The growing marine knowledge based bioeconomy – a solution to the Grand Global Challenges

Dr. Dean Reid Hole Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture

17.01.2013

University of Nordland

• Established 01.01.2011 • Four Faculties

– Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture – Faculty of Professional Studies – Faculty of Social Sciences – Bodø Graduate School of Business

• 6000 students • 600 employees • 80 nationalities • Turnover: NOK 600 millions (€ 80 millions)

Grand global challenges - Let us step into the world and look into the future -

Climate

The temperature will increase by approx. 2°C towards 2050

Food

• Produce 70 % more food in order to control poverty, hunger and disease

Energy

People in emerging economies will increase their buying power

Estimated a 100 % increase in energy consumption

The bio-economy will come in as a supplement to the oil-based economy

Why focus on the bio-economy?

• The concept links to coping with the grand global challenges

• «Business as usual» continuously challenged – The financial crisis

– Reduced economic and political stability

• «Sustainable development»

Knowledge based bio-economy

The term “bio-economy” includes all industries and economic sectors that

produce, manage and in any other way exploit biological resources and related services, supply or consumer industries such as agriculture, food, fisheries, forestry, etc.

(www.regjeringen.no)

Goal of the knowledge based bioeconomy:

To build an European knowledge-based bio-economy by bringing together science, industry and other stakeholders, to exploit new and emerging research opportunities that focus on social, environmental and economic challenges:

The increasing demand for safe and healthy food of high quality, and for sustainable use and production of renewable bio-resources

The increasing risk of epizootic and zoonotic diseases, and diseases related to foodstuffs

Threats to sustainable and safe agricultural, aquaculture and fisheries production

Growing demand for food of high quality

(www.regjeringen.no)

The Bio-economy – from value chains to value circles

Size of the bio-economy

• New industries will come

• European Commission estimates:

– agriculture, forestry, fisheries, food, chemicals and bio-fuels

– Turnover € 1,7-2 trillion

– 22 million jobs

– CAGR 8 %

• Need for social sciences to address descriptive aspects of the bioeconomy

Bio-economy growth

• High ambitions in European countries

• Policy development and planned funding of R&I

• Economic prosperity linked to ecological compatibility/sustainability/grand challenges

• Bio-economy is therefore more than ‘just’ a growth sector

• It is a new and highly integrative concept uniting science, business and society in a dialogue about sustainability and global issues of the future

The EU strategy KBBE – other countries and continents building alliances with EU

• EU KBBE strategy approved 2010

• Member states strategies

• Alliances:

– New Zealand

– Australia

– USA

– BRICS

Food

The world’s meat production is increasing

• The average income is increasing in large parts of the world

• Global meat production expected to double within 2050

• The salmon production is marginal compared to land animal productions

(Data from FAO)

0,0

20,0

40,0

60,0

80,0

100,0

120,0

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

mil

lio

n t

on

s

Pig Chicken Cattle A salmon Aquaculture (ex plants) world production 2009

62,8

80,3

106,3

1,4

55,1

Cattle Chicken Pig A salmon Aquaculture

Animal feed

Fish meal and oil

Agriculture Fisheries ~ 90 mill tons

Human consumption Human consumption

(Data from FAO)

30% 70%

Cereals: 35% animal feed

Use of energy and minerals Land degradation Habitat destruction Loss of biodiversity Ground water depletion Pollution (pesticides, NOx, SOx, CO2, CH4)

Retention FCR “ Waste”

Retention of nutrients in edible part (%)

Edible part (%)

FCR Protein Gross

energy

Atlantic salmon*

65 1.3 26 21

Pig** 52 3.0 17.9 14

Chicken (with skin)**

50 1.9 21.2 12

Lamb** 38 8.5 4.8 4.7

*Ytrestøyl et al., 2011

**Bjørkli 2002

LCA analysis*

Chicken Pig Salmon

CO2 equivalents 23.4 3.9 2.6

Land occupation

7.0 8.4 3.3

Energy input/output

6.2

*Per kg edible product in 2010; Norwegian salmon production compared to Swedish pork and chicken production

Utilization of aquatic food products based on the total production of 154 Mt (2011)

Human foods (131 Mt)

Per capita utilization is 18.6 kg

Over 3 billion people obtain 15 % of their animal protein intake from fish

Mt = million tonnes

FAO

Aquatic food for human consumption

Norway First in Europe: 1.02 Mt, 40%

Seventh in world: 1.68%

Mt = million tonnes FAO

Average annual growth rate – World: 6.3% – Norway: 8.3%

Norway in world aquaculture

Marine bio-production Fishing and fish farming quantity in Norway

The importance of the Atlantic cod

2011: • Third largest export commodity in Norway • Landed catch of cod: 340 099 tons • Landing value: 3.9 billion NOK

Most valuable fishery in Norway (www.ssb.no)

(www.figurteateret.no)

Catch by species 2011 Capture value by species 2011

Growth of aquaculture

• Salmon will for many years be the cornerstone

• White fish species will come

• Sea weeds and microalgae to come

• Norway has a leading role in modern aquaculture

Energy

Protein for food, feed Carbohydrates for basic

chemicals

Biodiesel Biogas

Microalgae

Sustainable resource Fix CO2

Macro- and microalgae

ENERGY Alternate

Feedstocks

Liquid biofuels Plants Algal feedstocks

Macro and microalgae

Hydrocarbon source

High yield of lipid and carbohydrate biomass per acre

* International Energy Outlook 2010; US DoE

Global demand in 2035*

Posten and Schaub 2009

Pathways to fuel with microalgae

US DoE, 2010

Oil

Phospholipids

Pigments etc.

Carbohydrates

Protein

Multiple components Utilize every fraction

US DoE National Algal Biofuels Technology

Roadmap – Potential to tap into valuable co-products from biofuel production

Biorefinery concept

BASF SE, Germany and Solix Biofuels, Inc., USA Multiple algae species are used to produce certain chemicals for BASF employing SOLIX’s proprietary growth system, AGS™ • Chemicals from a renewable source • A number of exciting specialty products

Solazyme, Inc., USA and Unilever Algal oil for use in soaps and other personal care products

• http://solazyme.com/ http://www.solixbiofuels.com

Leads in industrial biotechnology

• Fishmeal – still a prime ingredient

• World fishmeal production - av. 6 million tonnes / yr*

• Usage for aquatic feeds by 2015 - 3.1 million tonnes*

• Points of concern – availability, prices and sustainability

• Alternatives – terrestrial plant proteins

innovative proteins :

microbial and algal species

*FAO

Raw material sources to grow farmed fish

Marine bio-prospecting • Definition: the search for bioactive molecules and compounds from marine

sources having new, unique properties and the potential for commercial applications. Amongst others, applications include medicines, food and feed, textiles, cosmetics and the process industry

• MabCent-SFI – Marine Bioprospecting in the Arctic – a research centre – established by the Research Council of Norway – hosted by the University of Tromsø – MabCent has tested about 200,000 extracts, finding several hundred "hits" – Through further research and development, some of these hits will become

valuable "leads", i.e. characterized compounds known to possess biological effects of interest

• The commercial partners in MabCent-SFI are Biotec Pharmacon ASA and its subsidiary ArcticZymes AS, ABC BioScience AS, Lytix Biopharma AS and Pronova BioPharma ASA

Horizon 2020

Tackling Societal Challenges

Excellence

in the Science Base

Crating Industrial Leadership and

Competitve Frameworks

Horizon 2020:

Innovating for Sustainable Growth: a bio-economy for Europe:

1. Sustainable Agriculture and Forestry

2. Sustainable and Competitive Agri-Food Sector for a Safe and Healthy Diet

3. Unlocking the potential of Aquatic Living Resources

4. Sustainable and Competitive bio-based Industries

Can we afford to produce more on land or do we have to make use of the capacity in the oceans?

• Agriculture – Use of energy and minerals

– Land degradation

– Habitat destruction

– Loss of biodiversity

– Ground water depletion

– Pollution (pesticides, NOx, SOx, CO2, CH4)

• Fisheries

– Declining

– More and more fish will be used directly for human consumption

• One way to produce more food and energy is to develop the marine knowledge based bioeconomy

Summary

• The knowledge based bioeconomy (KBBE) will is based on principles for a sustainable development of the economy

• Restrictions on the agriculture production • Fossil energy consumption to be reduced • EU and separate member states have

implemented strategies for fostering the KBBE • One way to manage the escalating demands for

food and energy is to develop the marine KBBE • Europe is stimulating the further development of

the KBBE