the graphene & 2d materials global opportunity report€¦ · · 2016-06-14the graphene &...
TRANSCRIPT
APPLICATIONSEnergy, electronics, sensors, bio-medical , composites and many
more.
THE GRAPHENE & 2D MATERIALS GLOBAL OPPORTUNITY REPORTForecast from 2010 to 2025Production volumes, prices, future projections and end user markets.
COMPANIESAll graphene
companies profiled.
MARKETSMarket
opportunities.
TECHCurrent and future
products.
EDITION 1JUNE 2016£1000
FUTURE MARKETSwww.futuremarketsinc.com
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SUMMARY
The Graphene and 2D Materials Opportunity
Two-dimensional (2D) materials are currently one of the most active areas of nanomaterials research, and offer a huge opportunity for both fundamental studies and practical applications, including superfast, low-power, flexible and wearable electronics, sensors, photonics and electrochemical energy storage devices that will have an immense impact on our society.
Graphene is a ground-breaking 2D material that possesses extraordinary electrical and mechanical properties that promise a new generation of innovative devices. New methods of scalable synthesis of high-quality graphene, clean delamination transfer and device integration have resulted in the commercialization of state-of-the-art electronics such as graphene touchscreens in smartphones and flexible RF devices on plastics.
Beyond graphene, emerging elementary 2D materials such as transition metal dichalcogenides, group V systems including phosphorene, and related isoelectronic structures will potentially allow for flexible electronics and field-effect transistors that exhibit ambipolar transport behaviour with either a direct band-gap or greater gate modulation.
Graphene exhibits a unique combination of mechanical, thermal, electronic and optical properties that provide opportunities for new innovation in:
Electronics & photonics
• Conductive electrode films for flexible displays. • 2D printable and transparent ultrathin electronic devices. • 2D transistors and circuits. • RFID tags. • 2D magnetic semiconductors. • Conductive inks for wearable electronics. • 2d MOSFETs. • Inkjet-printed electronics. • Flexible Graphene FETs. • Flexible TMD FETs for digital logic and RF.
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• Graphene optical modulators.
Energy
• Li-ion battery additives. • Proton exchange fuel cell membranes. • Hydrogen fuel cells. • Graphene electrodes for supercapacitors • Transparent electrodes in photovoltaic cells.
Automotive
• Tire additives for improved abrasion resistance. • Anti-scratch and anti-corrosion coatings. • Automotive composites. • Anti-fogging coatings.
Aerospace
• De-icing coatings. • Electrically conductive composites. • EMI shielding coatings. • Anti-corrosion coatings. • Glass additives.
Biomedicine and healthcare
• Tissue engineering scaffols to facilitate cell growth and tissue regeneration. • Carriers for drug delivery. • Biosensor chips. • Brain electrodes. • Anti-bacterial materials. • Gene therapy. • Photodynamic therapy. • Cell imaging.
Polymer composites
• Nanocomposites for wind turbines.
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• Barrier packaging materials. • ESD and EMI shielding. • Sporting goods composites (e.g. bike tires). • Composites with improved conductive and thermal properties.
Filtration
• Gas separation membranes. • Photocatalytic absorbents. • Ultrathin, high-flux and energy-efficient sieving membranes.
Sensors
• Electrochemical sensors. • DNA detection platforms. • Pressure sensors. • Optical sensors. • Humidity sensors. • Acoustic sensors. • Wireless sensors.
WHAT DOES THE REPORT INCLUDE?
• Comprehensive quantitative data and forecasts for the global graphene and 2D materials market to 2025 including key market opportunities.
• Qualitative insight and perspective on the current market and future trends in end user markets based on interviews with key executives.
• End user market analysis and technology timelines. • Financial estimates for the markets graphene and 2D materials will impact,
including addressable market size, applications and key opportunities. • Patent analysis. • Competitive analysis of carbon nanotubes versus graphene. • Comparative analysis of graphene and other 2D Materials. • Tables and figures illustrating graphene market size. • Full company profiles of graphene producers and application developers
including technology descriptions and end user markets targeted • Profiles of prominent research centres. • Industry activity and breakthroughs by market 2013-2016.
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CONTENTS
1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY................................................................................ 43
1.1 Two-dimensional (2D) materials........................................................... 43
1.2 Graphene.............................................................................................. 43
1.2.1 Short term opportunities.................................................................... 46
1.2.2 Medium-Long term opportunities.................................................... 46
1.2.3 Remarkable properties...................................................................... 47
1.2.4 Global funding.................................................................................. 47
1.2.5 Products and applications............................................................... 49
1.2.6 Production.......................................................................................... 52
1.2.7 Market drivers and trends................................................................. 54
1.2.7.1 Production exceeds demand................................................... 54
1.2.7.2 Market revenues remain small.................................................. 56
1.2.7.3 Scalability and cost................................................................... 57
1.2.7.4 Applications hitting the market................................................ 59
1.2.7.5 Wait and see?............................................................................. 61
1.2.7.6 Asia and US lead the race........................................................ 61
1.2.7.7 Competition from other materials............................................. 61
1.2.8 Market and technical challenges................................................... 62
1.2.8.1 Inconsistent supply quality........................................................ 63
1.2.8.2 Functionalization and dispersion.............................................. 64
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1.2.8.3 Cost.............................................................................................. 64
1.2.8.4 Product integration.................................................................... 64
1.2.8.5 Regulation and standards......................................................... 65
1.2.8.6 Lack of a band gap................................................................... 66
2 PROPERTIES OF NANOMATERIALS........................................................... 67
2.1 Categorization...................................................................................... 68
3 OVERVIEW OF GRAPHENE......................................................................... 71
3.1 History..................................................................................................... 71
3.2 Forms of graphene................................................................................ 73
3.3 Properties............................................................................................... 75
3.4 3D Graphene........................................................................................ 77
3.5 Graphene Quantum Dots.................................................................... 78
4 CARBON NANOTUBES VERSUS GRAPHENE............................................ 80
4.1 Comparative properties....................................................................... 81
4.2 Cost and production............................................................................ 83
4.3 Carbon nanotube-graphene hybrids................................................ 85
4.4 Competitive analysis of carbon nanotubes and graphene............ 87
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5 OTHER 2D MATERIALS................................................................................. 89
5.1 Phosphorene......................................................................................... 90
5.1.1 Properties............................................................................................ 91
5.1.2 Applications....................................................................................... 93
5.1.3 Recent research news....................................................................... 94
5.2 Silicene................................................................................................... 96
5.2.1 Properties............................................................................................ 97
5.2.2 Applications....................................................................................... 98
5.2.3 Recent research news..................................................................... 101
5.3 Molybdenum disulfide (MoS2)............................................................ 102
5.3.1 Properties.......................................................................................... 103
5.3.2 Applications..................................................................................... 103
5.3.3 Recent research news..................................................................... 107
5.4 Hexagonal boron nitride.................................................................... 109
5.4.1.1 Properties................................................................................... 110
5.4.2 Applications..................................................................................... 111
5.4.3 Recent research news..................................................................... 112
5.5 Germanene......................................................................................... 113
5.5.1 Properties.......................................................................................... 113
5.5.2 Applications..................................................................................... 114
5.5.3 Recent research news..................................................................... 115
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5.6 Graphdiyne......................................................................................... 116
5.6.1 Properties.......................................................................................... 117
5.6.2 Applications..................................................................................... 117
5.7 Graphane............................................................................................ 119
5.7.1 Properties.......................................................................................... 120
5.7.2 Applications..................................................................................... 120
5.8 Stanene/tinene................................................................................... 121
5.8.1 Properties.......................................................................................... 122
5.8.2 Applications..................................................................................... 122
5.8.3 Recent research news..................................................................... 123
5.9 Tungsten diselenide............................................................................ 123
5.9.1 Properties.......................................................................................... 124
5.9.2 Applications..................................................................................... 125
5.9.3 Recent research news..................................................................... 125
5.10 Rhenium disulfide (ReS2) and diselenide (ReSe2............................. 126
5.10.1 Properties...................................................................................... 127
5.10.2 Applications................................................................................. 128
5.11 C2N........................................................................................................ 128
5.11.1 Properties...................................................................................... 129
5.11.2 Applications................................................................................. 130
5.12 Comparative analysis of graphene and other 2-D nanomaterials 132
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6 GRAPHENE SYNTHESIS............................................................................. 134
6.1 Large area graphene films................................................................. 134
6.2 Graphene oxide flakes and graphene nanoplatelets................... 135
6.3 Production methods........................................................................... 137
6.3.1 Production directly from natural graphite ore.............................. 139
6.3.2 Alternative starting materials.......................................................... 140
6.3.3 Quality.............................................................................................. 141
6.4 Synthesis and production by types of graphene............................ 142
6.4.1 Graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs)................................................... 143
6.4.2 Graphene nanoribbons.................................................................. 144
6.4.3 Large-area graphene films............................................................. 146
6.4.4 Graphene oxide flakes (GO).......................................................... 147
6.5 Pros and cons of graphene production methods........................... 148
6.5.1 Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD)................................................ 149
6.5.2 Exfoliation method.......................................................................... 150
6.5.3 Epitaxial growth method................................................................ 151
6.5.4 Wet chemistry method.................................................................... 151
6.5.5 Micromechanical cleavage method........................................... 153
6.5.6 Green reduction of graphene oxide............................................. 154
6.5.7 Plasma.............................................................................................. 155
6.6 Recent synthesis methods.................................................................. 156
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6.7 Synthesis methods by company....................................................... 164
7 GRAPHENE MARKET STRUCTURE AND ROUTES TO COMMERCIALIZATION
8 REGULATIONS AND STANDARDS........................................................... 172
8.1 Standards............................................................................................ 172
8.2 Environmental, health and safety regulation.................................. 173
8.2.1 Europe.............................................................................................. 173
8.2.2 United States.................................................................................... 174
8.2.3 Asia................................................................................................... 175
8.3 Workplace exposure........................................................................... 176
9 PATENTS AND PUBLICATIONS................................................................. 177
9.1 Fabrication processes......................................................................... 177
9.2 Academia........................................................................................... 177
9.3 Regional leaders................................................................................. 178
10 TECHNOLOGY READINESS LEVEL........................................................... 183
11 GRAPHENE INDUSTRY NEWS 2013-2016.............................................. 184
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11.1 JANUARY 2013..................................................................................... 184
11.2 FEBRUARY 2013.................................................................................... 184
11.3 APRIL 2013............................................................................................ 185
11.4 MAY 2013............................................................................................. 186
11.5 JUNE 2013............................................................................................ 186
11.6 JULY 2013............................................................................................. 187
11.7 AUGUST 2013........................................................................................ 187
11.8 SEPTEMBER 2013.................................................................................. 188
11.9 OCTOBER 2013..................................................................................... 189
11.10 NOVEMBER 2013.............................................................................. 190
11.11 DECEMBER 2013............................................................................... 191
11.12 JANUARY 2014.................................................................................. 192
11.13 FEBRUARY 2014................................................................................. 194
11.14 MARCH 2014.................................................................................... 196
11.15 APRIL 2014......................................................................................... 198
11.16 MAY 2014.......................................................................................... 200
11.17 JUNE 2014......................................................................................... 201
11.18 JULY 2014.......................................................................................... 203
11.19 AUGUST 2014.................................................................................... 204
11.20 SEPTEMBER 2014............................................................................... 205
11.21 AUGUST 2014.................................................................................... 206
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11.22 SEPTEMBER 2014............................................................................... 207
11.23 OCTOBER 2014................................................................................. 207
11.24 NOVEMBER 2014.............................................................................. 209
11.25 DECEMBER 2014............................................................................... 210
11.26 JANUARY 2015.................................................................................. 213
11.27 FEBRUARY 2015................................................................................. 214
11.28 MARCH 2015.................................................................................... 215
11.29 APRIL 2015......................................................................................... 215
11.30 MAY 2015.......................................................................................... 217
11.31 JUNE 2015......................................................................................... 218
11.32 JULY 2015.......................................................................................... 220
11.33 AUGUST 2015.................................................................................... 222
11.34 SEPTEMBER 2015............................................................................... 223
11.35 OCTOBER 2015................................................................................. 224
11.36 NOVEMBER 2015.............................................................................. 226
11.37 DECEMBER 2015............................................................................... 230
11.38 JANUARY 2016.................................................................................. 230
11.39 FEBRUARY 2016................................................................................. 232
11.40 MARCH 2016.................................................................................... 233
11.41 APRIL 2016......................................................................................... 235
11.42 MAY 2016.......................................................................................... 236
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12 END USER MARKET SEGMENT ANALYSIS............................................... 237
12.1 Graphene production volumes 2010-2025...................................... 239
12.2 Graphene producers and production capacities.......................... 242
13 ELECTRONICS AND PHOTONICS............................................................ 250
13.1 TRANSPARENT CONDUCTIVE FILMS AND DISPLAYS............................. 251
13.1.1 MARKET DRIVERS AND TRENDS..................................................... 251
13.1.1.1 ITO replacement for flexible electronics............................. 251
13.1.1.2 Wearable electronics market growing................................ 255
13.1.1.3 Touch technology requirements......................................... 257
13.1.2 MARKET SIZE AND OPPORTUNITY.................................................. 258
13.1.3 PROPERTIES AND APPLICATIONS................................................... 259
13.1.4 CHALLENGES................................................................................. 263
13.1.4.1 Competing materials............................................................ 263
13.1.4.2 Cost in comparison to ITO.................................................... 263
13.1.4.3 Problems with transfer and growth...................................... 264
13.1.4.4 Improving sheet resistance................................................... 265
13.1.5 PRODUCT DEVELOPERS................................................................. 267
13.2 CONDUCTIVE INKS............................................................................... 269
13.2.1 MARKET DRIVERS AND TRENDS..................................................... 269
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13.2.1.1 Increased demand for printed electronics........................ 269
13.2.1.2 Limitations of existing conductive inks................................ 269
13.2.2 MARKET SIZE AND OPPORTUNITY.................................................. 271
13.2.3 PROPERTIES AND APPLICATIONS................................................... 274
13.2.4 PRODUCT DEVELOPERS................................................................. 276
13.3 TRANSISTORS AND INTEGRATED CIRCUITS............................................ 279
13.3.1 MARKET DRIVERS AND TRENDS..................................................... 279
13.3.1.1 Scaling................................................................................... 279
13.3.1.2 Limitations of current materials............................................ 280
13.3.2 MARKET SIZE AND OPPORTUNITY.................................................. 281
13.3.3 PROPERTIES AND APPLICATIONS................................................... 282
13.3.3.1 Graphene Radio Frequency (RF) circuits........................... 283
13.3.4 CHALLENGES................................................................................. 284
13.3.4.1 Competition from other materials....................................... 284
13.3.4.2 Lack of band gap................................................................. 284
13.3.4.3 Transfer and integration....................................................... 285
13.3.5 PRODUCT DEVELOPERS................................................................. 286
13.4 MEMORY DEVICES............................................................................... 289
13.4.1 MARKET DRIVERS AND TRENDS..................................................... 289
13.4.1.1 Density and voltage scaling................................................ 289
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13.4.1.2 Growth in the smartphone and tablet markets................. 290
13.4.1.3 Growth in the flexible electronics market........................... 290
13.4.2 MARKET SIZE AND OPPORTUNITY.................................................. 291
13.4.3 PROPERTIES AND APPLICATIONS................................................... 291
13.4.4 PRODUCT DEVELOPERS................................................................. 295
13.5 PHOTONICS.......................................................................................... 296
13.5.1 Optical modulators...................................................................... 297
13.5.2 Photodetectors............................................................................. 298
13.5.3 Plasmonics.................................................................................... 301
13.5.4 Challenges.................................................................................... 302
14 POLYMER COMPOSITES........................................................................... 303
14.1 MARKET DRIVERS AND TRENDS............................................................ 304
14.1.1 Improved performance over traditional composites............... 304
14.1.2 Multi-functionality........................................................................ 305
14.1.3 Growth in wind energy market................................................... 306
14.2 MARKET SIZE AND OPPORTUNITY......................................................... 306
14.3 PROPERTIES AND APPLICATIONS.......................................................... 308
14.3.1 Barrier packaging........................................................................ 310
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14.3.2 Electrostatic discharge (ESD) and electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding 311
14.3.3 Wind turbines................................................................................ 311
14.4 CHALLENGES........................................................................................ 312
14.5 PRODUCT DEVELOPERS........................................................................ 313
15 AEROSPACE............................................................................................... 315
15.1 MARKET DRIVERS AND TRENDS............................................................ 315
15.1.1 Safety............................................................................................ 315
15.1.2 Reduced fuel consumption and costs....................................... 315
15.1.3 Increased durability..................................................................... 316
15.1.4 Multi-functionality........................................................................ 316
15.1.5 Need for new de-icing solutions................................................. 317
15.1.6 Weight reduction......................................................................... 317
15.1.7 Need for improved lightning protection materials................... 318
15.2 MARKET SIZE AND OPPORTUNITY......................................................... 318
15.3 PROPERTIES AND APPLICATIONS.......................................................... 320
15.3.1 Composites................................................................................... 320
15.3.2 Coatings........................................................................................ 321
15.4 PRODUCT DEVELOPERS........................................................................ 322
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16 AUTOMOTIVE............................................................................................. 324
16.1 MARKET DRIVER AND TRENDS.............................................................. 324
16.1.1 Environmental.............................................................................. 324
16.1.2 Safety............................................................................................ 324
16.1.3 Lightweighting.............................................................................. 324
16.1.4 Cost............................................................................................... 325
16.2 MARKET SIZE AND OPPORTUNITY......................................................... 326
16.3 PROPERTIES AND APPLICATIONS.......................................................... 327
16.3.1 Composites................................................................................... 328
16.3.2 Thermally conductive.................................................................. 329
16.4 CHALLENGES........................................................................................ 329
16.5 PRODUCT DEVELOPERS........................................................................ 330
17 BIOMEDICAL & HEALTHCARE................................................................. 332
17.1 MARKET DRIVERS AND TRENDS............................................................ 333
17.1.1 Improved drug delivery for cancer therapy............................. 333
17.1.2 Shortcomings of chemotherapies............................................... 334
17.1.3 Biocompatibility of medical implants........................................ 334
17.1.4 Anti-biotic resistance................................................................... 335
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17.1.5 Growth in advanced woundcare market................................ 335
17.2 MARKET SIZE AND OPPORTUNITY......................................................... 335
17.3 PROPERTIES AND APPLICATIONS.......................................................... 337
17.3.1 Cancer therapy........................................................................... 339
17.3.1.1 Gene delivery........................................................................ 340
17.3.1.2 Photodynamic Therapy....................................................... 340
17.3.2 Medical implants and devices................................................... 341
17.3.3 Wound dressings........................................................................... 342
17.3.4 Biosensors...................................................................................... 342
17.3.5 Medical imaging.......................................................................... 344
17.3.6 Dental........................................................................................... 345
17.4 CHALLENGES........................................................................................ 345
17.5 PRODUCT DEVELOPERS........................................................................ 347
18 COATINGS.................................................................................................. 349
18.1 MARKET DRIVERS AND TRENDS............................................................ 349
18.1.1 Sustainability and regulation...................................................... 349
18.1.2 Cost of corrosion........................................................................... 350
18.1.3 Improved hygiene....................................................................... 351
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18.1.4 Cost of weather-related damage.............................................. 352
18.2 MARKET SIZE AND OPPORTUNITY......................................................... 354
18.3 PROPERTIES AND APPLICATIONS.......................................................... 356
18.3.1 Anti-corrosion coatings................................................................ 358
18.3.1.1 Marine.................................................................................... 361
18.3.2 Anti-microbial............................................................................... 362
18.3.3 Anti-icing....................................................................................... 363
18.3.4 Barrier coatings............................................................................. 364
18.3.5 Heat protection........................................................................... 366
18.3.6 Anti-fouling................................................................................... 368
18.3.7 Wear and abrasion resistance.................................................... 370
18.3.8 Smart windows............................................................................. 371
18.4 PRODUCT DEVELOPERS........................................................................ 372
19 FILTRATION AND SEPARATION............................................................... 373
19.1 MARKET DRIVERS AND TRENDS............................................................ 373
19.1.1 Need for improved membrane technology.............................. 373
19.1.2 Water shortage and population growth................................... 373
19.1.3 Contamination............................................................................. 374
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19.1.4 Cost............................................................................................... 374
19.2 MARKET SIZE AND OPPORTUNITY......................................................... 374
19.3 PROPERTIES AND APPLICTIONS............................................................ 375
19.3.1 Water filtration.............................................................................. 376
19.3.2 Gas separation............................................................................. 377
19.3.3 Photocatalytic absorbents......................................................... 378
19.4 CHALLENGES........................................................................................ 379
19.5 PRODUCT DEVELOPERS........................................................................ 380
20 ENERGY STORAGE, CONVERSION AND EXPLORATION.................... 382
20.1 BATTERIES.............................................................................................. 384
20.1.1 MARKET DRIVERS AND TRENDS..................................................... 384
20.1.1.1 Growth in electric vehicles market...................................... 384
20.1.1.2 Continued growth in cellular phones market.................... 384
20.1.1.3 Reduce dependence on lithium........................................ 385
20.1.1.4 Shortcomings of existing battery and supercapacitor technology 385
20.1.1.5 Reduced costs for widespread application....................... 386
20.1.1.6 Power sources for flexible electronics.................................. 386
20.1.2 MARKET SIZE AND OPPORTUNITY.................................................. 387
20.1.3 PROPERTIES AND APPLICATIONS................................................... 388
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20.1.4 CHALLENGES................................................................................. 390
20.2 SUPERCAPACITORS.............................................................................. 390
20.2.1 MARKET DRIVERS AND TRENDS..................................................... 390
20.2.1.1 Reducing costs...................................................................... 390
20.2.1.2 Demand from portable electronics..................................... 390
20.2.1.3 Inefficiencies of standard battery technology.................. 391
20.2.1.4 Problems with activated carbon........................................ 391
20.2.2 MARKET SIZE AND OPPORTUNITY.................................................. 392
20.2.3 PROPERTIES AND APPLICATIONS................................................... 393
20.2.4 CHALLENGES................................................................................. 395
20.3 PHOTOVOLTAICS.................................................................................. 396
20.3.1 MARKET DRIVERS AND TRENDS..................................................... 396
20.3.1.1 Need to improve solar cell efficiency................................. 396
20.3.1.2 Reduce costs......................................................................... 396
20.3.1.3 Varying environmental conditions...................................... 396
20.3.2 MARKET SIZE AND OPPORTUNITY.................................................. 397
20.3.3 PROPERTIES AND APPLICATIONS................................................... 397
20.4 FUEL CELLS............................................................................................ 399
20.4.1 MARKET DRIVERS........................................................................... 399
20.4.1.1 Limitations of platinum......................................................... 399
20.4.1.2 Cost........................................................................................ 400
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20.4.2 MARKET SIZE AND OPPORTUNITY.................................................. 400
20.4.3 PROPERTIES AND APPLICATIONS................................................... 401
20.4.3.1 Electrocatalyst supports....................................................... 401
20.4.4 Challenges.................................................................................... 402
20.5 LED LIGHTING AND UVC...................................................................... 402
20.5.1 Market drivers and trends........................................................... 403
20.5.1.1 Improving flexibility............................................................... 403
20.5.1.2 Improving performance and costs...................................... 403
20.5.2 Market size.................................................................................... 403
20.5.3 Properties and applications........................................................ 404
20.6 OIL AND GAS........................................................................................ 404
20.6.1 MARKET DRIVERS AND TRENDS..................................................... 404
20.6.1.1 Cost........................................................................................ 404
20.6.1.2 Increased demands of drilling environments..................... 405
20.6.1.3 Environmental and regulatory............................................ 405
20.6.2 MARKET SIZE AND OPPORTUNITY.................................................. 405
20.6.3 PROPERTIES AND APPLICATIONS................................................... 406
20.6.4 PRODUCT DEVELOPERS................................................................. 407
21 SENSORS..................................................................................................... 414
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21.1 MARKET DRIVERS AND TRENDS............................................................ 414
21.1.1 Increased power and performance with reduced cost.......... 414
21.1.2 Enhanced sensitivity.................................................................... 415
21.1.3 Replacing silver electrodes......................................................... 415
21.1.4 Growth in the home diagnostics and point of care market.... 416
21.1.5 Improved thermal stability.......................................................... 416
21.1.6 Environmental conditions........................................................... 416
21.2 MARKET SIZE AND OPPORTUNITY......................................................... 417
21.3 PROPERTIES AND APPLICATIONS.......................................................... 417
21.3.1 Infrared (IR) sensors....................................................................... 421
21.3.2 Electrochemical and gas sensors............................................... 421
21.3.3 Pressure sensors............................................................................. 423
21.3.4 Biosensors...................................................................................... 424
21.3.5 Optical sensors............................................................................. 427
21.3.6 Humidity sensors........................................................................... 427
21.3.7 Acoustic sensors............................................................................ 427
21.3.8 Wireless sensors.............................................................................. 428
21.4 Challenges........................................................................................... 428
21.5 PRODUCT DEVELOPERS........................................................................ 429
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22 3D PRINTING.............................................................................................. 431
22.1 MARKET DRIVERS AND TRENDS............................................................ 431
22.1.1 Improved materials at lower cost............................................... 431
22.2 MARKET SIZE AND OPPORTUNITY......................................................... 432
22.3 PROPERTIES AND APPLICATIONS.......................................................... 432
22.4 CHALLENGES........................................................................................ 434
22.5 PRODUCT DEVELOPERS........................................................................ 434
23 ADHESIVES.................................................................................................. 437
23.1 MARKET DRIVERS AND TRENDS............................................................ 437
23.1.1 Thermal management in electronics......................................... 437
23.1.2 Environmental sustainability....................................................... 437
23.2 PROPERTIES AND APPLICATIONS.......................................................... 437
23.3 MARKET SIZE AND OPPORTUNITY......................................................... 438
23.4 PRODUCT DEVELOPERS........................................................................ 439
24 LUBRICANTS............................................................................................... 440
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24.1 MARKET DRIVERS AND TRENDS............................................................ 440
24.1.1 Cost effective alternatives.......................................................... 440
24.1.2 Need for higher-performing lubricants for fuel efficiency......... 440
24.1.3 Environmental concerns............................................................. 440
24.2 PROPERTIES AND APPLICATIONS.......................................................... 441
24.3 MARKET SIZE AND OPPORTUNITY......................................................... 442
24.4 CHALLENGES........................................................................................ 443
24.5 PRODUCT DEVELOPERS........................................................................ 443
25 TEXTILES....................................................................................................... 444
25.1 MARKET DRIVERS AND TRENDS............................................................ 444
25.1.1 Growth in the wearable electronics market............................. 444
25.2 PROPERTIES AND APPLICATONS........................................................... 444
25.2.1 Conductive coatings................................................................... 447
25.3 MARKET SIZE AND OPPORTUNITY......................................................... 448
26 GRAPHENE PRODUCERS AND PRODUCT DEVELOPERS...................... 449-607
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TABLES
Table 1: Consumer products incorporating graphene................................... 44
Table 2: Graphene target markets-Applications, stage of commercialization and potential addressable market size...................................................................................................... 50
Table 3: Graphene producers annual production capacities...................... 53
Table 4: Global production of graphene, 2010-2025 in tons/year. Base year for projections is 2014. 55
Table 5: Graphene types and cost per kg....................................................... 58
Table 6: Categorization of nanomaterials........................................................ 69
Table 7: Properties of graphene........................................................................ 75
Table 8: Comparative properties of carbon materials.................................... 82
Table 9: Comparative properties of graphene with nanoclays and carbon nanotubes. 85
Table 10: Competitive analysis of Carbon nanotubes and graphene by application area and potential impact by 2025............................................................................. 87
Table 11: Electronic and mechanical properties of monolyaer phosphorene, graphene and MoS2. 92
Table 12: Recent phosphorene research news................................................ 94
Table 13: Recent silicene research news........................................................ 101
Table 14: Recent Molybdenum disulfide research news.............................. 107
Table 15: Recent hexagonal boron nitride research news........................... 112
Table 16: Recent germanane research news................................................ 115
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Table 17: Recent stanene/tinene research news.......................................... 123
Table 18: Recent tungsten diselenide research news................................... 125
Table 19: Comparative analysis of graphene and other 2-D nanomaterials. 132
Table 20: Large area graphene films-Markets, applications and current global market. 134
Table 21: Graphene oxide flakes/graphene nanoplatelets-Markets, applications and current global market........................................................................................................... 135
Table 22: Main production methods for graphene....................................... 137
Table 23: Graphene synthesis methods, by company................................. 164
Table 24: Graphene market structure............................................................. 168
Table 25: Published patent publications for graphene, 2004-2014............. 178
Table 26: Leading graphene patentees........................................................ 180
Table 27: Industrial graphene patents in 2014............................................... 181
Table 28: Market penetration and volume estimates (tons) for graphene in key applications. 238
Table 29: Global production of graphene, 2010-2025 in tons/year. Base year for projections is 2014. 239
Table 30: Graphene producers and production capacity (Current and projected), prices and target markets.......................................................................................................... 242
Table 31: Graphene in the electronics and photonics market-applications, stage of commercialization and addressable market size...................................................................... 250
Table 32: Comparison of ITO replacements................................................... 254
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Table 33: Graphene product and application developers in transparent conductive films. 267
Table 34: Comparative properties of conductive inks.................................. 270
Table 35: Opportunities for graphene and 2D materials in printed electronics. 272
Table 36: Graphene product and application developers in conductive inks. 276
Table 37: Graphene product and application developers in transistors and integrated circuits. 286
Table 38: Graphene product and application developers in memory devices. 295
Table 39: Graphene properties relevant to application in optical modulators. 297
Table 40: Dispersion of graphene in polymers................................................ 305
Table 41: Graphene in the polymer composites market-applications, stage of commercialization and addressable market size.............................................................................. 307
Table 42: Addressable market size for carbon nanomaterials composites, tons. 308
Table 43: Graphene properties relevant to application in polymer composites. 309
Table 44: Graphene product and application developers in the composites industry. 313
Table 45: Graphene in the aerospace market-applications, stage of commercialization and addressable market size.............................................................................. 319
Table 46: Graphene product and application developers in the aerospace industry. 322
Table 47: Graphene in the automotive market-applications, stage of commercialization and addressable market size.............................................................................. 327
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Table 48: Graphene product and application developers in the automotive industry. 330
Table 49: Graphene in the biomedical and healthcare markets-applications, stage of commercialization and addressable market size..................................... 336
Table 50: Graphene properties relevant to application in biomedicine and healthcare. 338
Table 51: Graphene product and application developers in the biomedical and healthcare industry........................................................................................................................ 347
Table 52: Graphene in the coatings market-applications, stage of commercialization and addressable market size.................................................................................................... 355
Table 53: Graphene properties relevant to application in coatings........... 358
Table 54: Graphene product and application developers in the coatings industry. 372
Table 55: Graphene product and application developers in the filtration industry. 380
Table 56: Graphene in the energy market-Applications, stage of commercialization and addressable market size.................................................................................................... 383
Table 57: Comparative properties of graphene supercapacitors and lithium-ion batteries. 394
Table 58: Graphene product and application developers in the energy industry. 407
Table 59: Graphene in the sensors market-applications, stage of commercialization and addressable market size.................................................................................................... 414
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Table 60: Graphene properties relevant to application in sensors.............. 419
Table 61: Comparison of ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) and graphene biosensor. 426
Table 62: Graphene product and application developers in the sensors industry. 429
Table 63: Graphene properties relevant to application in 3D printing....... 433
Table 64: Graphene product and application developers in the 3D printing industry. 435
Table 65: Graphene properties relevant to application in adhesives........ 438
Table 66: Graphene product and application developers in the adhesives industry. 439
Table 67: Applications of carbon nanomaterials in lubricants.................... 441
Table 68: Graphene product and application developers in the lubricants industry. 443
Table 69: Desirable functional properties for the textiles industry afforded by the use of nanomaterials........................................................................................................................ 445
Table 70: Graphene producers and types produced.................................. 449
Table 71: Graphene industrial collaborations and target markets.............. 452
FIGURES
Figure 1: Global government funding for graphene....................................... 49
Figure 2: Global market for graphene 2010-2025 in tons/year....................... 56
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Figure 3: Graphene layer structure schematic................................................ 71
Figure 4: Graphite and graphene..................................................................... 72
Figure 5: Graphene and its descendants: top right: graphene; top left: graphite = stacked graphene; bottom right: nanotube=rolled graphene; bottom left: fullerene=wrapped graphene. 74
Figure 6: Graphene quantum dots................................................................... 79
Figure 7: Graphene can be rolled up into a carbon nanotube, wrapped into a fullerene, and stacked into graphite................................................................................................... 81
Figure 8: Phosphorene structure........................................................................ 91
Figure 9: Silicene structure.................................................................................. 96
Figure 10: Monolayer silicene on a silver (111) substrate................................. 98
Figure 11: Silicene transistor................................................................................ 99
Figure 12: Structure of 2D molybdenum disulfide.......................................... 102
Figure 13: Atomic force microscopy image of a representative MoS2 thin-film transistor. 105
Figure 14: Schematic of the molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) thin-film sensor with the deposited molecules that create additional charge................................................................... 106
Figure 15: Structure of hexagonal boron nitride............................................ 110
Figure 16: Schematic of germanene............................................................... 113
Figure 17: Graphdiyne structure...................................................................... 116
Figure 18: Schematic of Graphane crystal..................................................... 119
Figure 19: Crystal structure for stanene........................................................... 122
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Figure 20: Atomic structure model for the 2D stanene on Bi2Te3(111)......... 123
Figure 21: Schematic of tungsten diselenide................................................. 124
Figure 22: Schematic of a monolayer of rhenium disulphide....................... 127
Figure 23: Structural difference between graphene and C2N-h2D crystal: (a) graphene; (b) C2N-h2D crystal............................................................................................................ 129
Figure 24: Graphene synthesis methods......................................................... 139
Figure 25: TEM micrographs of: A) HR-CNFs; B) GANF® HR-CNF, it can be observed its high graphitic structure; C) Unraveled ribbon from the HR-CNF; D) Detail of the ribbon; E) Scheme of the structure of the HR-CNFs; F) Large single graphene oxide sheets derived from GANF. 141
Figure 26: Graphene nanoribbons grown on germanium............................ 145
Figure 27: Roll-to-roll graphene production process...................................... 157
Figure 28: Schematic of roll-to-roll manufacturing process........................... 158
Figure 29: Microwave irradiation of graphite to produce single-layer graphene. 163
Figure 30: Schematic of typical commercialization route for graphene producer. 167
Figure 31: Published patent publications for graphene, 2004-2014............ 179
Figure 32: Technology Readiness Level (TRL) for graphene........................... 183
Figure 33: Global market for graphene 2010-2025 in tons/year................... 241
Figure 34: Flexible organic light emitting diode (OLED) using graphene electrode. 254
Figure 35: A large transparent conductive graphene film (about 20 × 20 cm2) manufactured by 2D Carbon Tech. Figure 24a (right): Prototype of a mobile phone
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produced by 2D Carbon Tech using a graphene touch panel............................................................................... 259
Figure 36: Graphene electrochromic devices. Top left: Exploded-view illustration of the graphene electrochromic device. The device is formed by attaching two graphene-coated PVC substrates face-to-face and filling the gap with a liquid ionic electrolyte............. 261
Figure 37: Flexible transistor sheet.................................................................... 262
Figure 38: The transmittance of glass/ITO, glass/ITO/four organic layers, and glass/ITO/four organic layers/4-layer graphene.............................................................................. 266
Figure 39: Vorbeck Materials conductive ink products................................. 272
Figure 40: Graphene printed antenna........................................................... 275
Figure 41: BGT Materials graphene ink product............................................. 276
Figure 42: Schematic cross-section of a graphene based transistor (GBT, left) and a graphene field-effect transistor (GFET, right)........................................................................ 280
Figure 43: Graphene IC in wafer tester........................................................... 283
Figure 44: Graphene oxide-based RRAm device on a flexible substrate.... 290
Figure 45: Layered structure of tantalum oxide, multilayer graphene and platinum used for resistive random access memory (RRAM)................................................................ 293
Figure 46: A schematic diagram for the mechanism of the resistive switching in metal/GO/Pt. 294
Figure 47: Prototype graphene photosensor.................................................. 298
Figure 48: Hybrid graphene phototransistors.................................................. 300
Figure 49: Wearable health monitor incorporating graphene photodetectors. 301
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Figure 50: Graphene-based automotive components................................. 326
Figure 51: Graphene Frontiers’ Six™ chemical sensors consists of a field effect transistor (FET) with a graphene channel. Receptor molecules, such as DNA, are attached directly to the graphene channel........................................................................................................ 343
Figure 52: Graphene-Oxide based chip prototypes for biopsy-free early cancer diagnosis. 344
Figure 53: Global Paints and Coatings Market, share by end user market. 355
Figure 54: Heat transfer coating developed at MIT....................................... 357
Figure 55: Water permeation through a brick without (left) and with (right) “graphene paint” coating........................................................................................................................ 366
Figure 56: Four layers of graphene oxide coatings on polycarbonate....... 371
Figure 57: Degradation of organic dye molecules by graphene hybrid composite photocatalysts. 379
Figure 58: Skeleton Technologies ultracapacitor........................................... 391
Figure 59: Zapgo supercapacitor phone charger......................................... 393
Figure 60: Solar cell with nanowires and graphene electrode.................... 398
Figure 61: GFET sensors...................................................................................... 422
Figure 62: First generation point of care diagnostics..................................... 425
Figure 63: Graphene Field Effect Transistor Schematic................................. 426
Figure 64: 3D Printed tweezers incorporating Carbon Nanotube Filament. 433