the heart of development: impact stories from cambodia

8/8/2019 The Heart of Development: Impact Stories from Cambodia

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1 Introduction2 Protecting Cambodias Watery Heart

By Guy De Launey

Eforts to protect sh stocks are preserving a way o lie along Cambodias Tonle Sap lakeand river system.

8 A PublicPrivate Partnership Brightens LivesBy Pamposh Dhar

A private power company in Cambodia is bringing cheap, reliable electricity to rural villagesboosting productivity, incomes, and comort or poor people.

14Roads To Hospitals, Markets, Temples

By Pamposh DharUpgrades to Cambodias national highway have not only made health care more accessible,they have boosted trade and tourism.

18 Hope Beyond the RoadBy Olivia Sylvia Inciong

Road improvements have changed the lie o one Cambodian cab driver.

22 Easing the Burden o WaterBy Guy De Launey

A community pond in rural Cambodia has made clean water accessible, staved of illness,and allowed women to work and children to attend school.

27Women Learn to EarnBy Guy De LauneyFor many women across Cambodia, every day is a struggle or income. But at new womens

development centers, they are learning how to make more money.

The views expressed in this publication are those o the authors and do not necessarily reect the views and policies o the AsianDevelopment Bank (ADB) or its Board o Governors or the governments they represent. Accounts presented here are anecdotaland do not represent comprehensive impacts o projects or programs.

ADB does not guarantee the accuracy o the data included in this publication and accepts no responsibility or any consequenceo their use.

By making any designation o or reerence to a particular territory or geographic area, or by using the term country in thispublication, ADB does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status o any territory or area.

ADB encourages printing or copying inormation exclusively or personal and noncommercial use with proper acknowledgmento ADB. Users are restricted rom reselling, redistributing, or creating derivative works or commercial purposes without theexpress, written consent o ADB.

Note: In this publication, $ reers to US dollars.


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, Q W U R G X F W L R Q

The Asian Development Bank (ADB) is thelargest multilateral development partner

or Cambodias 14 million people. This

collection gives voice to the stories o

people whose lives it has helped improvelike

Neang Sokha, who said she lives a civilized lie

thanks to reliable, afordable electricity; and taxi

driver He Narath, who said he can now ollow his

dreams ater road improvements helped boost

his income.

Other stories illustrate that as ADB works to

promote more inclusive growth to reduce

dependence on arming and sheries, efortsto raise incomes through alternative livelihood

opportunities are as empowering and

appreciated or improving lives as better roads

and energy supplies.

ADB ocuses much o its assistance on the

provinces around the Tonle Sap, the largest

reshwater lake in Southeast Asia, where many o

the poorest people in Cambodia live. Under the

Tonle Sap Initiative, ADB has helped communities

better manage natural resources.

Millions o Cambodians depend on the unique

ecosystem o the lake and its rivers or ood,

irrigation, and drinking water, but its rich resources

are under threat rom population growth, seasonal

internal migration, and poor management

techniques that have led to overshing. ADB

unded sh breeding sanctuaries in the Tonle Sap

and its tributaries, such as one set up by villagers

in Phneat in Banteay Meanchey province, are

being established to shore up declining stocks.

Neang Sokha beneted rom an ADB investment

that helped a private power company partner withstateowned Electricit du Cambodge to bring

afordable electricity to rural villagesboosting

productivity, incomes, and convenience or

people, and drastically reducing pollution romdieselpowered generators in three provinces.

Improvements to national highways within

Cambodia and in neighboring countries

through ADBs Greater Mekong Subregion

Economic Cooperation Program (GMS Program)

have boosted the economy by helping sellers

access markets and by giving tourists easier

passage to Cambodias ancient sites, including

the Angkor temple complex at Siem Reap. This

has raised the incomes o many poor amilies

through tourism and associated services.

Between 2004 and 2008, the economy grew atan impressive average rate o 10.2% per year.

The incidence o poverty declined rom 35% in

2004 to 30% in 2007.

The experience o 6yearold Chak Srey Keo,

a sick child who had to travel by road or

medical care, shows that better national

highways also improve access to health care.

Reduced journey times helped pave taxi driver

He Naraths path to prosperity.

Impacts o improved water supply andsanitation are demonstrated in a story about

a new community pond in rural Cambodia

that has made clean water accessible, reduced

illness among children, and lited the burden o

collecting water, especially or women.

The nal article shows how womens

development centers have enabled rural

women, such as widow Thav Heat, to learn new

business skills. By helping women generate

income to eed their amilies and put their

children through school, the centers provide

women with the tools to overcome the dailystruggle or income andas with all ADB

supported initiativeshelp Cambodians build

a better uture.

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KAMPONG PHLUK, SIEM REAP PROVINCE, CAMBODIA

The Tonle Sap is not only the

geographical heart o Cambodiaas

any satellite image taken at the heighto the rainy season will conrmbut in

some ways also its cultural and economic heart.

A combined lake and river system, it covers a vast

area in the center o the country, its smaller rivers

and tributaries converging on it like a system o

veins and arteries. Protecting these waterways

upon which millions o Cambodians depend or

ood, soil ertility, and drinking wateris vital to

the health o the country.

Eforts to protect sh stocks are preserving a way o lie

along Cambodias Tonle Sap lake and river system.

Some Cambodians even make their homes on the

lake itsel. The village o Kampong Phluk is a good

hal hours boat ride rom shore when the lake is atits highest. Visiting vessels must rst pass through

narrow corridors that wind their way through

ooded orest, where many tiny shing boats rock

among the twisted roots and branches.

An expanse o open water ollows beore the

village comes into view. Strictly speaking, the

village does not oat. Most o its buildings rest on

stilts. Still, or the rsttime visitor, it is an other

worldly sight.

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On Water as On LandEverything that normally takes place on land

has a oating equivalent. Goods and produceare bought and sold rom boats bobbing

between the rows o wooden houses. A group

o whiteshirted children walk down the steps

o their school into a waiting school boat.

Those too young or class amuse themselves by

somersaulting into the water rom ever more

daring heights.

Muth Seak, a villager, has lived like this all her

lie. Now in her 30s, and having seen the way the

Tonle Sap has changed over the decades, she

is worried that Kampong Phluks unique way o

lie may be at risk.

There are many communities around the

Tonle Sap, and i they build something that

afects the environment then the natural

resources like the sh or the orest could

disappear, she explains. We Tonle Sap people

are very concerned because in the uture

there may be ewer and ewer sh. Our living

depends on them. With less sh it would be

dicult or us to survive.

Shrimp are a large part olivelihood in Kampong Phluk.

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The rapid increase in Cambodias population

has put sh stocks under straina problem

exacerbated by destructive shing techniques

involving electric shock devices and even

explosives removed rom landmines and

other ordnance let over rom the country s

long civil war.

Development along the waters edge has alsoresulted in greater pollution rom both private

and commercial sources. And external actors

also loom: in particular, climate change and the

construction o dams upstream.

There is a growing awareness among the

government, its development partners, and

Cambodians that conservation is essential.

The villagers o Kampong Phluk know they will

not be able to mitigate all the threats, but by

We Tonle Sap people are very concerned because in the uture

there may be ewer and ewer fsh. Our living depends on them.

With less fsh it would be dicult or us to survive.

Muth Seak, resident o Kampong Phluk

They would not be the only ones in trouble; the

whole country stands to lose. Fish caught in

the Tonle Sap provide ourths o the average

Cambodians protein intake. It is a ood source

they simply cannot do without.

The Tonle Saps unusual ebb and ow is the key to

its bounty. Twice a year, it reverses its direction

swelling the portion that orms the lake to the sizeo an inland sea as the waters rom the Mekong

ow in during the rainy season, then draining back

into the Mekong in the dry months. As the waters

recede, they reveal highly ertile arming land.

Migratory sh depend on the rivers changing ow

so they can reproduce.

Vulnerable on Several FrontsBut the unpalatable truth is that the lake and its

tributaries are vulnerable on several ronts.

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starting close to home they may be able to make

a diference. In partnership with the Fisheries

Administration, and with nancial support rom

ADB, they have established a community sheries

organization (CFO), and taken a signicant stake indecisions afecting their environment.

Taking ActionThe bluepainted CFO building perches on

stilts a short distance rom the main part o the

village; residents arrive by boat to discuss what

they need to do to protect sh stocks and the

ooded orest.

They sit around a long table as CFO leaders

elected by the community point to a map o

their watery neighborhood that illustrates where

shing is allowed or restricted and where villagerscan gather wood without damaging the orest.

Dissenting voices are conspicuous by their absence;

community members know the stakes are high.

Mom Choeun breaks of rom the whiteboard

to explain his role at the CFO. I am in charge o

telling people not to cut down ooded trees

illegally or in the wrong way, he said. They ollow

my advice. People are aware o how important this

is, and they trust in what we are doing.

The deputy head o the CFO, Ouk Lum, reinorced

the point. People support the CFO when they see

the benet to the community. We are trying to

create more sh sanctuaries or sh to breed and

live. We have shing, ecotourismlots o activities

that support peoples livelihoods.

Enorcing Environmental ProtectionAs their meeting ends, most o the villagers returnhome. But some CFO members jump into a boat

to patrol the ooded orest to make sure the

community is cooperating in deed as well as in word.

As deputy director o the Fisheries Administration,

Eng Cheasan has been watching the proceedings

at the CFO with interest. He too believes the Tonle

Sap is acing considerable challenges, and that

communities must work together to make sure their

most important resource has a uture.

Beore the CFO was set up, there was a problemwith natural resource management. People did not

know how to carry out planning and coordination or

manage conservation. Creating the CFO makes or

equitable, sustainable, and democratic benets to all

the people on the lake, and reduces conict among

the shing community.

The conservation work has to go beyond the lake

itsel. As Eng Cheasan guides a small motorboat

along the waterways o Battambang Province,

he explains that the lake and its sheries products

are under threat, not only rom many damsupstream but also rom its tributaries, since

construction projects are polluting the waters

that eed the lake.

The Fisheries Administration and local authorities

have employed a carrotandstick approach.

They have clamped down on destructive shing

methods, but they have also been working with

development partners to help local people develop

alternative livelihoods.

Preserving a Legacy

Eng Cheasan stops the boat at places where peoplehave received training and unding, including an eel

arm at the side o the river. Writhing in a squirming,

squeaking mass, the creatures repeatedly poke their

heads out o the water to grab a bite, as the arm

owner lowers a grid piled with small sh into the tank.

They give me a much better liestyle, the man

said with a smile. With the extra income, my

children can go to school and I do not have to leave

home to work.

Fishing is a way o lie or people wholive in villages along the Tonle Saplake and river system.

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Project Inormation

Tonle Sap Environmental Management Project

(20062009)

Financing: $10.9 million, Asian Development Fund

(ADB)

getting across. Back on the great lake, Muth Seak

is cautiously optimistic.

I was born in this area, and I can see the

environment is getting better. People here know

the value o the water and the orest so they

preserve it; without it we would have no sh.

Many o the older generation talk about the

Tonle Sap orming part o their legacy to their

children. It is a heavy responsibility, but at least

they seem willing to rise to the challenge.

A student waves roa school boat.

With the extra income,

my children can go to school

and I do not have to leave

home to work.

An eel armer, on the value

o his ADB-supported eel arm

Other projects include sh arms, home

gardens, and a shprocessing actory run by

a womens cooperative that gives a portion

o its prots to local shery protection eforts.

They all play their part in allowing sh stocks

to recover, while providing locals with a better

standard o living than they had beore.

The messagethat Cambodians have to act

to preserve the Tonle Sapappears to be

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PHNEAT, BANTEAY MEANCHEY PROVINCE, CAMBODIA

Tan Kim Ouy knows all about bringing

new lie into the world. As the community

midwie in Phneat, she has perhaps one

o the most important jobs in this village in the

northwestern province o Banteay Meanchey.

But Tan Kim Ouy is not only responsible or the

sae delivery o human babies. She is also in

charge o making sure that aquatic lie thrives

without being disturbed by overzealous shing.

As community members became concerned

at the alling sh catch, they agreed to setup a sanctuaryan area o the river where

shing would be banned and breeding could

take place in saety. And as a nurturing, widely

trusted gure, Tan Kim Ouy was the obvious

choice to oversee the project.

Now, as long as there are no calls on her ocial

services, she can be ound in a shady concrete

pavilion overhanging the river next to the

village pagoda. She sits behind a semicircle

o baskets o breads and cakes, some to be

devoured by hungry visitors, others by the shin her care.

A group o young women take their children

to the edge o the pavilion overlooking the

water, tossing in morsels to the dozens o sh

whipping up bubbles below as they battle

or position.

RenaissanceFor Tan Kim Ouy, however, the sanctuary is

much more than just extra income, a tourist

attraction, or a leisure activity. It has been

responsible, she said, or a rebirth o the localsh population.

People have started to understand the

importance o conserving the sh in the river.

Now, the numbers have increased and people

can catch sh around here; beore they had to

travel a long way.

The governments Fisheries Administration is

working with communities and development

partners to establish similar sanctuaries in the

Tonle Sap and its tributaries, as part o an efort

to shore up sh stocks beore the situation

becomes critical. There is some disagreement

over how much the catch has declined over

recent years, but local people have little doubt

that sh numbers are alling.

Cambodians o a certain age are ond o shy

tales. In the old days, they said, you could just

put your hands in the water and pull out sh

ater sh. But in recent times, surveys have

ound shing communities across the countryreporting declining catches.

One theory is that rapid population growth

means there are simply ewer sh or each

amily to catch. In 2007, the World Wildlie Fund

linked population growth, seasonal internal

migration, and poor management techniques to

overshing and alling sh yields.

Community PartnersCommunity shery projects like the one in

Phneat are an important part o the response tothe problems o the Tonle Sap and its tributaries.

And because the villagers understand the

importance o sh to their way o lie as well as

to their diet, they are usually keen to cooperate.

So Tan Kim Ouy nds her riends and neighbors

are receptive as she and other members o the

community sheries group explain when and

where shing is allowed, and why it is restricted

at other times and in other areas. Tan Kim Ouy

believes that taking a longterm view may be

the key to the Tonle Saps uture.

I would like to preserve the sh so the next

generation and my children can see them,

she said.

Project Inormation

Tonle Sap Environmental Management Project

(20062009)

Financing:$10.9 million, Asian Development Fund

(ADB)

One midwie shepherds lie aquatic.

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EK PHNOM, BATTAMBANG PROVINCE, CAMBODIA

Neang Sokha said she is able to live a

civilized lie now that the electricitysupply has improved so much in the

village o EK Phnom, in Battambang

Province. Her amily o seven sleeps well every

night under the breeze o a an they leave on

throughout the night. They can also aford to

watch more TV now that it runs on electricity

rather than expensive batteries.

We use about 20 kilo a month now and pay only

20,000 riel (KR) ($5), she said, reerring to kilowatt

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A private power company in Cambodia

is bringing cheap, reliable electricity

to rural villagesboosting

productivity, incomes, and

comort or poor people.

hours (kWh) o electricity. Beore, we used only

10 kilo because it was so expensiveeven then wepaid KR 50,000 ($12.50). The amily slept without a

an even in the hot, dry season because they could

not aford to use electricity all night.

Like others in the village, Neang Sokha is

remarkably aware o the amount o electricity the

amily consumes and the money they pay or it.

Perhaps this is because a steady supply o electricity

is still a new pleasure here and just a ew years ago

the cost o electricity was prohibitively high.

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The project has drasticallyreduced pollution rom dieselpowered generator sets in theprovinces o Siem Reap, BanteayMeanchey, and Battambang.

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A steady supply o electricity imported rom

Thailand, transmitting to urban and rural

consumers at afordable rates under a project

supported by an $8 million ADB loan to a private

company, is behind the transormation. The

project has also drastically reduced pollution

rom dieselpowered generator sets in the

provinces o Siem Reap, Banteay Meanchey,and Battambang.

Plenty o Power at the Right PriceBeore the imports, a private electricity supplier

was able to provide electricity only 4 hours a day,

between 6 p.m. and 10 p.m. I the villagers wanted

more, they were orced to buy rom private

operators who used small generators, or gensets

as they are known all over Cambodia.

Now, electricity is available all the time. In 3 months,

there have been only two power cuts, Neang Sokha

said, and those were only or an hour or so. Earlier,there were cuts even during the 4 hours a day that

the electricity board provided power.

The ADB loan to Cambodia Power Transmission

Lines (CPTL) covers 25% o the cost o the

project that brings power along a 115kilovolt

transmission line rom Thailand. It supports a

publicprivate partnership between the state

owned Electricit du Cambodge (EDC) and CPTL,

a private company incorporated in Cambodia.

ADBs assistance helped catalyze investment romprivate entities and additional loans rom the

ExportImport Bank o Thailand and local banks.

The project is supplying electricity to a growing

number o customers at everdecreasing rates,

said Lim Bun Than, head o EDC in Battambang.

The number o connections rose to 27,000 in

February 2010 rom 20,000 in 2008. With

cheaper electricity available throughout the day,

consumption jumped to 38 million kWh rom

about 28 million kWh in the same period. EDC,

which only 10 years ago sufered power losses

upward o 35% a year in Battambang, has nowmanaged to cut that to less than 10% and expects

to keep bringing that gure down.

The Naga Guest House in SiemReap is requented by internationalvisitors. Just a ew years ago, powercuts orced the owner to useexpensive, deaening generatorsthat hurt his business. But now,there are no power cuts: electricityis cheaper and always available.

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Power CutsLim Bun Than notes that the biggest advantage

to consumers is that afordable electricity is now

available at all times, or both domestic and

business uses. It is especially useul to small and

mediumsized businesses that until recently

depended mainly on expensive generator sets.

Chhy Kimyea and her husband Soeum Chhay have

run a hairdressing business in Ek Phnom since2003. Their customers come rom within their

village o 3,000 households. Between them, they

attend to up to 10 customers a day.

Our business depends on electricity, said Chhy

Kimyea. She uses handheld blow dryers and the

simple salon needs to be lit during business hours.

The decrease in electricity prices has been a boon

or the business. Electricity is so much cheaper

than the gensets o the past, Soeum Chhay uses

electric cutters rather than scissors or cutting mens

hair. It is easier and aster, he said.

The amily uses between 20 kWh and 30 kWh o

electricity every day, perhaps a bit more in the hot

season, said Chhy Kimyea. With lower costs, she

now has more money to spend on her two sons,

including paying or extra tuition or the older

one, who is 15.

Down the road rom Chhy Kimyea and Soeum

Chhay is a small steelcutting shop. Sin Bunkhoeun

cuts steel rods used in construction. Since his work

requires electricity throughout the day, he bought

his own genset some years ago. It was expensive.

I spent anywhere rom KR 4,000 to KR 12,000 a day

($1$3) per day on diesel. Now, he spends KR 50,000

($12.50) in a whole month, or an average o $0.41

a day and does not bother to use his genset.

With lower costs, Chhy Kimyea now has more money to spend on

her two sons, including paying or extra tuition or the older one,

who is 15.

Our business depends onelectricity, said Chhy Kimyea, a salonowner who relies on handheld blowdryers and electric lighting.

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Sin Bunkhoeun cuts steel rods usedin construction. The new supply oelectricity is much cheaper than thepower he got rom the generator heused beore.

The steady supply o electricity has also benefted a pharmacy

that Sao Yukun owns since he sells medications that need to

be rerigerated.

In the city o Siem Reap, the provincial capital,

Sao Yukun runs the budget Naga Guest House,

requented by visitors rom France, Germany,

Spain, the United States, and other countries.

Just a ew years ago, requent power cuts

orced him to use expensive and deaening

gensets. The gensets were so deaening that

some o my guests would leavethey couldnt

stand the noise, he said. Sao Yukun also had

to rely on the gensets to rerigerate ood or

Treating Travelers to PowerPowering businesses is equally important in

the neighboring province o Siem Reap, home

to the magnicent temples o Angkor Wat and

Angkor Thom, and other historical sites that

have made this province a tourist hub. Angkor

Wat graces the Cambodian ag, a symbol o the

country itsel. A steady supply o electricity is

essential to run hotels, restaurants, and other

establishments that cater to tourists.

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Project Inormation

(Cambodia) Power Transmission Lines (CPTL) Co.,

Ltd., Power Transmission Project (20062009)

Financing:$7.0 million, private sector loan (ADB)

the guest house restaurant. Even in the hours

when EDC supplied electricity, there were

requent power cuts. But now there are no

power cuts, no need or expensive, noisy, and

polluting gensets. Electricity is much cheaper

and always available.

Sao Yukun has also beneted rom an ADBsupported roads improvement project. All

roads in the city and into the city are better

now, making it easier to get around. He believes

this has encouraged more tourists. And he

said that business is booming. Even the recent

global recession has had no impact on budget

accommodation and he is now building an

extension to the guest house.

The steady supply o electricity, meanwhile, has

beneted a pharmacy that he owns. He sells

vaccinations and some medicines that need

to be rerigerated, so steady power is critical.

Electricity or a Brighter FutureThe project is powering the transmission grid

or northwest Cambodia and is set to become

part o the national power grid.

The towns and cities o northwest Cambodia

are brighter because o the CPTL Power

Transmission Project , said CPTL Executive

Director Wang Yeong Khang.

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hospital, which is run by a charitable oundation

and ofers ree treatment to the poor.

Her mother is tense, but thankul that they are

able to travel quickly. They can now reach their

destination in just 2.5 hours, said Vann Vuthy.

Beore the national highway was upgraded under

the GMS Cambodia Road Improvement Project

unded by ADB, it would have taken more than

twice as long.

And the girl will not have to sufer through the

agonizing bumps o the old road.

Truckloads o BeneftsIn nearby Banteay Meanchey Province, in the

town o the same name, Yonn Van hires out his

minitruck and his own services to those wishing

to transport goods to the district town rom

surrounding villages. He has been doing this work

or 10 years. His job has become much easier since

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Upgrades to Cambodias national highway have not only

made health care more accessible, they have boosted

trade and tourism.

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SEREI SAOPHOAN, BANTEAY MEANCHEY PROVINCE, CAMBODIA

Sixyearold Chak Srey Keo is ill. The little

girl has an intravenous drip attached

to her armthe top o the stand sticks

out o one o the windows as her amily

squeezes into Vann Vuthys private taxi.

Road to Health CareWith her mother and ve other passengers,

Chak Srey Keo is on her way to a hospital with

good acilities where her illness can be properly

diagnosed and treated.

The doctors in her home province, Pailin, have

been unable to diagnose the problem. Doctors

in Battambang Province are not sure either,

so they have reerred her to a hospital in Siem

Reap, in the next province, on the other side o

the Tonle Sap.

The road ahead o them is long. They will

traverse almost 170 kilometers (km) to get to the

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To the benet o vendors,the highway has made thetemples o Angkor accessibleby road, not only to domesticbut also to oreign visitors.

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the roads were upgraded. He has just nished a

journey o 55 km in an hour and a hal. In the past,

this would have been a 4hour, bonerattling trip.

With travel times down so much, he can do

more trips in a day and earn more money.

However, he aces more competition than beore.

There are more people in the road transportbusiness now that the road is so much better,

he said rueully.

Temples and TourismPhum Salob and Ya Kim Sour both sell statues

along the highway that connects the tourist

town o Siem Reap to the Thai border on one side

and the Cambodian cities o Phnom Penh and

Battambang on the other.

Both women have beneted rom the road,

which is bringing more domestic and oreign

tourists since it was completed in mid2009. Thestone is quarried nearby, so the statues are

special to this region.

Phum Salob sells small stone Buddhas and

other statues. Foreign tourists driving along

the national highway oten stop to take home

mementoes rom Cambodia. Many o these

are tourists who enter and leave Cambodia rom

Thailand, driving through the border crossing

at Poipet. Ya Kim Sour sells largerthanlie

statues, most o them Buddha images, to

domestic tourists.

The highway has made the temples o Angkor

accessible by road, not only to domestic but also

to oreign visitors. Budget guesthouses like the

Naga Guest House, less than 1 km rom the

national highway, have seen a steady stream o

tourists who travel rom Thailand by road.

Even the recent global recession did not put a dent

in the number o visitors to his guesthouse, said

owner Sao Yukun. Most o his guests are budget

travelers rom Europe or North America who come

to Cambodia by road ater visiting Thailand.

The magnicent 12thcentury temples o Angkor

Wat and Angkor Thom attract tourists rom all over

the world, but until recently, poor inrastructure

deterred many potential visitors. Roads were

a particular drawback.

Nida Ouk, ADBs senior project implementation

ocer or physical inrastructure, remembered

many unexpected delays along the route rom

the CambodianThai border at Poipet to Siem

Reap. Only a ew years ago, we had to wait

3 hours or a bridge to be repaired along the

national road, he recalled. Even without such

mishaps, the journey took 4 to 5 hours. Now,

it takes only 1.5 hours, he said.

The improvements to the national roads leading to

Siem Reap, in northwest Cambodia, ollow an early

Chak Srey Keos mother is thankul that they are able to travel

quickly. They can now reach the hospital in just 2.5 hours. It would

have taken more than twice as long beore the upgrade.

Yonn Van hires out his minitruck or deliveries. Better roadshave decreased travel time andboosted his income.

PringSamrang

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project under which ADB supported repairs to

roads in the east going to Viet Nam.

National Road 1, completed in 2005, helped

increase travel and trade, including busservices between the neighboring countries.

Now, with a good network in both parts o the

countries, tourists are also visiting Siem Reap

rom Viet Nam.

Looking ahead, the Government o Japan

will support the construction o a bridge over

the Mekong River at Neak Loeung to urther

improve links between Cambodia and Viet

Nam. At the moment, the only way across is by

erry or by a road that ollows a much longer

route. The bridge will shorten the route and

ease trac on the old road.

Connecting Countries in the RegionADB supports improvement to these

national roads under its GMS program that

brings together Cambodia, the Lao Peoples

Democratic Republic, Myanmar, Thailand, Viet

Nam, and Yunnan Province in the Peoples

Republic o China.

The GMS program, which boosts regional

cooperation or greater development impact,

also supports border agreements that create

a onestop shop or all clearances at border

crossings. Together, better roads and easierborder crossings help support travel, trade,

and tourism.

Aside rom the national roads upgraded

under the GMS program, ADB has also built or

improved 600 km o rural roads in Cambodia,

providing armers with access to markets, and

linking villagers to hospitals, schools, and other

essential acilities. .

This woman is taking her sickdaughter to a hospital with goodacilities, where her childs illness canbe properly diagnosed and treated.

Project Inormation

Greater Mekong Subregion (GMS): Cambodia

Road Improvement Project (20022010)

Financing: $50.0 million, Asian Development

Fund (ADB); $10.0 million, Organization o the

Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) Fund

or International Development; $17.5 million,

Government o Cambodia

1

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SIEM REAP, CAMBODIA

Years back, the road connecting

Cambodias rapidly developing tourism

center o Siem Reap and Angkor

Wat with Thailand was impassable,

especially during the rainy season. As tour

guide, He Narath was always asked why the

roads were in such a poor state.

I had to make up stories to explain the badroad conditions, he laughed as he recalled

his experiences traveling along the unpaved

road between Siem Reap and Poipet, the Thai

border town.

Troublesome TravelHe Narath described how he and two tourists

bound or Cambodias worldamous Angkor Wat

had a long wait ater a 10wheel truck ahead o

them broke down and became bogged down in

%\2OLYLD6\OYLD,QFLRQJ

Road improvements have changed the lie o one Cambodian

cab driver.

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mud. Five other cars behind the lorry had nowhere

to go. I also got stuck! he remembered. We had

to wait or 5 hours beore the truck was removed.

When taking a group o tourists to the Thai

border because ights in Siem Reap were

cancelled, heavy rains added to the travel

time and the tourists ended up missing their

scheduled trip. In dry conditions, covering the

distance rom Siem Reap to Poipet took 4 to5 hours o bumpy, dusty driving.

I spent too much on car parts repair or

replacement due to the bad roads, He Narath

said. Most o my earnings were spent on petrol

due to the long drive.

Family TiesWith the reopening o National Roads 5 and

6, the 25yearold driver now easily drives the

PoipetSiem Reap road in 2 hours. The road,

inaugurated by Cambodias Prime Minister

Hun Sen in December 2009, was constructed

with support rom ADB.

I am very happy with the completion o

the new road network because this means

reduction in travel time and decreased costs in

gasoline, he said. My lie has changed.

Narath started to experience the benets

o good roads in 2009. There are days when

he can drop by his home village o Khsach

in Kralanh district on his way back to Siem

Reap ater driving a passenger to Poipet. He

visits his younger brother, He Narong, who

is in grade 12 and lives by himsel. When not

working, He Narath drives back to the village

to go shing, visit the rice elds, or just

enjoy himsel.

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a movie, enjoying a Sunday ice cream,

and even giving up on a new shirt.

He now drives his own taxi by day, ofering his

services as a driver and tourist guide to guests

at hotels in the city. On weeknights, He Narath

takes classes in nance and banking at a private

university. He hopes to become a banker oneday. Already, with his income as a tourist guide,

he is able to send his brother to a public school

near their village.

The young driver, tourist guide, and night

student also has dreams o traveling abroad

and visiting other landmarks o Asian

civilizations, such as the Great Wall in the

Peoples Republic o China, Sukothai and

Ayutthaya in Thailand, and the tourist spots

in Viet Nam. However, he takes great pride in

having been able to travel all over Cambodia.

By the end o 2009, thanks to better income

rom his work, He Narath had almost paid of his

student bank loan. He hopes to nish his degree

The Road to ProsperityThis ree time gives He Narath the opportunity

to reect on his own personal journey rom

working as a bartender in a threestar Siem

Reap hotel, struggling to support his amily on

monthly earnings o $150 that barely paid or

rent, ood, and school expenses.

He would oten see young Cambodians

dining with tourists ater visiting Angkor Wat,

the city and temple complex o the ancient

Khmer civilization.

While preparing the drinks at the bar, I was

hopeul that one day I would be able to sit

and eat with the tourists at the same table, He

Narath recalled. These thoughts motivated He

Narath to save to take the 3month course to

become a registered tourist guide.

It was diicult or me to save $250 to payor the training ee, he said. I had to do it

because I couldnt be a tourist guide i I do

not have any license. I gave up watching

Many businesses benet romeasy transport, the result o theADBsupported road upgradebetween Siem Reap and theborder with Thailand.

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and start work in a bank. I have always wanted

to work in a bank and in an airconditioned

oce, he said. He is hopeul that his younger

brother He Narong will also be able to earn a

university degree.

Success is in Sight

He Narath said his lie has changed thanks to theimprovement o the roads around Siem Reap.

When I look at the new road, I can see more, he

noted. When the road was dusty, most o us could

not open our eyes. I would close my eyes to avoid

the dust and dirt.

With clear horizons, He Narath sees the new road

as an opportunity or a better lie.

While preparing the drinks at the bar, I was hopeul that one day

I would be able to sit and eat with the tourists at the same table.

He Narath, taxi driver who profts rom the road upgrade between Siem Reap and Thailand

Project Inormation

Greater Mekong Subregion (GMS): Cambodia

Road Improvement Project (20022010)

Financing: $50.0 million, Asian Development

Fund (ADB); $10.0 million, Organization o the

Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) Fund

or International Development; $17.5 million,


Taxi driver He Narath(in stripes) and his youngerbrother have benetted romthe new ADBsupported road.

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A community pond in rural Cambodia has made clean

water accessible, staved of illness, and allowed women

to work and children to attend school.

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TEK LA-AK, KAMPONG CHHNANG PROVINCE, CAMBODIA

Hong Yoeuns hands are covered with

callusesthe unorgiving plastic handles

o the water buckets have seen to that.

Until now, she had never in her 35 years

lived in a place with running water. Trudging to

and rom the nearest source has been part o the

daily grind or as long as she can remember.

But nowor Hong Yoeun, at leastgetting

clean water is much easier. A large, rectangularpit that lls with rainwater has appeared in

the middle o Tek Laak, the leay village in the

Kampong Chhnang Province she calls home.

The Burden o WaterBeore the community pond, Hong Yoeun, with

two o her our children trailing behind her, would

hike to the nearest source, then lug the dripping

pails back to the house. Along the way, she might

cast an envious glance at her neighbor, who used

a rusty bicycle to carry two old paint containers o

water and her screaming inant.

Back at home, Hong Yoeun could nally unburden

hersel. She would pour the contents o her

buckets into one o several large, earthenware

jars in the grassy area at the ront o the house.

These hold the water the amily uses or cooking,

washing, and drinkingand they require regular

replenishment. Hong Yoeun oten had to repeather trip three times a day.

There is nothing unusual about her plight.

Around hal o the people living in rural

Cambodia have little access to clean water, let

alone at their homes. With more than ourths

o the population living in the countryside,

millions o Cambodians ace a daily struggle to

get a vital resource that comes as easily as a twist

o the tap to people in developed countries.

For Hong Yoeun, gettingclean water is much easieras a result o the newcommunity pond in hervillage o Tek Laak.

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With clean water close at hand,women can spend newoundtime developing small, homebased businesses.

The impact on amily lie can be considerable. Just

going to get water can take hours out o every

day. It may take parents away rom their amilies

and children out o school.

A Simple SolutionTek Laaks new community pond may seem

unprepossessingand the water it contains maylook a dismal, murky yellowbrownbut it has

transormed the lives o everyone here.

Above the pond is a concrete platorm. Two large,

metal wheels with handles attached sit on top o

either side o a dividing wall. When turned, they

draw water up rom the pond and through a sand

lter, which does a strikingly efective cleaning

job. The water that emerges rom the blue plastic

pipes is clear, although it will still need to be boiled

beore it is sae to drink.

Within easy walking distance o everyone in thecommunity, the pond and pump seem to have

become the ocal point o the village. Young

children laugh as they douse themselves and each

other. Women scrub clothes in metal bowls ull o

water and suds. Buckets are lined up next to the

pipes, ready to be lled and carried back home.

For Hong Yoeun, it is hard to overstate the benets

the new water supply has brought her amily.

In the past, I had to go a long way to get water

three times a day, she explained, as she sat on theedge o the pumping platorm. I would get home

and it would already be dark, but I would still

have to cook rice or the children. Now, we have

the pond nearby, and I can eel more relaxed. Ive

actually got time to do other things.

Measurable BeneftsCambodia has developed remarkably quickly

since the return o peace just over a decade ago.

Economic growth has hit double digits in many

years and inrastructure in urban centers has

improved markedly. Citizens o Phnom Penh enjoy

some o Southeast Asias cleaner water mains.

But the dearth o accessibly clean water in rural

areas has been a major drag on progress. The time

spent toting buckets is costly to the economy, as

are the illnesses caused by drinking contaminated

water. One study suggested that the lack o

clean water and sanitation cost Cambodia the

equivalent o 7% o its gross domestic product

every year.

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28/36

Children pay a particularly heavy price. Around

20 die every day in Cambodia because o

diarrhea, a condition directly related to dirty

water and poor sanitation.

Improving rural water supplies is one o the

governments steps to achieving the Millennium

Development Goals, and part o its rectangular

strategy or development. Partners, includingADB, are helping to turn the words into reality.

Behind grand project names, the benets o

spending a little money on practical solutions

like the Tek Laak pond and lter systemare

clear: local residents report that they have already

seen a dramatic all in the number o illnesses

among the community.

Now, the lter is here, peoples lives will be

improved. And because the pond is right next

to their houses, it is very convenient, saidMinister or Rural Development Chea Sophara

as he looked across the pond. Children used

to get to school late because they had to get

water; now, they can get to school on time. I we

can provide access to sanitation, then we will

reduce sickness and medical bills, and improve

peoples livelihoods.

Surmounting the SeasonsTonle SapA short drive rom Tek Laak, the scene at the

provincial capital o Kampong Chhnang illustrates

the irony o Cambodias situation. Boats o varying

sizes and orms o propulsion bob at the edge othe Tonle Sap, a body o water that starts as a river

in Phnom Penh beore it becomes a great lake,

covering enormous swathes o the center o the

country. It is hard to imagine access to water being

an issue in a place like this.

But a halhour boat ride away, the people o the

village Khleng Por paint a diferent picture. Water

is indeed plentiul during the rainy seasonso

much so that their village becomes an island.

But during the dry months, the Tonle Sap beats

a rapid retreat, leaving the villagers a long way

rom the nearest supply.

Just as in Tek Laak, they tell tales o long

hours spent traipsing with buckets in handto get the water their amilies need. But

with the installation o a well and pump,

under the Tonle Sap Rural Water Supply and

Sanitation Project, those stories should soon

become little more than olklore.

Oum Chanthoeun bathes her baby son Vattana

under the pump. She laughed when asked how

things have changed.

It is so diferent now, she said. Beore, it could

take as much as 5 hours to get water. Now, the

pump is right here, next to the house.

The mother o seven carried the youngest o

her children to an outhouse at the side o her

stilted, wooden home to demonstrate another

innovation. She held Vattana over a spotlessly

clean squat toilet beore dipping a plastic

scoop into a nearby cistern to pour water into

the bowl.

Now, we have the latrine and the well, she

said. We have hygiene.

That opens up all sorts o possibilities or the

people o Khleng Por. They should no longer

need to spend their savings or sell land to treat

illnesses related to sanitation. And with clean

water close at hand, they can spend their newly

released time developing small, homebased

businesses, which will improve livelihoods and

keep amilies together.

Simple measures have made all the diference

or communities like Tek Laak and Khleng

Por. Now, the challenge is to repeat the story

throughout rural Cambodia.

It is so dierent now. Beore,

it could take as much as 5 hours

to get water. Now, the pump is

right here, next to the house.

Oum Chanthoeun, Khleng Por village resident

and mother o seven

Project Inormation

Tonle Sap Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Sector

Project (20052010)

Financing:$18.0 million, Asian Development

Fund (ADB); $3.9 million, beneciaries; $2.1 million,


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ADBsupported womensdevelopment centers help womenearn a living close to home.

For many women across Cambodia, every day is a struggle

or income. But at new womens development centers, theyare learning how to make more money.

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LEANG DEY, SIEM REAP PROVINCE, CAMBODIA

Thav Heats home in the province oSiem Reap looks idyllic. Her stilted,

wooden house looks out onto

verdant rice paddies. Oxen lumber

past, heavily laden carts trundling behind as

they make their way down the treelined, red

dirt road.

But lie is not as rosy as it may seem, Thav Heat

said. It can be very tough to eed my our

children, especially in the rainy season. When theharvest season comes, we have ood or rice to

keep us going or just 5 months. But ater that, we

have to earn money to buy ood.

As a widow, Thav Heat has to bring in enough

cash to make sure nobody in the amily goes

hungry, as well as to put the children through

school. Women across Cambodia are acing

a similar challengewith husbands absent

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because o death, divorce, or migration or work

in other provinces or abroad.

But at new womens development centers,

women like Thav Heat are learning how to

earn more money, making lie sweeter here in

Cambodias countryside.

Depending on WomenMany women in Cambodia ind it hard to make

the money they need. Poor education and alack o skills are the obvious obstacles, while

obligations at home may prevent women

traveling to ind work. They also ace a struggle

to get access to inormation that may help

them set up a small business or get training to

improve their employment prospects.

These are among the points that Ing Kantha

Phavi is keen to drive home. The minister or

womens afairs cuts a nononsense gure

as she walks around her Phnom Penh oce,

rattling of acts and gures, while pulling

reports rom shelves and digging out printed

versions o PowerPoint presentations to back

up her arguments. The documentation shows

that without the contribution o women, the

economy would be struggling.

The inormal sector is very important, said the

minister. It provides 60% o GDP [gross domesticproduct]and employs more than 80% o

working women.

Women are also important in the garment

sector, Ing Kantha Phavi said. They need to be

taken seriously.

A cursory look around the capital city puts esh

on the statistical bones. In a place where almost

Spinning yarn is an incomegenerating activity or womanat ADBsupported womensdevelopment centers.

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32/36

every house doubles as a shop, women

are oten the ace o the enterprise, i not

the owners. Female involvement in business

runs rom the sole trader pushing a ood cart

around the streets, to the top level in the

boardrooms o several o the countrys

largest companies.

Creating CompensationIt is a vibrant pictureyet, many o Cambodias

working women are struggling nancially, with

the situation at its most acute in rural areas. In

terms o employment possibilities, there is little

outside o blue jeans and grassthat is, the

production lines at the garment actories in

and around Phnom Penhor else agriculture.

Domestic work in private households is one

other option.

The problem is povertyand access toopportunities, said Ing Kantha Phavi. Her

ministry has been working on a number

o projects to address the issues, among

them, womens development centers. These

Women at a womens developmentcenter dye reeds that they willweave into oor mats. The coloradds value to the nal product.

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acilitiesoverseen by the ministry, and

supported by partners including ADB and

the International Labour Organizationtrain

women in lie skills and marketable skills such

as entrepreneurship classes. They also ofer easy

access to microcredit.

This may have some impact on the situation

depicted by a Ministry o Womens Afairspresentation on gender and the economy. It

describes a state in which very little attention

is paid to developing the inormal economy, by

either the government or international donors.

Women in particular have sufered because o a

lack o business development and employment

promotion services. Many lack the condence

to move into nontraditional lines o work, or are

reluctant to take risks because o their amily

commitments. Without a support structure,

it can be dicult or women to make

changeseven i they stand to improve their

lives as a result.

The womens development centers ocused

initially on enhancing existing skills to help

their clients improve their livelihoods. Thedetails o the approach vary rom province

to province to suit each areas circumstances;

or example, in Kompong Chhnang, in

the middle o the country, traditional mat

weaving has been the vehicle or change.

I have been doing this since I was 13, said Un

Keang, without looking up rom the loom that

sits between the wooden poles supporting her

The inormal sector is very important. It provides 60% o GDP

and employs more than 80% o women.

Ing Kantha Pavi, minister or womens aairs

Sewing is part o a porolio oincomegenerating activities thatwomen can learn at womensdevelopment centers.

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34/36

house in Khleng Por village. She sat crosslegged

in ront o the handoperated machine, as a

redandcream mat emerged rom the strands o

straw stretched across the contraption.

Now 60 years old, Un Kean is living proo that

age is no barrier to learning something new. The

womens development center, a halhour boat

ride away, has shown her how to adapt her skills

to suit the contemporary market. The changes

she has been able to make have had a signicant

impact on amily nances.

Since the womens development center came

to teach me, I have been able to use more

colors and do diferent designs, she said. In

the past, we sold mats cheaply, but with better

design and color we can get a better price,

and that really makes a diference to daily lie.

The extra money means I can help my children

and grandchildren with their schooling, and

anything else they need.

Beyond Remuneration, Holistic RewardsThav Heat has also discovered that help isclose at hand. The opening o a womens

development center in Leang Dey has brought

the opportunity to learn not only matweaving

skills, but how to produce bags and purses that

can be sold in the souvenir shops o Siem Reap,

the town.

On a rainy weekday aternoon, the center is

ull o activityand an atmosphere o quiet

concentration. Some women are sewing bags

together, their treadlepowered machines

making barely a sound. Even i there were apower cut, they would be able to carry on

working. Another group is measuring material

or bag linings, and a couple o small children

watch as their mothers use rulers to straighten

out the straw, ready or weaving.

People used to spend up to 6 days making

one matand then they would sell it or

$5. Lots o labor, to make very little money,

said Uch Sarom, ADB management and training

advisor at the center. Now, they can make

$3 or $4 a day depending on how ast they

work. We are teaching them marketing and

design at the same time, and also giving

general business training.

Her new skills mean that Thav Heat can stay

close to home while earning the extra money

her amily needs. Even the raw material or

the bags she makes, a grass known locally as

ronchek, grows right on her doorstep.

It has made a big diference, she said. My

amilys standard o living will be much better

than beore. And it is good to have a steady

job close to home because I have my young

children and elderly mother to look ater. I they

need me, I can go to help immediately.

Thav Heat hopes her daughter will be able to

join in the work when she is old enough, instead

o moving away to nd a job. The womens

development center has made that a possibility,and i its encouraging early results continue, it

will have perormed an important service: giving

Cambodian women the tools to make

a sustainable living.

My amilys standard o living will be much better than beore.

And it is good to have a steady job close to home because I have

my young children and elderly mother to look ater.

Thav Heat, who received training rom her local womens development center.

Project Inormation

Womens Development Centers Project

Financing: $1.8 million, Japan Fund or Poverty

Reduction (ADB); $39,500, beneciaries;

$360,500, Government o Cambodia

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A woman spins yarn at anADBsupported womensdevelopment center.

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the heart of development: impact stories from cambodia

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