the greek city-states c.2000 b.c.- 404 b.c.. sea and land geography of greece short mountain ranges...
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Sea and Land
Geography of Greece Short mountain
ranges cut up the mainland
Mountains kept villages apart and allowed invaders from the North
Rivers are short No large kingdoms led
to formation of city-states
Early Greek Peoples
Minoans Earliest Greek
civilization Palace and Homes of
nobles had running water
Artists covered walls with frescoes
Minoans were sailors/traders
Crete King Minos
Early Greek Peoples The Mycenaean
Controlled Greece form 1600 BC to 1200 BC Warring people that formed clans Built fort like cities Adopted the Minoan form of writing called Linear B
City States of Greece
Covered a small area of land Most were slaves/non citizens
Only free adult males had citizenship rights
Built forts on an acropolis Each city state had an agora Each polis form its own government and laws Common Things
Spoke same language Religious ideas, characteristics, and social patterns
Governmentand Society
Objectives: Explain Importance of Homer’s Work Identify major religious beliefs and practices of
the ancient Greeks Describe changes that occurred in the
governments of the Greek city states
Greek Culture
Traveling poets sang or recited folk songs,
ballads, or epics
Homer- blind poet who wrote the epics Iliad
and the Odyssey
Iliad tells of the Legend of the Trojan
War
The Odyssey tells what happened after
the Trojan war
Religious Beliefs
3 things for Religion
To explain nature, emotions that causes
people to lose self-control, and certain
benefits
Believed spirits went to gray, gloomy
underworld ruled by Hades Created Myths about gods, goddesses, and
heroes Oracles- where gods spoke through priests
Olympics
Greeks showed strength and bravery to the gods in athletic events
Olympic Games Held every 4 years to honor Zeus Only men competed Foot races, javelin and disc throw, and wrestling First games held in 776 B.C.
Greek Government
City-state originated as small kingdoms
Aristocrats would eventually represent each noble
city state
Greek city states that were controlled by nobles
were known as Aristocracies
Acted as judges, determined the laws &
punishment
Controlled religion
Greek Government
Hoplite
Heavy infantry who carried
long spears fought in close
formations
Chariots and Calvary
was no match for the Hoplites
Became important to the
defense of the city-state
Greek Government
Tyrants Illegally took power but with people’s support Ruled well, at first, then became unjust
Popular Government People can and should rule themselves
Democracy Government in which citizens take part Full political rights to small part of population Women and slaves lacked political rights
Sparta and Athens
Objectives: Analyze the
society of Sparta
Explain the development of democracy in Athens
Sparta: The Military Ideal
Helots- Conquered people of the Peloponnesus
Spartan Society
Equals- descendants of the invaders, controlled the
city-state, and equal land among citizens.
Half-citizens- free, paid taxes, and served in the army
but had no political power
Helots- slaves of the Spartans
Sparta Government
Two Kings head of Government One King led army Other king took care of the home matters
Council of Elders 28 male citizens over the age of 60
Assembly of all males over 30 years old Elected 5 ephors to make sure the King
stayed within the law
Sparta Military Society
Every adult male was part of the military Age 7
Lived in military barracks Age 18-20
Trained for war Age 20
Began military service Remained available for military service until
60 years of age
Athens Society
Citizens formed the top group Only Athenian born men had political rights
Metics Non citizens, free, paid taxes Could not take part in government
Slaves People captured during war Athenians considered slavery natural and
necessary
Athens Government
Only citizens who owned land held office All adult males meet in assemblies
Elect 9 archons Draco- created Athens 1st written law code around
621 B.C.
Athens Government
Solon Settled disputes between creditors and debtors
Outlawed slavery for debt
Solon divided all citizens into four groups
based on wealth
Peisistratus Ruled Athens as a tyrant from 546-527 B.C.
Athens Democracy
Cleisthenes Turned Athens into a democracy Cleisthenes form of government is known as direct
democracy
Athens 10 tribes Each tribe chose 50 men to form Council of 500 Members served for 1 year and could not serve twice Council proposed laws to assembly Assembly had final authority
Daily Life in Athens
Athenian Economy Terracing helped farmers
plant on hillsides Colonies were
established by Athenian farmers/workers
Spent money on public buildings
Set up colonies and traded goods in the Mediterranean Sea
Home and Family
Lived in simple homes Marriages were
arranged Purpose of marriage
was to have children
Women considered inferior Could not own or
inherit property
Boys cared for by a Pedagogue
Education and Military
Young Athenian boys studied reading, writing, grammar, poetry, music, and gymnastics
Sophists taught older boys government, math, ethics and rhetoric
At 18, Athenian males received 1 year of military training
The Expansion of Greece
Objectives: Explain how the Persian Wars began and
what the results of those wars were Analyze the effects of Pericles's
leadership in Athens Explain how the Peloponnesian War
began and its result
The Persian Wars
Series of conflicts betweens Greece and Persia that lasted from 500 B.C. to 479 B.C.
Battle of Marathon Athenians defeated the Persians, ending the
Persian Wars Battle of Thermopylae
300 Spartans fought bravely against the Persians
Give other Greek city-states time to prepare to fight
The Persian Wars
Themistocles Athenian leader who helped
to defeat the Persian navy by tricking Xerxes at the Salamis Straight
Persian Navy was larger than the Greek
Greek ships were more maneuverable
This ended the Persian Wars
Results of the Persian War
Persian War unified the Greek city-states to protect themselves
Athenians rebuilt and created it own empire in the Aegean Sea
Delian League Alliance of city-states with Athens as it leader Included 140 city-states, each contributed money and
ships Sparta feared Helot rebellion and kept troops close to
home
Age of Pericles 461 B.C.- 429 B.C.
Leader of Athens
Great statesman and General
Built Parthenon and Acropolis
Athens reached its peak
power and wealth
Made Athens the cultural and
political capital of Greece
Athens Democracy
All male citizens, except the lower class, could hold public office
Office holders were paid a salary Chosen by lot so that no one had an advantage
Strengthening of Athens
Established colonies in important or rebellious area Used the Navy to keep the Persians out of the
Aegean Sea Used power of Athens to ensure prosperity and
stability Strengthen the Delian League
Forced city-states to join the league Athens made all decision for the league
Peloponnesian War
Between Sparta and Athens
Reasons for War
Old rivalries
Athenian control of Delian League
Quarrels over trade
Young men eager to fight
Sparta vs Athens
Sparta Has the stronger Army Began the fighting by invading the Attic
Peninsula in 431 B.C. Forced the Athens to retreat behind the walls of
Athens Athens
Has the stronger Navy Brought food into the city by ships in the Aegean
Sea Athens plague killed Pericles
Sparta vs.
Athens
War lasted 27 years Punctuated by periods of truce and armed
peace Sparta joined forces with Persia to cut off the
Athenian Starving Athens surrendered in 404 B.C.
After War Sparta attempted to control all of Greece City-states continued to fight each other for
years
Essay Question
Compare the social classes in Spartan society with those in the Athenian society. Citizens in Athens and equals in Sparta were
males who could vote and own property. Metics in Athens and half citizens in Sparta were
free and paid taxes but could not take part in government or own land.
Athens’s slaves and Sparta’s helots had no political rights