THE GREAT SAMOYED HERD DOG MYTH

By Jim Osborn

© Jim Osborn, 1992First published in the Samoyed Quarterly, Summer, 1992.

Hoflin Publishing, Inc. Wheat Ridge, CO

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NOTEThe "Genealogy" section of this article was based on widelypublished data from seemingly credible authors. However, keyelements of this material are now dated, and are disputed by themajority of modern authorities. This negates some of that particularsection of the article, but has no impact on the remainder.

Jim Osborn January, 2003

Intoduction & BackgroundA decade or so ago, the AKC split

the herding dogs out of the WorkingGroup to form their own group. Atthat time there was considerable hooplafrom some Samoyed fanciers whoagitated to have the Samoyed includedin the new Herding Group. The AKCdeclined, including in the new group,only those breeds having been specifi-cally bred for the purpose of herding. Ipersonally heaved a sigh of relief,believing that the future of the breedwas secure with the AKC, even if wecouldn't completely trust the fancy. Iwas wrong. The herding flap dieddown for a while but did not die out,and recently built up again to the pointof the Samoyed Club of America(SCA) Board of Governors havingpetitioned the AKC to allow Sammiesto compete in sanctioned herdingevents. In the April 1992 AKCGazette, the AKC published theirapproval for this back-door admissionof the Samoyed into herding. Thisseems to have happened without anyinvitation to, or opportunity for, anyreal public dialog on the issue. Ipersonally feel this to be anill-considered action by all parties.Even though I am dealing with a faitaccompli, I am none-the-less takingthis opportunity to open the overduepublic discussion on the subject.

Why would I object to havingSamoyeds compete in sanctionedherding events? My initial inclinationwas for bemused tolerance, but myopposition has grown from the realiza-tion that: All AKC sanctioned eventsare conducted for the express purposeof influencing the selection of breedingstock. The Samoyed breed is not aspecial-purpose breed, and has neverbeen bred for the purpose of herding.If we now start using sheep herdingperformance as a selection criterion,then, over the long term, there wouldappear to be some risk of distorting thetype, temperament, true work purpose,and versatility of the Samoyed. It is onthese grounds that I object to theSamoyed's participation in sanctionedherding events. I have no objection to

what people may do with their dogsjust for fun. If they enjoy training inspecial-purpose hunting techniques,have at it; if they want to engage insled racing, weight pulling, or packing,go ahead; and if, just for fun, they wantto take their dog out and play in thesheep dip, be my guest. But we shouldnot have the importance of AKCsanctioning attached to these recrea-tions -- at the risk of screwing up thebreed in future generations.

What's that? I just heard someoneholler that the Samoyed people usedtheir dogs to herd reindeer. Ah-ha!There it is -- The Great Samoyed HerdDog Myth. In the following sections,we'll take the myth apart piece-by-piece, and with a little luck, nobody'llbe able to put it together again. The Origin Of The Myth

Like many artifices, the myth ofthe reindeer herding Samoyed dog isgrounded in commercialconsiderations. The early Englishbreeders had considerable difficulty inselling their puppies for basically threereasons: (1) The breed was virtuallyunknown; (2) Samoyeds were a bitlarge for the English homes and apart-ments of the era; and (3) There hadbeen a lot of bad PR regarding "fiercewolf-like sledge dogs". The first ofthese problems could only be solved bytime and familiarization. The size issuewas "solved" simply by drawing up astandard that lopped a bit off of thenatural size range of the breed on theassumption that the breeders couldselectively downsize the dogs to fit thestandard. Fortunately, the geneticconstitution of the breed didn't allowthat, so the British are still measuringtheir dogs with rubber rulers. Lastly,the "fierce sled dog" image could beovercome by inventing a different workpurpose. (Guess what?)

I'm sure no one knows for surewhether the fabrication of the reindeerherding story was deliberate oraccidental. The earliest English breed-ers fully understood the heritage of thedogs they were working with, and asearly as 1891, ads appeared in English

papers for "...white Russian (Samoyed)sledge dog pups..." (from the Kilburn-Scotts) (Ref 1). "The Great Myth"went public in 1911 at the GlasgowExposition (Ref 2). Some Laplanderswere on display with tents, reindeer,and full native regalia -- but had noneof their dogs. Mr. Kilburn-Scottoffered some Samoyeds which theLaplanders insisted were nothing liketheir own herding dogs. But, this was"show biz", and the show must go on,so the Sammies were displayed withthe Lapps, and the attendant newsphotos and publicity formally launchedThe Great Myth.

Once launched, the myth hasrefused to die. English breeders werenot eager to undo the favorable public-ity, and the "gentle herd dog" imagewas easier to sell than the "fiercesledge dog". English fanciers facedlegal restrictions on using these dogsfor their legitimate draft work, even forrecreation. Novice fanciers of course,accepted what they heard from theirseniors, and many never got around todoing their own homework. (Do weknow any of those?) And reasonablyenough, most observers felt the mythwas essentially harmless. Attacking itis still viewed as somewhat akin toattacking the Tooth Fairy.

So there, in a nutshell, is the birthof the myth. (Tooth Fairy, make myday!)Some Historical Commentary On TheMyth

Some historians give credence tothe myth on the grounds that there wereSamoyed tribes who used dogs to herdreindeer. True ...BUT... there was notjust a single "Samoyed" people, therewere many different tribes with differ-ent customs and lifestyles, and therewas not a single "Samoyed" breed ofdog, but many different breeds used indifferent manners by the differentSamoyed tribes. Indeed, by the timethe history of these people was beingdocumented, there had already beensignificant cross-breeding with thedogs of eastern Europe and Russia.The breed that we know today as "The

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Samoyed" was referred to by many asthe "Bjelkier" -- "the white dog thatbreeds white". He is quite distinctivefrom the other "Samoyed" breeds of theera.

I find substantial positive evidencethat the Bjelkier was an effectivehunter, guard, and draft dog. But, I canfind no similarly credible and positiveevidence that he was ever used as areindeer herd dog -- and it is not forwant of looking. There are at least adozen credible authors who havedocumented the hunting, guarding, andhauling capabilities of the Bjelkierfrom Siberia. Many of these alsoprovide photographic evidence of thetype of dog involved as well as theiractivities and accomplishments. (For abrief overview of a number of theseauthors, read Chapter one of eitheredition of the Wards' book (Ref 1,3), orthe History section of Reference 4.) Ican find no comparable body ofevidence for the herding hypothesis.One author, W. B. Vanderlip in InSearch of a Siberian Klondike (Ref 5)described "dog" tribes with no deer,and "deer" tribes with no dogs. Amongother authors I have read, those whodescribe "Samoyed herd dogs" either;(1) fail to describe the type andtemperament of the dogs involved, or(2) describe a distinctly non-Bjelkiertype of dog -- even though he may belabeled a "Samoyed". One example ofthis "evidence" is in the writings ofMajor Frederick G. Jackson in TheGreat Frozen Land (Ref 6). MajorJackson traveled through much ofnorthwestern Siberia in the years of1893-94 in preparation for his subse-quent expedition to Franz Josef Land.Traveling among the Samoyed people,he noted the great value of a well-trained reindeer herd dog, comparedwith an untrained pup. Some authorshave cited these passages as "evidence"of the reindeer herding Samoyed dog.What they have convenientlyoverlooked is the photograph thataccompanies Major Jackson's text,which I have reproduced as Figure 1.In this photograph we see a group ofGEN-U-WINE SAM-O-YAD

REINDEER HERD DOGS. Take agood look. Wouldn't you love to findthose guys in your pedigrees? Not oneprick ear or bush tail in the lot. Mr.Trevor-Battye in Ice-Bound onKolguev (Ref 7) does much the same.He describes the great value and typicalusage of the "Samoyed" herding dogs,but his (somewhat limited) descriptionof those dogs makes them sound rathernon-Bjelkier in type. And so it goes.

A few additional notes on MajorJackson. He subsequently did chooseto take Samoyed dogs on his expedi-tion to Franz Josef Land to supplementhis Russian ponies. However, hespecified the taller, stronger, Bjelkier --though not all of his dogs were white.During the three-year expedition theponies died, as did a few Reindeer thathad been sent by his suppliers asreplacements. When the last pony diedduring the nearly disastrous sleddingexpedition in the spring of 1897, thedogs saved his fanny, and he finallyreturned to England with several ofthem. His dogs were welded into thebreed, and are in all your pedigreestoday. Major Jackson himself servedthe Samoyed Association of Englandfor nearly twenty years.

How about the handful of specificindividual dogs on whom the modernbreed is founded? An unfortunateaspect of history is that it deprives usof a lot of personal details. There

simply has not been enough preservedabout individual foundation dogs.There are published photos of many.The early breeders were fairly rigorousabout commenting on color, sometimescoat, and occasionally size (thoughrarely with hard, detailed measure-ments). Very little is said about gait,and almost nothing about temperamentand details of behavior, except forconsistent comments about intelligenceand love for humans. The explorersgave us reasonable glimpses of generalpack/team behavior, but were moreconcerned with physical accomplish-ment. Hutchinson (Ref 8) quotessome early English breeders regardingdetails on their dogs, but these arealmost entirely confined to TheEnglish-bred dogs, as opposed to thefoundation animals. There just seemsto be very little surviving individualdetail on the critical ancestors.

There are perhaps two exceptionsto this lack of data. A few expeditiondogs were described in good detail. InA Thousand Days In The Arctic (Ref9), Jackson gives us a fair look at"Nimrod" and "Jenny" (but not themore critical "Kvik" or "Flo") who areall in our pedigrees. Nimrod and Jennywere both guard and hunting dogs,guarding the men and camp against,and hunting for, bear. Bear huntinginvolved tracking, cornering, andholding the bear at bay until the men

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Figure 1. A Samoyed reindeer herdsman and his dogs.Northwestern Siberia, circa 1893-94.

From The Great Frozen Land by F. G. Jackson, Harper & Bros., 1895.

could arrive and dispatch them. Veryimportantly, they also supplementedhis ponies in draft work. Nimrod andJenny were among the five dogs whosurvived his spring of '97 sled trip.

Another source of detail is MissW. L. Puxley in her charming littlebook, Samoyeds (Ref 10). Miss Puxleywas the English owner of "Sam", anexpedition dog and one of the breed'sfounders. Miss Puxley describes theescapades of her lot with informalclarity and wit, and with the delightfulEnglish penchant for understatement.Sam was a handful. A survivor ofSiberia, polar explorations, a couple oflong boat rides in-between, and a 5000-year cultural jump; he was "a bit differ-ent" than anything Miss Puxley hadpreviously experienced. DescribingSam, Miss Puxley used such phrases as"...a strangely beautiful animal..,...dignity and nobility of carriage.., ...half wild qualities". Sam survivedhis traumatic life with an elementaryphilosophy: "Humans and kennelmatesare great. Otherwise: if it moves, kill it;if it doesn't, pee on it." (Sam was smartenough to keep it simple.)

It turns out that one of MissPuxley's major kennel expenses wasrestitution to local livestock owners.(Cats were cheap.) And this was by nomeans all due to Sam. You need toread for yourself about "Keena". She'sin your pedigrees along side Sam. Ihave an indelible mental image ofKeena in the neighbor's goldfish pond.

I wish we had comparablecommentary on the other foundationdogs. If any reader out there has oldfiles of notes or correspondence withsuch information, we would appreciateyour sharing it.

Even in the absence of hard data, Ibelieve we can reasonably draw someinferences -- and this is where thearguments will start. Besides Sam,Nimrod, and Jenny, several other of themost influential dogs were expeditiondogs. Now, the expedition leaderswere largely intelligent, educated menwith good judgment and organizationalskills, and they spent years organizing,

planning, and outfitting their expedi-tions. Some of them, includingNansen, had experience with Green-land huskies, and by experience, theypreferred the Siberian dogs -- with thepreference for the Bjelkier. Most alsofully understood that their livesdepended on the performance of thedogs. These men were incrediblybrave, but not foolhardy, and it defiesall logic to assert that these guys wouldrisk their entire expeditions and theirvery lives on the unproven perform-ance of converted herding dogs. Mostof the dogs were trained to harnesswhen delivered to the expeditions, asfurther conviction of their draft dogorigins.

The dog broker, AlexanderTrontheim, procured Nansen's dogs forhim, and was used by most subsequentexplorers as well. Trontheim is quotedin Nansen's book (Ref 11) as saying:"...at Berezoff... Trontheim made use ofthis opportunity and bought 33 choicesledge dogs." (These included bothOstiak and Samoyed dogs.)

The dogs that returned from theseexpeditions were survivors of unbeliev-able hardship and rigor. They, likeSam, were all predatory hunters, andtough, responsive workers -- and theyinadvertently helped ensure theirsurvival by ingratiating themselveswith their masters through affectionand intelligence. For every dog surviv-ing these expeditions, a dozen of theirbrethren perished. A great variety ofdogs were used on these expeditions,

but our Bjelkier seems to comprise aninordinate proportion of the survivors.

The true Bjelkier type is illustratedat work in figure 2. Here we see ateam of GEN-U-WINE SAM-O-YADHUNTER, GUARD, AND DRAFTDOGS. In this photo, the sled team hasencountered a threatening Polar Bearand has been halted. All but the leaderare standing in their traces, intent onthe bear, but fully controlled. The leadbitch has been cut loose to take on thebear. This marvelous photo capturesthe entire essence of our breed:{ The type, elegance, and beauty we

seek in our modern breed.{ The strength, stamina, and

willingness to do the mostdemanding tasks, in the world'sharshest environment.

{ The confidence and courage to goone-on-one with the world's fiercestpredator.

I hope these dogs are in mypedigrees -- and I can't even imaginethem playing nursemaid to a bunch ofsheep.

I have no idea of the status ofpurebred dogs in Russia today.However, prior to WWII, "our"Samoyed was known there as the LaikaSamojedskaya, and was classified as ahunting dog (Ref 12).

Now, somewhere, sometime,somehow, some Samoyed herderprobably trained a Bjelkier (ourSamoyed) to herd reindeer, and someauthor may have accurately recorded

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Figure 2. A Samoyed Sledge Team Encounters A Polar Bear(Particulars unknown)

From The New Complete Samoyed, 2nd Ed., by R. H. & Dolly Ward, Howell Book House, 1985.

the fact. When I find it, it'llbe the exception that provesthe rule.

Genealogy Of The DogNow pay attention.

There'll be a test on this later.Genealogy and Taxon-

omy are subjects usuallystudied from heavy tomes ofscientific jargon whichusually overwhelm my high-school Latin. For the doghowever, Kauzlarich (Ref 13)gives us a very readableoverview of the subject; andwith regard to the develop-ment of the modern breeds,there is at least one neatsummation, written for thelayman, from a credibleauthority (Ref 14). I've takenthe liberty of reconstructing some ofthat presentation in figure 3. This is ofnecessity, somewhat over-simplified,but the basic skeleton of evolution ispreserved. At the top of the tree isTomarctus, the short-legged predatorand prototype dog that lived about 15million years ago, and probably gaverise to wolves and foxes as well as ourown, Canis Familiaris. It will be notedfrom the figure, that immediatelybelow Tomarctus there were four greatcleavages in the development of thespecies, creating four sub-speciesdistinctive enough to have been named.These subspecies are:1. Canis Familiaris Metris Optimae2. Canis Familiaris Intermedius3. Canis Familiaris Leineri4. Canis Familiaris Inostranzewi

(You won't have to spell those onthe test.) Let's talk about them bynumber, and in reverse order -- right-to-left across your dial in figure 3.

Sub-species 4 shows an early splitinto two groups, with the right-handgroup first evolving into the heavyworking dogs (Kuvasz, Newfoundland,Mastiff, etc.). The "Newf" then gaverise to the Labrador, Curly-Coated, andChesapeake Bay Retrievers. Relativesof the Mastiff produced the Boxer,Bulldog, and the terriers related to the

Bulldog (Bull, Boston, Manchester,etc.). The other line from group 4produced the Russian Tracker, whichcombined with sub-species 3 toproduce the scent hounds and influ-enced the remaining breeds of retriev-ers and terriers.

Sub-species 3 initially produced allof the gaze hounds, from which thenevolved, as noted, the scent hounds andthe remaining retrievers and terriers.

Sub-species 2 shows our Samoyedas one of the most ancient breeds,representing one branch of a three-waysplit in this sub-species, and havingsome very diverse relatives and descen-dants. The immediate relatives areobvious -- all of the "Spitz" breeds(Huskies, Malamute, Chow, Norwe-gian Elkhound...). From otherbranches of this same sub-species camealmost all of the toys, and the variousbranches then combined to produce thespaniels, setters, and pointers.

Sub-species 1 contains all of (andonly) the herding breeds.

(What mind-boggling variety for asingle species!!)

What to make of this maze? Well,there are two very pertinent observa-tions. All breeds first emerged aspredators and hunting companions to

man. Sub-species 2, 3, & 4 all containvarious hunting breeds, but there arenone in the first group. Secondly, thebehavioral diversity of the firstsub-species is very, very muchnarrower than the others -- nothing butherders. This gives rise to the possibil-ity of some early genetic variation(mutation perhaps) which facilitatedthe development of the herding behav-ior and the suppression of predatoryinstincts. This is an unproven, butquite reasonable, conjecture.

Conclusions: (1) The AKC quitecorrectly formed the present HerdingGroup in exact conformance with theknown genealogy of the dog. (D'yareckon maybe they knew about this?)(2) The Samoyed, as the ancient headof a diverse group of breeds, is right-fully placed in the Working Group, buthas a strong genetic kinship to themodern field and gun dogs -- a versa-tile worker, but a hunter at heart.Physical & Behavioral Versatility OfThe Samoyed

The author has previouslydiscussed Samoyed conformation withrespect to work purpose in Reference15. The conclusions drawn from thatdiscussion were that the Samoyedconformation is obviously suitable foran arctic predator, is nearly ideal for a

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Tomarctus

Metris-Optimae

Canis FamiliarisInostranzewi

Molossian

HeavyWorkingBreeds

RussianTracker

Canis FamiliarisLeineri

EgyptionGreyhound

All ModernGaze Hounds

Scent Hounds

SomeRetrievers

MostTerriers

MostMiniature &Toy Breeds

Canis Familiaris

Persian

All ModernHerding Breeds

Sheepdog

BullTypeTerriers

SomeRetrievers

NOTE: The lines denote the general sequence of evolution of related breeds. Many intermediate types, and crossing of breeds and sub-species are not indicated hereon.

Fibure 3. Genealogy Of The Dog -- One Hypothosis Of The 1960's & 70's

Canis FamiliarisIntermedius

TerrierEgyptionHouseDog

Lhassa

All Spitzand Nordic

Breeds

Spaniels

Setters Pointers

Samoyed

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light draft dog, and is much less thanoptimum for herding, but not so as topreclude that activity.

Of perhaps more interest here, isthe issue of Samoyed behavior, particu-larly that which would be calledinstinctive. As befitting one of themost ancient breeds, today's Samoyedexhibits a wide variety of natural, orinstinctive, behavioral characteristics.

The sheep herding crowd, ofcourse, points to his "herding instinct"as measured by some contrived test.What they are labeling as herdinginstinct is nothing more than an intelli-gent, well-socialized (and well-fed)dog responding to his trainer and hisancient driving instinct. Almost everyprimitive tribe used "driving" as aneffective hunting technique for largergame. Wild herds of game animalswere driven into ambush, over cliffs, orinto natural or man-made enclosures --with slaughter always the end result.Some wild canidae have learned topractice this technique on their own.The true herding dogs would appear tohave had this behavior geneticallymodified through hundreds of genera-tions of selection. They now exhibit ahighly specialized variation of driving,wherein the end result (slaughter) hasbeen forgotten, and the act of drivingor "herding" is now the end in itself. Iwould propose to test for "herdinginstinct" as follows: Take an adultSamoyed who has had no exposurewhatever to sheep herding. Work himin harness for a couple of days withoutfood. Then turn him loose, unsuper-vised, in your sheep pen. I predict hewill emerge with a tummy full ofmutton -- and wearing shearlingbooties.

Most of you have probably notedthat your Sammies are expert at locat-ing and rolling about in odoriferousorganic substances. This "disgustinghabit" is a primeval instinct of thepredator -- to mask his own odor forthe hunt. (Ref 16)

As Samoyed pups reach the age fortaking in solid food, their moms willfrequently regurgitate their own food to

the pups. Again, here is the instinct ofthe predator, regurgitating the kill tothe young upon return to the den.

Anyone maintaining multipleSammies in free association has notedthat "pack" behavior dominates theentire social system. This also is anancient instinct, seen today in severalof the arctic breeds, but mostly in wildpredatory canidae.

When new bones or chew toys arehanded out to my "pack", they will allgrab one and retreat to their favoritelair. There is then a period of circling,stalking, and trying every trick to geteach other's new goodie. The cleverones will usually wind up with an extraor two, which are then fiercelyguarded. This little ritual is nothingmore than the predatory instinct toestablish ownership of the "kill". (Ref17)

Most of my Sammy puppiesexhibit a "pointing" instinct. They'll"point" everything from passing butter-flies to the neighbor's cat. At least afew Samoyeds are on record as havingbeen accomplished retrievers (Ref 18).Maybe we belong in the field trialswith the sporting breeds.

Perhaps the Samoyed is really aTerrier. Terriers are specialists in"going-to-ground" for game. Have youever seen a couple of Sammies going-to-ground for a gopher? Perfect Terrierbehavior -- except for the size of thehole!

The point here is simply that theSamoyed is a very ancient, natural,versatile breed. It shows vestiges of allof the primitive instincts. These, alongwith it's intelligence and responsive-ness make it entirely trainable to a widevariety of tasks. The more modern"specialized" breeds have been devel-oped by simply capitalizing on, andemphasizing one of the primitiveinstincts to the exclusion of all else. Todo so with the Samoyed is to invite hisdestruction. Does the world reallyneed a big white fuzzy Collie?Summary

In this article we have examinedthe source of the herd dog myth and

found it to have arisen, accidentally orotherwise, from simple human foible.We have looked at Samoyed history tothe extent that it is recorded, and foundhunters, guards, and draft dogs; withherd dogs totally lacking. We havelooked at the genealogy of the dog andfound that in the evolutionary tree, theSamoyed is much more ancient andquite isolated from the specialized herddogs. And, we have seen from thebehavioral characteristics of our dogstoday that we have a predator -- quitethe antithesis of the herder. The weightof evidence is overwhelming, and theverdict is clear. The Samoyed washistorically bred and used as a hunting,guard, and draft dog; and his use as aherding animal was trivial and inciden-tal, if indeed, it ever occurred at all.

Our Samoyed has a genetic consti-tution that, with the help of a goodstandard, has withstood a century ofmodern tinkering, and hopefully it canwithstand this latest. But there is noreason for us to be taking the chance.Our Samoyed is a beautifully naturaland versatile dog, and he does NOTbelong in ANY competition wherespecialized behavior becomes a crite-rion for the selection of breeding stock.We should ALWAYS BREED THEWHOLE DOG.

I'm sure some of you are mumblingthat you're entitled to your opinion --and so you are. But, you are notentitled to be wrong in your facts -- norto be ignorant of them. I don't like tothink my mind is closed on any issue,and I will welcome all responses thatare based on more than unsubstantiatedopinion.

In anticipation of your responses,I've even bought a new suit -- linedwith 32 layers of Kevlar.References1. The New Complete Samoyed, 2ndEd., by Robert H. & Dolly Ward;Howell Book House; New York, NY;1985; pg 31.2. The New Complete Samoyed, ibid.,pg 34.

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3. The Complete Samoyed ,by RobertH. & Dolly Ward; Howell BookHouse; New York, N.Y; 1971.4. The Samoyed (New Zealand), 2ndEd, by Pearl M. Wilson & Valerie E.P.Auckram; Wilson & Auckram;Hastings, N.Z; 1961.5. In Search Of A Siberian Klondike,by Washington B. Vanderlip andHomer B. Hulbert; The Century Co.;New York; 1903.6. The Great Frozen Land, by Freder-ick G. Jackson; Harper & Brothers;London, England; 1895; pg 76-79.7. Ice-Bound On Kolguev, by AubynTrevor-Battye; Archibald Constance &co-publishers; Great Britain; 1895. 8. Hutchinson on Samoyeds, (Reprintof Samoyed Section of Hutchinson's

Dog Encyclopedia); Donald R. Hoflin;Arvado, CO; 1984.9. A Thousand Days In The Arctic, byFrederick G. Jackson; Harper & Broth-ers; New York and London; 1899.10. Samoyeds, by W.L. Puxley;Williams & Norgate; London, England;1934; ppg 50-66.11. Farthest North, (popular edition, 1vol), by Fridtjof Nansen; Harper &Brothers; New York and London;1900; ppg 75-76.12. The Samoyed Book, "History ofThe Samoyed Translated Notes"; byCarol Chittum; Hoflin Publishing Ltd;Wheat Ridge, CO; 1976; ppg 124.13. Your Samoyed, by Jan Kauzlarich;William W. Denlinger; Fairfax, VA;1977; ppg 57-64.

14. Evolution, by Ruth Moore, et al;Time, Inc; 1962; ppg 86-87.15. The Samoyed Quarterly, Winter1976-77, "Conformation: A Questionof Purpose"; by Jim Osborn; Donald R.Hoflin; Arvado, CO, 1976; ppg 18.16. White Wolf: Living With An ArcticLegend, by Jim Brandenburg;Northwind Press, Minocqua, WI; 1988.17. World Of The Wolf, by Russel J.Rutter and Douglas H. Pimlott; J. B.Lippincott Co; Philadelphia & NewYork; 1968; ppg 95.18. The Samoyed, 3rd Ed, TheSamoyed Association of Great Britain(Editors & Publishers), London,England, 1961, ppg 71-73.

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