The Grim Cost of WarThe Grim Cost of War ““We set to work to bury people. We We set to work to bury people. We

pushed them into the sides of the pushed them into the sides of the trenches but bits of them kept getting trenches but bits of them kept getting uncovered and sticking out, like people uncovered and sticking out, like people in a badly made bed. Hands were the in a badly made bed. Hands were the worst; they would escape from the worst; they would escape from the sand, pointing, begging—even waving! sand, pointing, begging—even waving! There was one which we all shook There was one which we all shook when we passed, saying, when we passed, saying, ““Good Good morning,morning,”” in a posh voice. Everybody in a posh voice. Everybody did it. The bottom of the trench was did it. The bottom of the trench was springy like a mattress because of all springy like a mattress because of all the bodies underneath…the bodies underneath…”” Leonard Thompson, quoted in Leonard Thompson, quoted in AkenfieldAkenfield

LONG-TERM CAUSES LONG-TERM CAUSES OF WORLD OF WORLD WAR IWAR I

NATIONALISMNATIONALISM•Loyalty and pride for one’s nation

•People usually share common language, history or culture

•In Germany, many small regions united to form one country (late 1800’s)

•Problem: small disputes between 2 countries can become major issues and involve many countries

•Austria-Hungary and Russia:•Made up of many minority groups•Many had a desire to unify all Slavic people (Pan-Slavism)•Austrian government was loyal to Germany (Pan-Germanism)

MANY ETHNIC GROUPS FOUND

WITHIN AUSTRIA-HUNGARY

ALLIANCESALLIANCES•Fear and distrust among countries led to the formation of alliances

•Discouraged attacks from enemies

•Dangers:•Gave countries a sense of security•A country may deal differently with another if it has support•Conflict will involve numerous countries instead of the original 2

Triple EntenteTriple Entente::Triple EntenteTriple Entente:: Triple AllianceTriple Alliance::Triple AllianceTriple Alliance::

Germany

Austria-Hungary

Italy

Great Britain

France

Russia

IMPERIALISMIMPERIALISM

•Domination by one country of the political, economic, or cultural life of another country or region (Colonies)

•Major European nations began dividing up Africa, Asia and the Middle East into colonies:

•Supply raw materials for production•Larger market to sell goods•More opportunities for investments

EUROPEAN COLONIES WORLDWIDE

•Britain was the world’s superpower throughout most of the 1700’s and 1800’s:

•However: Germany began to out produce Britain by early 1900’s•Also competing for colonies worldwide•Created an economic rivalry

MILITARISMMILITARISM

•Glorification (build up) of the military

•Military leaders began to gain more influence in national policy due to rivalry among countries

•The public supported military build up and the use of force to achieve national goals

Kaiser Wilhelm

BRITAIN:•World’s best

navy•Began to fear

Germany’s strength

British Warship

GERMANY:•Best trained army in

world•Significant increase

in naval power(u-boats)

American NeutralityAmerican Neutrality

Wilson declares the US to be Wilson declares the US to be neutralneutral

Britain uses Britain uses propagandapropaganda to gain to gain US supportUS supportAlso cut transatlantic cable to Also cut transatlantic cable to limit media coveragelimit media coverage

US businesses and banks support US businesses and banks support AlliesAllies

Lusitania Lusitania May 1915 British May 1915 British

passenger ship, passenger ship, LusitaniaLusitania, sank by , sank by German U-Boat (128 German U-Boat (128 Americans on board)Americans on board)

Sussex Sussex

U-boat shot at French ship, U-boat shot at French ship, SussexSussex Results in Results in ““Sussex PledgeSussex Pledge”” President Wilson issued Germans President Wilson issued Germans

a warninga warning Germany promised not to fire on Germany promised not to fire on

merchant ships without warning- merchant ships without warning- kept US out of war for a little kept US out of war for a little longerlonger

Zimmermann TelegramZimmermann Telegram Zimmerman Zimmerman

TelegramTelegram Secret Secret

telegram from telegram from Germany to Germany to Mexico asking Mexico asking them to fight them to fight against the against the U.S.—U.S.—intercepted intercepted by the British, by the British, angers the angers the U.S.U.S.

US declares war on Germany

BuildingBuildingup the Militaryup the Military

NNational Defense Act: increased the size of the army and ational Defense Act: increased the size of the army and trained officers through trained officers through conscriptionconscription and selective service (2.8 and selective service (2.8 million drafted)million drafted)

Women and African Americans served in the armed forcesWomen and African Americans served in the armed forces Women in non-combat positionsWomen in non-combat positions African Americans faced discriminations and prejudiceAfrican Americans faced discriminations and prejudice

War Industries Board- War Industries Board- coordinated production of war coordinated production of war materialsmaterials

Victory GardensVictory Gardens Liberty/Victory BondsLiberty/Victory Bonds

Organizing IndustryOrganizing Industry

Ensuring Public SupportEnsuring Public Support Set up Set up Committee on Public Committee on Public

InformationInformation/George Creel/George Creel Hired writers to create propaganda to swing public Hired writers to create propaganda to swing public

opinion in favor of the waropinion in favor of the war Espionage Act of 1917- made it illegal to spy or Espionage Act of 1917- made it illegal to spy or

interfere with governmentinterfere with government Sedition Act of 1918- no public opposition of warSedition Act of 1918- no public opposition of war Schenck v. the United States- Supreme Court Schenck v. the United States- Supreme Court

rules that a persons freedom of speech is rules that a persons freedom of speech is limited when the words constitute a limited when the words constitute a ““clear and clear and present dangerpresent danger”” Ex.: Yelling Ex.: Yelling ““fire!fire!”” in a crowded theatre in a crowded theatre

An Industrialized WarAn Industrialized War Weapons were produced with the same Weapons were produced with the same

efficient methods of mass production efficient methods of mass production that industrialists had applied to other that industrialists had applied to other productsproducts

TECHNOLOGICAL TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCEMENTS ADVANCEMENTS

IN WARFAREIN WARFAREMachine Gun:•Accurate and rapid fire•1 man could hold off a hundred

The Machine GunThe Machine Gun One of the most important weapons of WWIOne of the most important weapons of WWI Highly effectiveHighly effective Land armies often found any advance Land armies often found any advance

difficult and costlydifficult and costly

Machine GunsMachine Guns

Trench WarfareTrench Warfare Protection from machine gun fire and artillery Protection from machine gun fire and artillery

bombardmentsbombardments Armies dug large trenches where they might live Armies dug large trenches where they might live

for monthsfor months

British boys play acting Trench Warfare

TanksTanks Introduced by the British Introduced by the British An armored vehicle mounted with gunsAn armored vehicle mounted with guns Enabled troops to break though enemy linesEnabled troops to break though enemy lines

TANKS

•Armored vehicle designed to break trenches•Protected advancing troops•Often slow and clumsy

POISONOUS GAS

•Various gases caused choking, blinding, or skin blisters•Used to kill or disable troops during an attack•Gas masks lessened the effectiveness

Poison GasPoison Gas Germans were 1Germans were 1stst to use chlorine gas in to use chlorine gas in

1915 (Battle of Ypres)1915 (Battle of Ypres) Caused a burning sensation to the throat and chest Caused a burning sensation to the throat and chest

pains. Painful death by suffocationpains. Painful death by suffocation Weather had to be just right—any wind could blow Weather had to be just right—any wind could blow

gas back on your own mengas back on your own men Mustard gas was most deadly weapon Mustard gas was most deadly weapon

used used Fired into the trenches in shells—colorless and takes Fired into the trenches in shells—colorless and takes

12 hours to begin working (death can take up to 5 12 hours to begin working (death can take up to 5 weeks)weeks)

Effects include blistering skin, vomiting, sore yes, Effects include blistering skin, vomiting, sore yes, internal and external bleedinginternal and external bleeding

Poison GasPoison Gas The Germans were the first to use itThe Germans were the first to use it The Allies quickly followed suitThe Allies quickly followed suit

American wearing a Gas Mask

British Horse wearing a Gas Mask

American wearing a respirator

Sounding the gong in preparation of a gas attack

Casualties From Gas - The Numbers

CountryTotal Casualties Death

Austria-Hungary 100,000 3,000

British Empire 188,706 8,109

France 190,000 8,000

Germany 200,000 9,000

Italy 60,000 4,627

Russia 419,340 56,000

USA 72,807 1,462

Others 10,000 1,000

FLAMETHROWERS

•Used to clear enemy trenches•Could be hazardous carrying into combat

AIRPLANES

•Used for observation early•Later on: “dogfights” were carried out •Overall, minor impact on the war

AirplanesAirplanes Airplanes in the early 1900Airplanes in the early 1900’’s were neither s were neither

very maneuverable nor very fastvery maneuverable nor very fast They were used primarily for observing troop They were used primarily for observing troop

movements and for dropping explosives movements and for dropping explosives

Gun on German Airplane

Balloons were also used in WWI

U- BOATS (Unterseeboot)

•Underwater ships: launch torpedoes or bombs•Used mostly by Germans to destroy Allied shipping and break blockades

Submarines/U-boatsSubmarines/U-boats Did serious damage to Allied shippingDid serious damage to Allied shipping

Loading torpedoes into a French submarine

The DraftThe Draft Most European wars before this time Most European wars before this time

had been fought by professional soldiers had been fought by professional soldiers who worked for money and rationswho worked for money and rations

WWI was fought by armies of drafted WWI was fought by armies of drafted citizenscitizens

Those who could not fight worked at Those who could not fight worked at home to help the war efforthome to help the war effort

Many women participated in the war Many women participated in the war effort by working in factories effort by working in factories

Governments made use of propagandaGovernments made use of propaganda

Move Toward PeaceMove Toward Peace

Peace conference begins January 1919 in Peace conference begins January 1919 in ParisParis

Big FourBig Four President Wilson, British Prime Minister President Wilson, British Prime Minister

David Lloyd George, French Premier David Lloyd George, French Premier Georges Clemenceau, Italian Prime Georges Clemenceau, Italian Prime Minister Vittorio OrlandoMinister Vittorio Orlando

Fourteen PointsFourteen Points President WilsonPresident Wilson’’s plan for peaces plan for peace League of Nations- help to prevent wars League of Nations- help to prevent wars

Fourteen PointsFourteen Points Allies felt it was too easy on GermanyAllies felt it was too easy on Germany

Required Germany to disband armed forcesRequired Germany to disband armed forces Had to accept blame and pay reparations Had to accept blame and pay reparations

Many members of Congress opposed the Treaty Many members of Congress opposed the Treaty of Versailles (thought the League of Nations of Versailles (thought the League of Nations would drag the U.S. into conflict)would drag the U.S. into conflict)

Wilson suffers a strokeWilson suffers a stroke Senate refuses Treaty of Versailles, signs Senate refuses Treaty of Versailles, signs

individual treaties with the Central Powers individual treaties with the Central Powers League of Nations starts without the U.S.League of Nations starts without the U.S.

The Red ScareThe Red Scare Strikes cause fear of Communist revolution Strikes cause fear of Communist revolution

within the U.S.within the U.S. U.S. Attorney General A. Mitchell PalmerU.S. Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer’’s s

house is damaged by a bomb (Communists house is damaged by a bomb (Communists are blamed)are blamed)

Palmer sets up General Intelligence Palmer sets up General Intelligence Division, headed by J. Edgar Hoover (later Division, headed by J. Edgar Hoover (later became the FBI)became the FBI)

Palmer Raids- Raids on private homes and Palmer Raids- Raids on private homes and businesses conducted by the GIB to businesses conducted by the GIB to investigate communistsinvestigate communists