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Page 1: The Harlem Renaissance Mr. Oppel AP US History. Harlem Renaissance 2 The Harlem Renaissance probed racial themes and what it meant to be black in America

The Harlem Renaissance

Mr. Oppel

AP US History

Page 2: The Harlem Renaissance Mr. Oppel AP US History. Harlem Renaissance 2 The Harlem Renaissance probed racial themes and what it meant to be black in America

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Harlem Renaissance

“The Harlem Renaissance probed racial themes and

what it meant to be black in America”

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Harlem Renaissance

I. IntroductionA. Definition

Generic termdescribes Manhattan-based

(NYC) cultural movement1920s and 30s

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Harlem Renaissance

New York City

B. Location

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Harlem Renaissance

Manhattan Island

WTC

Central Park

Harlem

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Harlem Renaissance

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Harlem Renaissance

C. European Origins

1. European ArtFrench artists study West African

sculpturePopularize artistic primitivism

SpontaneousInstinctive

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Harlem Renaissance

Amedeo Modigliani

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Harlem Renaissance

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Harlem Renaissance

Pablo Picasso

•Les Demoiselles d'Avignon

•1907•African masks

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Harlem Renaissance

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Harlem Renaissance

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Harlem Renaissance

2. European Music

Incorporate syncopation from ragtime

Later reintroduced to jazz

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Harlem Renaissance

Sousa on Tour in Europe

1893 Chicago World’s Fair

touring repertoire began to include early ragtime cakewalks and syncopated songs

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Harlem Renaissance

introduced ragtime to Europe

Performances Paris

Exposition Kaiser

Wilhelm II of Germany

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Harlem Renaissance

Incorporate American jazz Claude DeBussy

Children’s Corner, 1906-8 Igor Stravinsky

Le Sacre duprintemps, 1913 Eric Satie

Parade, 1917

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Harlem Renaissance

Black jazz bands toured Europe during WWI

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Harlem Renaissance

D. American influences

Southern Counter- ReconstructionBlack CodesJim Crow laws

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Harlem Renaissance

WWI Experience in Europe

Harlem Hellfighters

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Harlem Renaissance

The Great Migration & Urbanization

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Harlem Renaissance

The Red Scare

The NEW YORK TIMES lamented the new black militancy:

"There had been no trouble with the Negro before the war when most admitted the superiority of the white race."

                          

                 

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Harlem Renaissance

Claude McKayIf We must Die, 1919

If we must die, let it not be like hogsHunted and penned in an inglorious spot,While round us bark the mad and hungry dogs,Making their mock at our accursed lot.If we must die, O let us nobly die,So that our precious blood may not be shedIn vain; then even the monsters we defyShall be constrained to honor us though dead!O kinsmen we must meet the common foe!Though far outnumbered let us show us brave,And for their thousand blows deal one deathblow!What though before us lies the open grave?Like men we'll face the murderous, cowardly pack,Pressed to the wall, dying, but fighting back!

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Harlem Renaissance

II. Harlem Renaissance

A. Activists B. Artists & PhotographersC. WritersD. Composers, Musicians,

Actors & Singers

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Harlem Renaissance

Prognostications“The nation was on the verge

of a ‘renaissance of American Negro literature’”

W.E.B. DuBois NAACP’s Crisis, 1920

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Harlem Renaissance

“America was ‘on the edge, if not already in the midst of, what might not improperly be called a Negro renaissance’”

New York Herald Tribune, 1925

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Harlem Renaissance

A. Activists

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Harlem Renaissance

Marcus Garvey1887-1940

Jamaican“Back to Africa”

movementUniversal Negro

Improvement Association

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Harlem Renaissance

Uniform of the “Provisional President of Africa”

Opened office in Harlem in 1917

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Harlem Renaissance

                                                                                             

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Harlem Renaissance

Black Star steamship line

Raised money to help blacks emigrate to Africa

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Harlem Renaissance

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Harlem Renaissance

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Harlem Renaissance

Liberia feared he was a revolutionary and pulled away its support

Jailed & deported to Jamaica, 1923

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Harlem Renaissance

African Folklore & Africanism

Alain Locke

W.E.B.DuBois

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Harlem Renaissance

B. Artists & Photographers

Aaron Douglas Jacob LawrenceLM JonesArthur J. Motley, Jr.James Van Der Zee

Page 36: The Harlem Renaissance Mr. Oppel AP US History. Harlem Renaissance 2 The Harlem Renaissance probed racial themes and what it meant to be black in America

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Harlem Renaissance

Aaron Douglas

Painted muralsIllustrated The

Crisis and Opportunity

taught art at Fisk University

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Harlem Renaissance

Aaron Douglas

Aspects of Negro Life, 1934

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Harlem Renaissance

Into

Bondage,

1936

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Harlem Renaissance

L.M. JonesThe Ascent

of Ethiopia,

1932

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Harlem Renaissance

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Harlem Renaissance

Arthur J. Motley, Jr.

1891 – 1981 Art Institute of ChicagoRealistic, urban subjects, jazz, &

abstract painting

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Harlem Renaissance

Cocktails, 1926

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Harlem Renaissance

MotleyBlues,

1929

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Harlem Renaissance

James Van Der Zee 1886 – 1983photographercelebrated the black middle

classbrought dignityreshaped the image of blackness

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Harlem Renaissance

"A Couple Wearing Raccoon Coats With a Cadillac, Taken on West

127th Street," photograph by James Van Der Zee, 1932

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Harlem Renaissance

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Harlem Renaissance

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Harlem Renaissance

Alpha Phi Alpha Basketball Team, 1926

Alpha Phi Basketball

Team,1926

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Harlem Renaissance

C. Writers

Countee CullenLangston Hughes Alain LockeClaude McKayWallace Thurman Jeane ToomerWalter White

Jessie FausetZora Neale

HurstonNella Larsen

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Harlem Renaissance

purpose of writing?

Many establishment blacks “wanted black writers to promote positive images”

The writers themselves wanted to show realism of life in Harlem

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Harlem Renaissance

African–American publications

NAACP Urban League

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Harlem Renaissance

The NAACP magazine

Art Aaron Douglas

Literature Countee Cullen Langston Hughes Clause McKay

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Harlem Renaissance

Claude McKay

Born in JamaicaWrote poetry

and novelsTried to use

poetry to inform as well as please

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Harlem Renaissance

Wrote poem “If We must Die” in response to a series of 1919 race riots

Fled to Soviet Union and Europe,1922In conflict with “Harlem Renaissance”

and claimed to be an older “forerunner”

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Harlem Renaissance

Langston HughesLived in MO and

ClevelandWorked or traveled

in Mexico, Europe, and Africa

Harlem Renaissance poet

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Harlem Renaissance

Stressed nobility of lowly walks of life, developed racial pride, place of AA in white world

Gained attention of whites and raised self-esteem of blacks

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Harlem Renaissance

Wrote in African-American vernacular

Brought rhythm of blues and jazz to writing process

“The Negro Speaks of Rivers”, “Negro”, “Harlem”, “Weary Blues”

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Harlem Renaissance

Zora Neale Hurston

Raised in all-black town in Florida near Orlando

Literary realism and consciousness of race issues like degree of skin-color

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Harlem Renaissance

“Color Struck”Mules and Men, 1935Their Eyes Were Watching

God, 1937

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Harlem Renaissance

D. Composers & Musicians

Jazz Music Clubs artists

Stage ConcertsBrodaway

Page 61: The Harlem Renaissance Mr. Oppel AP US History. Harlem Renaissance 2 The Harlem Renaissance probed racial themes and what it meant to be black in America

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Harlem Renaissance

1. JAZZ

Harlem jazz cultureClubs, cabarets, theaters, ballrooms, rent parties

LiquorWhite and black worlds

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Harlem Renaissance

Musical originsAfrican AmericanSouthernpoorruralBlues, Negro Spirituals, Ragtime

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Harlem Renaissance

Criticism of jazz as music

“cacophpony” and “deliberate vulgarity”

“Bolshevistic smashing of the rules of music”

Jazzing and ad libbing

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Harlem Renaissance

as a cultural influencePromoted “daring couple dancing”

The “sex-exciting” music affected girls morals and threatened chaste girls

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Harlem Renaissance

White Clubs

segregatedshows and

musicblack staff

dance shows light-skinned

girls5’6” or tallerunder 21

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Harlem Renaissance

NEGROTARIANS

Hurston’s name for whites interested in Harlem lifefascinated with Negro culturestill condescended with views of exoticism and a lack of civilization

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Harlem Renaissance

Connie’s InnFats WallerBill “Bojangles”

RobisonLouis

Armstrong

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Harlem Renaissance

Cotton ClubCab Calloway

Duke Ellington

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Harlem Renaissance

Black Clubs

for blacksless expensivefood, music, no shows

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Harlem Renaissance

Duke Ellington, 1899 - ?

Went to NYC at 23Played with bands & then formed ownpianist, conductor, orchestratorImprovised wellRose to prominence from 1928 – 1934

playing at the Cotton Club in Harlem

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Harlem Renaissance

Jazz compositions 1928-34“The Mooche”“It Don’t Mean a Thing If It

Ain’t Got That Swing”“Mood Indigo”“Sophisticated Lady”

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Harlem Renaissance

Bessie Smith

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Harlem Renaissance

2. Negro Spirituals

Sung for musical meritNot baggage of

slaveryPerformers

Marian AndersonPaul Robeson

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Harlem Renaissance

3. BROADWAY

Eubie Blake & Noble SissleShuffle Along, 1921Chocolate Dandies, 1924

Fats WallerAin’t Misbehavin’

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Harlem Renaissance

White writers supported movementSherwood Anderson,

Sinclair Lewis, & Eugene O’NeilSecret financial benefactors

Tried to encourage the exoticism

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Harlem Renaissance

Paul Robeson

LawyerAthleteSingerActorPolitical radical

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Harlem Renaissance

Robeson won the title role in Eugene O’Neil’s Broadway play The Emperor Jones on a lark and improvised on stage into success

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Harlem Renaissance

George Gershwin Porgy and Bess

Jerome Kern & Oscar Hammerstein Showboat

Eugene O’Neil The Emperor Jones All God’s Chillun Got Wings

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Harlem Renaissance

In London The Emperor

Jones Showboat, 1928 Othello, 1930

(picture on left from 1944)

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Harlem Renaissance

Better treatment in Europe led him to radicalismSocialismCommunismTies to U.S.S.R.

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Harlem Renaissance

Josephine Baker

Born in St. LouisPerforming by 15

as a singer and dancer

Expatriate

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Harlem Renaissance

Shuffle Along, 1921-23dancedsangclownedimprovised

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Harlem Renaissance

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Harlem Renaissance

exoticism

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Harlem Renaissance

style

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Harlem Renaissance

showgirl

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Harlem Renaissance

clown

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Harlem Renaissance

sophisticated lady

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Harlem Renaissance

La Revue Negre

Paris, Francescantily claderotic dancing suggestive music

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Harlem Renaissance

“La Folie du Jour”

Paris, France, 1926 Folies Berger night club topless, banana skirt,

climbs down a tree like an animal

danced the charleston erotic and comic

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Harlem Renaissance

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Harlem Renaissance

“the charleston”

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Harlem Renaissance

The end of a movement

By the late 20s & early 30sEconomic hardships with the

DepressionParticipants “moved on” Some prospered throughout the 30s

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Harlem Renaissance

Bibliography Harlem Renaissance

http://www.si.umich.edu/CHICO/Harlem/index.html Josephine Baker

http://www.cmgww.com/stars/baker/home.html Claude DeBussy

http://www.duke.edu/~aparks/class4.html Marcus Garvey

http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/garvey/index.html http://www.isop.ucla.edu/mgpp/sound.htm http://www.isop.ucla.edu/mgpp/facts.htm

Amedeo Modigliani http://www.mystudios.com/gallery/modigliani/gallery_wall.html http://www.trindera.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk/Year%209/modigliani_and_african_art.htm

Pablo Picasso http://www.moma.org/collection/depts/paint_sculpt/blowups/paint_sculpt_006.html http://www.moma.org/collection/conservation/demoiselles/analysis_1_la.html http://cghs.dade.k12.fl.us/african-american/twentieth_century/cubism.htm http://cti.itc.virginia.edu/~bcr/African_Mask.html

Red Summer http://www.pbs.org/wnet/jimcrow/stories_events_red.html


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