctpale,silvery-greyonthelowersurface.SeaBuckthornfruitcanvaryinbothshapeandcolor,butaretypicallyglobosetoegg-shapedberriesranging fromyellow tobrightorange in color.The combinationof fruit shapeand size, togetherwith the contrast between the color of the fruit and leaves,contributestotheornamentalvalueofthisplant.

CommonNamesSandthorn,SeaBerry,SeaBuckthorn,SiberianPineapple,Swallowthorn

Properties

TheberriesarerichinVitaminA,CandE,folicacid,flavonoids,essentialoilsandothernutritionalelements.SeaBuckthornisalsoknowntohaveantioxidantproperties. It is considered to be used in the treatment of cardiovasculardisorders,gastrointestinalproblems,ulcersandliverailments.Livercirrhosisissaid to be alleviated with the help of this herb. It helps reduce and regulateinflammationandpathogenicthromboses.Apartfromthisitisalsoknowntobeofgreathelpincancertherapy.

The healing nature of the plant aids in skin problems like burns, injuries,eczema, and so on. Topical application of the essential oil extracted from theberrieshelpnourishandrejuvenatetheskin.Itisknowntopreventwrinkles,dryandroughskinaswellaspre-matureagingofskin.ItiswidelyusedinEasternandWesternalternativemedicine.Theoilsarealsothoughttoimprovemucousconditionsandhelpinulcersandothergastrointestinaldisorders.

SeaBuckthornleavesareanexcellentsourceofimportantvitaminsandmineralsandisusedtomakeanutrientrichherbaltea.SeaBuckthornberriesareedibleandnutritious,thoughveryacidicandastringent.ThejuicefromSeaBuckthornberries isoftenblendedwithothersweeter juicessuchasappleorgrape juice.Theberriesarealsousedtomakejams,piefillings,liquorsandlotions.

WarningsTherearenoreportsofserioussideeffectsfromusingSeaBuckthorn.

CultivationSeaBuckthornprefersdryandsandyareas;howeveritisnotsofussyaboutthesoilrequirements.Itcangrowwellinlight,mediumorheavy(clay)soilwithaneutral acid and alkaline content. It will grow as a tree or a small shrub inaccordancewith the typeof soil,watering and climate. It can tolerate droughtandmaritimeexposure.Theplantmaytakeabout5yearstomaturecompletely.

SennaSenna(Cassiaacutifolia,CassiaSenna)isalargegenusofabout260speciesoffloweringperennialsbelongingtotheCaesalpinaceaefamilyandhasitsorigininEgypt,Nubia,SaudiArabia, India and tropicalAfrica.AlexandrinaSenna andTinnevellySennaare the twomost recognizedspeciesofSennaamongothers.This small shrubattainsaheightofaround2 feetwithsmooth, longanderectbranchingstems. Itbears leaflets in fouror fivepairs,aboutan inch in length,oblonginshapeandgreyish-greenincolor.Theflowersaresmallandtypicallyyellow,andthepodsarebroadlyoblongandcontainfiveorsixseeds.

CommonNames

Aden Senna, Alexandrian Senna, Cassia Aethiopica,Cassia Angustifolia, Cassia Lanceolata, Cassia Lenitive, Cassia Officinalis,Cassia Senna, East Indian Senna, Egyptian Senna, Nubian Senna, SennaAcutifolia,SeneDeLaPalthe,TinnevellySenna

PropertiesSennaisessentiallyahealingherbandhasnoculinaryuses.Sennaisconsideredto be a potent purgative and laxative. The leaves are considered to be astimulantandspecificallyhelpinchronicconstipation.Sennainfusionisastrongcatharticthatmayhelpwomenafterdelivery.Topicalapplicationofleavessalvetraditionallyhelpedtotreatskindisorderslikeacneandringworm.

Sennapods also contain cathartic acids and emodin that have its effect on thewholeintestineviaincreasingperistalticmovements.

WarningsIt has a slightly nauseating taste which may lead to mild sickness or gripingpains in some people. It is not advisable to consume it in the case ofhemorrhoids, inflammationof thealimentarycanal,prolapsus,etc.Consideringits cathartic properties it should be consumed along with aromatic andcarminative herbs to avoid colic and griping pains. Excessive use should beavoidedandensurethatyouseekdoctor’sadvicebeforeconsumingtheherb.

CultivationSennacanbepropagatedbyseedsandcuttings.Itcantoleratemostkindsofsoilincludingasalineone.Springorearlysummeristheidealtimeforplantation.Itprefersadequatesunlighttoflourishatitsbest.Ittakeslessthanafortnightfortheseedstogerminate.Leavescanbeharvestedwhileorbeforetheplantbloomsandpodsshouldbepickedwhenripe,inautumn.

SorrelSorrel (Rumex acetosa), belonging to the Polygonaceae family, is a hardyperennial that grows wild in Asia, Europe and North America. Generally itgrows up to 2 feet tall and bears juicy stems and edible oblong leaves. Itproduces reddish-green blooms in whorled spikes; they turn purplish as theygrow.

CommonNamesCuckooSorrow,Cuckoo'sMeate,Gowke-Meat,GreenSauce,JamaicanSorrel,SourSabs,SourGrabs,SourSuds,SourSauce,SpinachDock,RedSorrel

Properties

Sorrel is believed to sharpen the appetite, assuage heat, cool the liver andstrengthen the heart. It is also considered to be helpful in the treatment ofscurvy.DecoctionmadeofSorrelflowersmayhelpinthetreatmentofjaundiceand kidney stones. The seeds and roots have an astringent property and arethoughttohelpinhemorrhage.PowderorinfusionmadeofSorrelrootmayalsotreat intestinal ulcers. The herb is also believed to have diuretic and mildlylaxativeproperties.Sorrel juice has the ability to cure itching, ringworm and also serves as aneffectivegargleforsorethroats.Sorrel has a zesty, lemony flavor and is used extensively in cooking. Sorrelleavesmaybepureedandusedinsoups,stewsormaybeusedinsalads.Theycanalsobesteamedorboiledandusedasasubstituteforspinachinmakingsidedisheslikecreamedspinach.

Warnings

Sorrelrootsarehighlypurgativeandshouldbeusedwithcaution.Possiblesideeffects may include dehydration, abdominal colic, or digestion disorders.Pregnantor lactatingwomenshouldconsumesorrelafterconsultingwith theirphysicianfirst.

Cultivation

Widelyfoundinpasturesandpropagatedfromseeds,thisplantiseasytogrow.GardenSorrelprefersdampsoilandadequatesunlight.Springistheidealtimeforsowingtheseeds,keepingaround6inchesdistancebetweenthem.Inordertogerminate ingoodorder, seeds shouldbe sown¼ inchdeep in soil. Itmaytake1weektogerminate.

TarragonTarragon (Artemisia dracunculus) belongs to the Compositae family and is anativeof theCaspianSeaareaandSiberia.This is anaromaticperennialherbthatislargelycultivatedinWesternUnitedStates,SouthernAsiaandEuropeforits aromatic leaves. Around 2 feet tall, Tarragon contains delicate, long andnarrow dark green colored leaves and tiny round flowers with yellow-blackheads.

CommonNames

Artemisia,Dragon'sWort,Estragon,FrenchTarragon,GermanTarragon,LittleDragon,Mugwort,TrueTarragon

Properties

Tarragonleavesareattributedwithaperient,stomachic,stimulantandfebrifugeproperties. Tea made by infusing fresh Tarragon leaves is said to help treatinsomniaandhyperactivity.ThevinegarmadeoffreshTarragonleavescontainsdigestive enzymes and is consideredeffective indigestion systemdisorders. Itaidsinmildstomachailmentslikestomachupsets, indigestion,lossofappetiteetc.Itisregardedashavingdiureticanddetoxificationpropertiesandstimulatestheproductionofbile.

The leaves infusion is believed to help alleviate flatulence and colic, arthritis,rheumatism and gout. It alsoworks to regulate themenstrual cycle aswell asdepression.Itisthoughttobeeffectiveinremovingwormsfromthebody.Theanestheticandantibacterialpropertiesof the leafandrootmake itanexcellenttopicalapplicationinthecaseoftoothache,cutsandsores.

Tarragon is used extensively as a culinary herb in French Cuisine. Tarragonleaves have a warm, lingering aroma and flavor reminiscent of licorice andanise. They are added to salads, sauces, vinegars, fish and seafood dishes.Tarragon features prominently in classic French recipes such as remouladesauce, tartar sauce, béarnaise sauce, French dressing, and vealMarengo. It isalso an unmistakable and essential component of French Fines Herbes andHerbesdeProvence.

Warnings

Therearenoknownsideeffectsof theherb.However, it shouldbeconsumedcautiously as itmay lead to allergic reactions in somepeople. Avoid cookingTarragon for too long as it may bring out the bitterness in the herb. Also,chewingonTarragonleavesmayleaveyourtonguefeelingalittlenumb.

Cultivation

This fuss-free herb tolerates most kinds of soil and is easy to grow – be itoutdoors in your garden, or indoors in containers or pots. Ideal cultivationrequirements includewell-drained good soil and awarmdry atmosphere. SoilpH range should be 6.0 to 7.5. Propagated by cuttings and root division, thisplant requires full sunlight,partial shademayalsobeacceptable.Spring is theidealtimeforplantation.

Onceestablished,plantsshouldbedividedeveryyearsoas toavoidentangledroots.Replacing theplants every3-4years is advisableas theolder theplantsgrowtheylosetheireffectiveflavor.

Theplant isconsideredtobepest-free, thoughcareshouldbetakentopreventrottingofrootsinsoftandwaterysoil.

ThymeThyme(ThymusvulgarisL.)isaperennialherb,nativetotheMediterraneanandiswidelycultivatedinEuropeandtheUnitedStates.ItisapopularshrubfromtheLamiaceaefamilygrownforitsornamentalappealaswellasforitsculinaryusage.TherearenumerousvarietiesofThyme–broadlydividedintobushandcreepingThyme. CommonorGardenThyme is theonemostcommonlyusedforcookingand isawoodyplantwithgrey-green leaves thatgrowsaboutonefoot tall.CommonCreepingThymeorMotherofThyme isagroundcoveringvariety growing about 4 inches and forming thick, dark green foliage. Thymeflowersareedibleandmaybewhite,palepink,brightpink,ormauve.

CommonNames(Varieties)

Broussoneti Thyme, Camphor Thyme, Caraway Thyme,Creeping Thyme, English Thyme, French Thyme, Lavender Thyme, LemonThyme, Golden Lemon Thyme, Lime Thyme, Mother of Thyme, NutmegThyme,Thyme,WildThyme,WoollyThyme

Properties

Thyme is a warming and aromatic herb with astringent, antifungal, antisepticand antispasmodic properties. Thyme tea is beneficial in the treatment ofwhoopingcough,cold,flu,bronchitis,anddisordersofthegastrointestinaltractsuchasirritablebowelsyndrome(IBS),colicandspasticcolon.Thymol,whichis the primary and most active component of Thyme, is renowned for itsantiseptic and antifungal properties and is a principal ingredient in Listerinemouthwash.

External applicationofa salvemade fromThymecanhelp in relieving stings,athlete’s foot, ringworm, scabies and lice. It is known to help in reducingrheumaticpain.Itisalsosaidtopromotehairgrowthandissometimesusedasahairtonictotreatdandruffandhairloss.

Thymeisahighlyfragrantherb.BothfreshanddriedThymeisusedtoenhancetheflavorofmeat,poultryandseafoodrecipes.ThymeisapopularingredientinFrench, Italian and Caribbean cuisine. It goes particularly well with beans,lamb,eggs,tomatobasedsauces,andisusedtoflavorbutters,oilsandcheeses.FreshThymeleavesandflowersarealsousedasagarnish.

Warnings

ThymeandThymeoil areusually considered safe, but external applicationonthe skin may cause stinginess and irritation. Thymol should be handled withcaution – if ingested in large doses, it may cause nausea, vomiting, gastritis,headache,dizziness,convulsions,coma,cardiacarrest,andrespiratorycollapse.Avoid freshThyme during pregnancy or if you are suffering from high bloodpressure.CultivationGarden Thyme grows well with drained, light soil with a pH level rangingbetween 4.5 and 8.0. It needs open space and ample sunlight to grow best.Thymeplantsneed15to20cmdistancebetweeneachother.Thymeseedsneedabout2weeksforgermination.Theseedsshouldideallybeplantedabout8to10weeks before the last frost date. The seeds should be sown indoors andtransplantedoutdoorswhenthereisnodangeroffrost.Thymecanbepropagatedthroughseeds,layeringandstemcuttings.Thymeisknowntobeaffectedbyextremelywetorsoggysoilandmaysuccumbtorootrot.Careshouldbetakentoprotecttheplantfrominsectsandpests.

Conclusion

Herbsaretimeless.Rightfromthepagesofancientscriptures tocontemporarytheses, herbs have beenwritten about and appreciated. Itswonders have beenacclaimedbycosmeticians,herbalistsandscientistsalike.Why,evenpoetsanddramatistshaveglorifiedthemwiththesamefervor!

Throughthise-book,wehaveopenedupawindowtotheexoticworldofherbs.As you go along, we're sure that you'll findmanymore fascinating things toexploreandsavor.

Feel free to write back to us with your feedback, experiences, recipes ordiscoveries.

©SimoneMcGrath-200799of99

TableofContentsIntroductionGrowingHerbsforBeginnersOutdoorHerbGardeningIndoorHerbGardeningPreservingHerbsCompanionPlantingGrowingHerbsOrganicallyListofHerbsConclusion