the good and the bad infrastructure · phone : (62-21) 3148175 (hunting) fax : (62-21) 31903090 ......

Organization Roads Bridges

OPERATIONAL AND MAINTENANCE (O&M

)

Volume A

INFRASTRUCTUREThe Good and The Bad

PNPM Mandiri Oversight Working Group

1

1-Organization 2-Roads 3-Bridges

The Good and The Bad

Volume A

OPERATIO

NA

L & M

AIN

TENA

NCE (O

&M

)

INFRASTRUCTURE

2

The Good and The Bad Operational & Maintenance (O&M) Infrastructure

The Good & The Bad: Operational & Maintenance (O&M) InfrastructureVolume A

Writer: Ekart Hartmann and Heinz Unger

Editor: Octaviera Herawati, Vivianti Rambe, Richard Gnagey

Photos by:Ekart Hartmann

Design & Lay Out:Agus Wiyono

Published by:PNPM Support Facilities (PSF)Jalan Diponegoro No. 72Jakarta 10310Phone : (62-21) 3148175 (hunting)Fax : (62-21) 31903090Website : www.worldbank.org

3

PREFACE

The Development of infrastructure is one of the important things to provide access to the community for improving their incomes and welfares to fulfill their needs. In some remote areas, for example, women do not need to walk several kilometers

anymore, as they used to do, just to get clean water for cooking and drinking, because public hydrants which provide clean water have been built near their houses.

In other thing, constructing infrastructures, in many cases, are not easy and cheap. Therefore, it is necessary to get a special attention so that they can be functioning well especially for the long term period. Besides the accurate calculation, selecting proper materials, as well as monitoring during the construction works, there is an activity aimed to make the lifespan of infrastructure longer than as designed. It is called Operational and Maintenance (O&M) activity. Usually, the O&M team is established by communities and the members are also from the community itself. It is expected that through this activity, the self-belonging sense of community will be improved. Furthermore, in order to make the O&M team succeed in executing the tasks, it really depends on the cooperation of community especially the users.

Once the O&M team is selected, they will get trained by a field consultant or facilitator. The training usually takes only few days where not every material will be given in detail. As a result, only certain infrastructures can be maintained while the others will be left untouched. Moreover, the background of each O&M members who are usually non-engineers will create another problem in terms of repairing the infrastructure when they found the damaged infrastructures.

This book contains lot of photographs showing the good and bad infrastructure in relation with O&M activity. For the bad things, there are some explanations on how to repair it so that it can function again properly. The book is basically made for those who have relation with the O&M activity, especially small scale infrastructure. The book can be used as both training materials and guideline book for the O&M team to implement the operational and maintenance infrastructures.

Finally, we hope that this book can be used properly for the community benefits in order to maintain as well as to educate villagers so that the infrastructures that have been built can be well functioned to give a big impact for improving community’s welfare.

4


ACKNOWLEDGES

Thank you for all parties who have participated and assisted in making this book available. Special thanks for:

• Providingpicturesandphotographs:

- Juliana Wilson, Richard Gnagey, Mike Ponsonby (WSLIC-2), Gary Swisher (WASPOLA), Mark Hayton (MHPP-GTZ and Entec Inc.), Ilham Abla (WSIMP), Kumala Sari & Evi Hermirasari (P2KP), Norman Van Hoff (Bali International Consulting Group), Ekart Hartmann, Heinz Unger, Martin Donat (Bioengineering Techniques), Hans Teindl (Geotechnik), and graphic designer.

- Consultants and facilitators of KDP/PNPM Mandiri Perdesaan PPK

- Staff of National Management Consultant (NMC),

- Staff and consultants of WSLIC-1 & 2

- Jakarta Green Monster (wetlands)

- USDA Bioengineering Guidebook and Manual

• Providingideas,inputs,andcomments:

Scott Guggenheim, Victor Bottini, Sentot Satria, Octaviera Herawati, Citra Lestari, Fazlania Zain, Vivianti Rambe, Richard Gnagey - secara khusus telah memberikan banyak ide terhadap buku-buku prasarana PPK/PNPM, Faray Muhamed, Mike Ponsonby, Nina Shatifan, Mark Hayton, Gerhard Fischer, Timotheus Chiaradia, Alfred Lambertus, Gary Swisher, Roger Montgomery, Peter Horne

5

CONTENTS

Volume A

Preface ....................................................................................................... 3

Acknowledgement ......................................................................................... 4

1. Organization ..............................................................................................7

2. Road

2.1 . Cut & Embankments......................................................................11

2.2. Road Body & Surface .....................................................................27

2.3. Drainage ....................................................................................... 63

3. Bridges.....................................................................................................87

5

6


7

INFRASTRUCTURE

ORGANIZATION

The Good and The BadOperational & Maintenance (O&M)

1

8


SCHEMATIC FOR MAINTENANCE BY COMMUNITY

Village or DusunHEAD

oversees

Funds from• UserFee• PartofADD• Grants

Maintenance Groupmanages

Monotoring Groupmonitors

Buymaterialsandequipments

COMMUNITYimplements

Contribution•Labor•Tools

Maintenance activities

9

Organization

DISTRIBUTION OF KEY RESPONSIBILITIES FOR MAINTENANCE

Village (Dusun) Head- Oversees the entire process- Gives general directions- Obtains the necessary funds, such as part of ADD, or grants- Reports to Camat- Assists when serious problems

Monitoring Group - Checks infrastructure at agreed intervals, depending on type, condition and level of

use- Records all problems with village infrastructure- Advises Maintenance Group of all problems that were found- If problems persist, reports to Village (Dusun) Head

Maintenance Group- Plans maintenance activities- Carries out routine maintenance at regular intervals, such as cutting grass- Does special maintenance work when advised of problems by Monitoring Group - Buys materials and equipment, using funds provided by user fees (yuran), part of ADD

funds, or grants- Organizes community work teams- Manages and supervises the maintenance activities- Reports back to Village (Dusun) Head when maintenance has been done

Community- contributes tools- contributes labour- does the maintenance activities

Everybody in the Community

Uses and appreciates the infrastructure

1 Maintenance is understood to include minor repairs of village infrastructure2 Community members or the Village (Dusun) Head may also advise the Maintenance Group of infrastructure

problems that they have found

10


11

INFRASTRUCTURE

2.1ROADS

CUTS & EMBANKMENTS


12


The undercut, overhanging slope material will slide and block the ditch putting the well-built gravel road at risk

Why is there a problem ?

• The overhanging material will slip and block the ditch and possibly the road

HowcanIfixit?

• Remove the overhanging material so it will not slip

• Cut back the slope or build retaining wall

• Clean the ditch and road afterwards

CUTS & EMBANKMENTS

Slope Erosion

This wedge of material will slide down soon

Natural angle of reposeWell built and

maintained gravel surface

13

The erosion of this slope is in an advanced stage


• Falling trees are potentially very dangerous for all road users

• The ditch on the up-slope side is blocked causing drainage problems and potentially damaging the road surface

HowcanIfixit?

• Cut all the trees and remove the roots

• Cut back the slope so that it will be stable

• Rebuild the ditch

• Clean road surface

CUTS & EMBANKMENTS

Slope Erosion

Trees will fall and block the road

Ditch is already filledwith eroded material

Roots are washed out by erosion

14


Erosion of embankment caused by a blocked ditch, plus slide from the cut slope


• The land slide happened because the angle of the cut slope was too steep

• The blockage in the ditch was not removed

• The blocked ditch caused water to run across the road

• The embankment slope was eroded because of the water flooding over the edge of the road

HowcanIfixit?

• Remove any material, especially if blocking a ditch, as soon as possible

• Clean and rebuild the ditch

• Cut back the upper slope or build a retaining wall

• Stabilize the lower slope with erosion protection, such as vegetation

• Repair the eroded road surface with a new compacted gravel layer

CUTS & EMBANKMENTS

Slope Erosion

Road edge before land slide and

erosion

Natural angle of reposeAngle of repose as builtDitch blocked by

land slide

15

Stone covered embankment slope, if too steep, will not replace a retaining wall


• The stones are laid on the slope only and protect the surface of the slope but do not provide any stability for the embankment slope

HowcanIfixit?

• Make sure that road drainage does not run down the slope

• Build a retaining wall at the toe (lower end) of the embankment which to reduce the steepness of the slope

• Or stabilize the slope with sand bags

• And / or plant vegetation on the slope

CUTS & EMBANKMENTS

Slope Stabilization

Stone covered embankment slope

Land slide

16


Rebuilding a road after a slide of the down slope (Note: The cut slope looks unstable too because it is almost vertical)

Whyisitagoodexample?

• Sand bags are cheap and easy to use, but they should stabilize the slope

• A solid base at the toe of the slop is essential – not really the case above

Notes:

1. Do not use plastic bags – plastic is not suitable for natural areas

2. Also use vegetation cover for extra slope stabilization

CUTS & EMBANKMENTS

Slope Stabilization

Remaining plants for stabilization

Stacked sand bags for slope stabilization

17

A retainig wall makes it possible to flatten the slope of the embankment


• Well-built retaining walls give solid support for embankments

• A retaining wall must be set on a solid foundation, such as on piles

• A retaining wall saves space

• Depending on the location of the retaining wall it can flatten the slope of the embankment to approach the natural angle of repose

CUTS & EMBANKMENTS

Retaining Walls

Retaining wall

Eroded embankment

18


Retaining wall in cut section


• Retaining walls can prevent land slides if they are high enough

• The slope above the wall must be at the natural angle of repose

• Keep the weeping holes clear to allow drainage from behind the wall

• A solid foundation is essential for a well built retaining wall

• Slope the road away from the wall – this will save having to build a ditch

Note: Some sections of the cut slope above the wall are too steep

CUTS & EMBANKMENTS

Retaining Walls

No ditch required when cross slope is

away from wall Retaining wall for cut section

Weeping holes to drain earth fill behind the wall

Natural angle of repose

19

CUTS & EMBANKMENTS

Bioengineering

Fast-growing grass was planted on cut and embankment slopes of this road


• Over time or in heavy rainfalls slopes can be eroded easily

• In some cases steep slopes can be washed out by progressive erosion

• Ditches and roads can be quickly filled with sediment causing blockages

HowcanIfixit?

• Plant locally available, fast-growing grass on slopes prone to erosion

• Some grasses grow quickly and have deep roots that stabilize the slope

• The grass plants protect the soil from erosion by rain and runoff

• Ask the community and / or local or regional experts which grass variety would be best suited for erosion prevention

Grass growing after 1 month

20


CUTS & EMBANKMENTS

Bioengineering

Schematic views of different bioengineering techniques


• Landslides on road cuts and embankments could cause a road to be partially or completely lost

• Progressive erosion and slides could damage the road and ditches

• Bioengineering is a natural solution

HowcanIfixit?

• Use live plant materials to stabilize slopes with their roots; the plants also protect the slope against erosion

• Different techniques are available for use, depending on the conditions

• Ask the community and / or local or regional experts which plant varieties would be best suited for this application

Slope stabilization

21

Special support for the toe of slopes

Road level

10o

CUTS & EMBANKMENTS

Bioengineering

Two different methods for bioengineering support at the toe of steep slopes


• Landslides on road cuts and embankments could cause a road to be partially or completely lost and communication would be cut off

• The toe of a slope needs special support to prevent it from sliding

HowcanIfixit?

• Place large rocks or rock-filled gabions at the toe of unstable slopes

• Use live plant materials (=bioengineering) to reinforce and stabilize the toe protection

• Ask the community and / or local or regional experts which plant and grass varieties would be best suited for this application

22


CUTS & EMBANKMENTS

Bioengineering

This slope could be stabilized with bioengineering


• Landslides on road cuts and embankments could cause a road to be partially or completely lost and communication would be cut off

• Progressive slides and erosion could damage the road and ditches

• Bioengineering is a “natural” solution and the slope will stabilize

HowcanIfixit?

• Use live plant materials to stabilize slopes with their roots; the plants also protect the slope against erosion

• Plant quick-growing local tree cuttings as shown above

• Use rocks (riprap) in addition to protect the slope

• Ask the community and / or local or regional experts which plant varieties would be best suited for this application

Schematic view of bioengineering on

slope

Use of bioengineering could stop this slope

from sliding

Riprap placed around plants

23

Schematic view of a bioengineering instaliation, and BEFORE and AFTER pictures

Whyisthisagoodexample?

• Landslides on road cuts and embankments could cause a road to be partially or completely lost and communications would be cut off

• Progressive erosion and slides could damage the roads and ditches

• Bioengineering is a “natural” solution and the slope will be green in a short time as illustrated above

• Bioengineering uses live plant materials to stabilize slopes with their roots; the plants also protect the slope against erosion

• Different techniques are available for use, depending on the conditions

• The local community and / or local or regional experts will know which plant varieties are best suited for this application

CUTS & EMBANKMENTS

Bioengineering

Steep slope of road embankment

Road

During planting

vegetation fully established

Detail

24


Roads

CUTS & EMBANKMENTS

• Check cuts and embankments for signs of EROSION and SLIDES

• Check for WATER seeping out from SLOPES

• Check retaining walls for CRACKS or FAILURE

• Check that vegetation on slopes is healthy

ROAD BODY & SURFACE

• Check road surface for CRACKS, POTHOLES or any other DAMAGE

• Check surface for STANDING (PONDING) WATER, after rains

• Check for DIPS and signs of uneven SETTLEMENT

• Check road shoulders for overgrown VEGETATION

• Check that SHOULDERS have not settled but slope to top of drain

DRAINAGE

• Check CULVERTs, including inlet & outlet for SEDIMENT & DEBRIS

• Check CULVERT inlets & outlets for EROSION & SCOURING

• Check CULVERT headwalls for DAMAGE

• Check ditches for EROSION, OVERGROWN VEGETATION, DEBRIS, SEDIMENT or BLOCKAGE

• Check GRAVEL surface for RILLS indicating that Water is running down the road

Key O&M Items for MONITORING

25

Key ACTIVITY Items for GOOD O&M

Cuts & Embankments

VEGETATION

• Plant vegetation cover, such as vetiver grass

SLOPE EROSION

• Stabilize eroding or sliding slopes

• Make slopes less steep – cut back or make steps

SLOPE STABILIZATION

• Use bioengineering works

• Install interceptor drain on top of slope

• Install drainage layer in slope

RETAINING WALLS

• Build a stone masonry retaining wall

• Build a gabion wall

• Install interceptor drain on top of wall

26


27

INFRASTRUCTURE

2.2ROADS

ROAD BODY & SURFACE


28


Grass on weeds are growing on the road surface


• Grass and plant roots will slowly damage and break up the road

• The road surface can NOT drain freely to the ditches

• Grass is an indicator of poor or lacking maintenance

HowcanIfixit?

• Remove all vegetation and any topsoil, including plant roots regulary

• Build a new crown with a new gravel surface layer and compact it

ROAD BODY & SURFACE

Clear Vegetation

Ditch

Must be free of vegetation

Ditch

Shoulder

29

The road surface should NOT be like a lawn




• Heavy grass growth on shoulders may block drainage from road to ditches


HowcanIfixit?

• Remove all vegetation and any topsoil, including plant roots regulary

• Build a new crown with a new gravel surface layer and compact it

ROAD BODY & SURFACE

Clear Vegetation

Cut the grass on shoulders periodically

Remove grass from road surface

30


Plant and root growth will break up the road surfaces




• Heavy grass growth on shoulders may block drainage from road to ditches


HowcanIfixit?

• Remove grass and weeds including the roots regularly

• Build a new crown with a new gravel layer and compact it well

Keep free of any vegetation between

retaining walls

Retaining wall

Ditch

Ditch

ROAD BODY & SURFACE

Clear Vegetation

31

Ponding water because it cannot drain to the ditches


• Water standing on the surface will seep into the road body

• This weakens the base and sub-base of the road

• Potholes will start where there is ponding water

HowcanIfixit?

• Dig a hole of ca. 10cm depth and fill it again with stones

• Compact well and put a gravel layer on top

• Repair larger areas than spots only

Ponding water on gravel road


ROAD BODY & SURFACE

Clear Vegetation

32


Ponding water cannot drain to the ditches


• Water stays on the surface because it cannot flow to ditches

• Ponding water weakens the road structure as seeps in

• Potholes will start where there is ponding water

HowcanIfixit?

• Dig out twice the size of the “pothole” to a depth of at least 20cm and fill it with angular stones (quarry or broken rock)

• Compact well and put a compacted layer of granular material on top

• Repair larger areas, not just the “potholes” themselves



Grass prevents water from

draining to ditches

ROAD BODY & SURFACE

Ponding Water

33

Once the asphalt surface starts breaking up potholes will appear


• Water standing on the road surface shows there is no drainage, probably because of a lack of a crown or cross slope

• Ponding water can damage the base and sub-base

• Potholes slow down traffic and are hard on all vehicles

HowcanIfixit?

• Remove existing asphalt layer to sub-base level

• Check stability and compaction of sub-base

• Put an new layer of asphalt to seal road surface

• If possible / necessary, repair a larger area at once

• When repairing larger areas, cut a straight line to existing surface

• Add new asphalt layer and leave a joint (1cm) to the existing asphalt surface, then fill the joints with bitumen when new asphalt layer has cooled off

Asphalt surface is already broken

Ponding water on asphalt surface

ROAD BODY & SURFACE

Ponding Water

34


Potholes may also happen due to bad compaction, especially close to structures


• Potholes weaken the road base and sub-base

• The compaction on both sides of a structure, such as a culvert, should be done very well to avoid settlements, potentially causing potholes

• Heavy load vehicles can also cause potholes

• Rounded stone material in the road body can also cause potholes because the stones are not interlocking

HowcanIfixit?

• Dig out the pothole to double its size to get a better connection to the remaining road surface

• Fill the pothole with granular material and compact well

• Consider setting load restrictions on the road

Gravel surfaceCulvert

Pothole

ROAD BODY & SURFACE

Potholes

35

Destruction of a road can start from a small pothole


• Water seeps through the asphalt surface and weakens the base

• The surface settles and breaks up, resulting in more potholes

• Traffic runs over the pothole and it gets bigger and deeper

• Tires of vehicles will be damaged by potholes (flat tires)

HowcanIfixit?

• Repair potholes as soon as they show up – after the rainy season

• See previous page for description of repairs

Asphalt surface still OK

Potholes

Asphalt surface is already gone

ROAD BODY & SURFACE

Potholes

36


A pothole starts small but if left may cause the road surface to break up entirely


• Water seeps through the asphalt surface and softens the road base

• The surface settles and breaks up, causing more potholes

• The traffic running over the pothole will keep enlarging it

• Tires of vehicles will be damaged, even causing flat tires

HowcanIfixit?

• Repair the pothole as soon as possible after the rainy season

• Cut the asphalt edges to a smooth line

• Dig out material to sub-base level and clean out all loose material

• Fill up with granular material and compact well

• Seal with asphalt surface – minimum thickness 5 cm

Asphalt surface

Pothole

ROAD BODY & SURFACE

Potholes

37

Deep ruts show that there was bad compaction, especially around the structures


• Sub base and road base were not well compacted, or base material is not suitable for roads

• Very heavy loads and vehicles may have used the road especially in the rainy season

• Sub-surface drainage under the road may be poor causing road to soften

HowcanIfixit?

• Dig out road surface and all material to sub-base and add a new layer of granular material

• Compact well in 15 cm layers, preferably with a roller

• Make sure that moisture content of material is right for compaction – not too dry and not too wet

• Restrict heavy vehicles from using the road, especially in the rainy season

Bridge over river

Line shows top of road surface as

built

Settlement on both sides of the structure

Rut

ROAD BODY & SURFACE

Settlement

Designed Cross Section

CL

Culvert

38


Ruts and potholes indicate bad compaction, especially around structures


• Water flows to the lowest point of the road, if not discharged to the ditches properly

• The surface layer gets broken and the water trickles to the sub base and destroys the base

HowcanIfixit?

• Dig out a larger area to the top of the sub base and refill it with stones

• Compact them and put a gravel layer on top

Settlements on lowest point of road

Stones laid in the rut, but not compacted

yet

Gravel layer on top

ROAD BODY & SURFACE

Settlement

39

Roads settle before and after structures like bridges


• The vehicles drop from the hard bridge surface to the softer gravel road and compact the road

• Settlement follow and potholes

HowcanIfixit?

• Build a ramp of concrete or stones (like Telford) to get a smoother transition

Line shows top of road surface as built

Avoid settlements in this road section

Min 3m

Max. 10%

ROAD BODY & SURFACE

Settlement

40


This will happen when NO maintenance is done


• The road has become almost unusable

• The investment costs were wasted

• There may not have been a need for such a road

• The community did not understand the need for road maintenance

HowcanIfixit?

• Clean all the vegetation and sand from the road surface

• Check the condition of the road base and the surface – repair as needed

• Make sure there are shoulders and ditches – if there are no one, add them

It seems that no maintenance was ever done on this road – and there

was no trafic either

Edges of road

Grass and sand are all over the road

ROAD BODY & SURFACE

Gravel Surface

41

The road shoulders close to the retaining walls have settled or were washed out


• There is standing water on the road which cannot flow into the ditch

• The standing water will seep through the base and sub-base and may cause settling of the road

HowcanIfixit?

• Fill depressions with granular material to the level of the retaining wall and compact well

Surface repair has been done already

Surface needs fixing, i.e. filling with material

ROAD BODY & SURFACE

Gravel Surface

42


Water has damaged the entire road


• Water must be drained to and through the ditches

• Water flowing over the road surface and a poor road surface or poor compaction causes washouts, especially on steeper slopes

• Ditches should have been built when the road was constructed

• A washout could also happen when ditches are too small or completely blocked

HowcanIfixit?

• Rebuild the section road in such a situation

• Make sure there are ditches and cross drainage to remove water from road

Road material has been washed

away

Blue lines show water flow

NO ditch on this side of the road

ROAD BODY & SURFACE

Gravel Surface

43

Low spots and dips in a road must not be used for waste disposal


• Solid waste must not be dumped on the road

• Water stands there, seeps into the base and could cause settling or potholes

• Standing water and solid waste are a HEALTH RISK

HowcanIfixit?

• Remove the solid waste and deposit in a dumpsite

• The low spot should be repaired similar to a pothole

Surface needs repair

Road is not for waste disposal

ROAD BODY & SURFACE

Gravel Surface

44


The edges of the concrete must be protected by a road shoulder


• Unprotected concrete edges will easily be damaged by traffic

• Heavy vehicles are more likely to damage edges of road slab

• Broken edges could cause cracking and break-up of concrete surface

• Road shoulder is also needed for vehicles to pull over to the side

HowcanIfixit?

• For missing shoulder: Clean surface to sub base and add a new gravel material - then compact well, preferably with a roller

• Make sure the moisture content of the material is right for optimal compaction – not too dry and not too wet

• The compaction must be done carefully to avoid damaging the concrete

• If necessary, restrict very heavy loads that could damage the concrete slab from using the road

No shoulder

Broken edges of concrete slab

ROAD BODY & SURFACE

Concrete Surface

45

A road must never end in a drop-off

Why is there is a problem ?

• There’s a big drop from the concrete slab to the natural ground – this is a problem for traffic, especially 2-wheelers and smaller vehicles

• No shoulder was built to protect the edges of the concrete slab

• The shoulder should have been built during the road construction

HowcanIfixit?

• Build a ramp to the end of the road – material can be concrete or stones

Sharp edge of concrete slab

No shoulder

Build ramp transition to natural ground level

ROAD BODY & SURFACE

Concrete Surface

46


Cracks will cause a concrete slab to fail eventually


• Cracks in the concrete slab may cause it to fail eventually

• Water can enter the cracks and destroy the road base and sub-base

• Find the reasons why the cracking happens – uneven settlement due to poorly compacted base, traffic loads are too heavy, or lack of expansion joints

HowcanIfixit?

• Make a new joint

• Cut the cracks open (width 1cm, depth 5cm)

• Clean from dust and fill the joint with liquid bitumen

• Restrict the traffic loads

Note: If uneven settlements continue, the base may have to be replaced eventually but that would require replacing the concrete slab

Cracks in concrete slab

ROAD BODY & SURFACE

Concrete Surface

47

Water flows in the center of the concrete road surface


• Water destroys even concrete surfaces

• Water does not flow to the ditch – defect of construction

• Potholes are the end of the road

HowcanIfixit?

• Repair pothole as already described

• Make a new crown in the road when fixing this road section

• Make sure water can discharge o ditch

• Clean shoulder on the left side periodically

Water flows on the surface

Ditch

Pothole Water flow

ROAD BODY & SURFACE

Concrete Surface

48


Asphalt surface is broken and missing in places


• A broken surface seal is the beginning of the end of the road - WATER IS THE BIGGEST ENEMY OF THE ROAD!

• Heavy vehicles can cause the asphalt surface to crack and break

• Water standing on the road surface will contribute to the problem

HowcanIfixit?

• Remove all remaining sections of the asphalt seal and cut a straight line to existing surface.

• Check that the road base layer underneath is not damaged and that it is well compacted

• Add new asphalt layer and leave a joint (1cm) to the existing asphalt surface

• Fill the joints with bitumen when new asphalt layer has cooled off

Broken Asphalt surface

ROAD BODY & SURFACE

Asphalt Surface

49

A broken road surface will cause the road to fail


• Standing water and heavy loads will cause asphalt surface to break up

HowcanIfixit?

• Patch the broken sections as soon as possible

• Cut out a larger area and deepen the hole to get a good connection to the existing asphalt

• Fill hole with bitumen and chips, seal and compact it well

• Make sure there is NO standing water – provide cross slopes & drainage

• Use load restrictions to keep heavy vehicles out, especially in rainy season

Broken Asphalt surface

Potholes are forming

ROAD BODY & SURFACE

Asphalt Surface

50


Cracks in the surface will eventually cause a road to fail


• Cracks in the road surface will lead to potholes

• Standing water will cause cracks in the asphalt surface.

HowcanIfixit?

• Widen the cracks, clean them out and fill them with liquid bitumen

• Make sure that surface drainage in this road section is OK

• Make sure there is 2- 4% cross slope for drainage

ROAD BODY & SURFACE

Asphalt Surface

Ponding water Replace this section of the road

Cracks in the asphalt surface

51

The shoulders are clear of grass and any other vegetation


• Water can easily run into the drainage ditches

• The usable road width is increased, esp. for passing, stopping and parking

No vegetation on road shoulders

Gravel road

ROAD BODY & SURFACE

Clear Vegetation

52


Well shaped surface prevents ponding water


• A well shaped road surface prevents ponding of water

Slope of surface

Shoulder

Typical cross section

DitchDitch

Shoulder

CL

ROAD BODY & SURFACE

Ponding Water

53

Good water drainege prevents standing water and potholes


• Good compaction and enough cross slope of the surface ensures good drainage of surface water to the ditches

• Water drainage is not blocked by any vegetation

• Standing water and potholes are unlikely

Ditch is large enough

Ditch is large enough

Water drains off as it should be

ROAD BODY & SURFACE

Potholes

54


Road surface, shoulder and ditches are all in good condition


• Road surface is well shaped, smooth and shows no damage

• The grass on the shoulder is cut low

• BUT ditch needs still some maintenance

Note: Waste disposal and clean-up is also part of good maintenance

Ditch still needs some maintenance

Grass on shoulder is cut & maintained

Gravel surface shows no damage

Garbage should be

dumped in container

ROAD BODY & SURFACE

Gravel Surface

55

This is how a well maintained gravel road should look like


• The surface layer is still well compacted – no standing water or potholes

• Water can drain freely to the ditches

• No grass or other vegetation on the shoulders nor in the ditches

Clearing of ditch & shoulders in progress

Well maintained gravel surface

Clean ditch

Clean shoulder

ROAD BODY & SURFACE

Gravel Surface

56


Gravel surface in very good condition


• The surface layer is still well shaped and well compacted – no standing water or potholes

• Water can drain freely to the ditches

Retaining wall

Well maintained gravel surface

Ditches

ROAD BODY & SURFACE

Gravel Surface

57

Well-built concrete slab road - the different colour shoulders delineate the road well


• The concrete tracks show a good alignment

• The distance between the separate tracks does not exceed 80 cm

• The gravel between the track at the same level as the tracks

• No vegetation between tracks and on shoulders

• Shoulders are of a different colour – clearly showing the edges of the road

Concrete tracks are in good condition

Well compacted gravel mixture

Shoulders in different

colour

ROAD BODY & SURFACE

Concrete Surface

58


The “crowned” slab drains the water well into the side ditches

Whyitisagoodexample?

• The “crowned” road surface assures proper drainage of water to the ditches

• The rough surface provides good traction for vehicles

• The ditches are deep enough for adequate drainage

Ditches on both sides of the road

The rough surface gives good traction

Proper water drainage

ROAD BODY & SURFACE

Concrete Surface

59

Proper water runoff from the concrete surface to the ditches


• The crowned road surface guarantee an easy runoff of water

• The ditches drain into a creek

• A row of border stones protects the concrete edges of the slab

• The rough surface provides good traction for vehicles

Ditch drains into the creek

Good border for concrete slab

Proper water runoff

ROAD BODY & SURFACE

Concrete Surface

60


This picture shows the different stages of roadside maintenance work


• Asphalt surface is in very good condition

• The grass is cut and shrubs are removed on the right side of the road

• The left road side shows the condition before maintenance has been done

On this side maintenance has NOT

yet been doneOn this side

maintenance has been done already

Good asphalt surface

ROAD BODY & SURFACE

Asphalt Surface

61

Good asphalt surface road with ongoing maitenance work


• On this road, maintenance work is being done periodically

• Water can drain freely over the shoulders into the ditches

• There are no potholes and no cracks in the surface

Maintenance work has been done

Asphalt surface in good condition

ROAD BODY & SURFACE

Asphalt Surface

62


ROAD BODY & SURFACES

VEGETATION

• Repair road shoulders by filling with good fill to of any concrete/masonry drain and compact well

• Clear shoulders of any tall vegetation and cut grass to short length

PONDING WATER

• If standing water on road surface, make sure there is a good crown or cross slope

POTHOLES

• Repair potholes: dig out bigger area, fill with granular material and compact well

GRAVEL SURFACE

• Maintain gravel surface by adding new gravel – use heavy equipment (roller or grader) for compaction

ASPHALT SURFACE

• If asphalt-sealed surface, repair potholes as above and re-seal

CONCRETE SURFACE

• Repair cracked concrete surface: cut out deep joint, seal crack with bitumen

• If concrete surface is broken up, cut and dig out to base, fill with granular material ((compact well – use heavy equipment), and patch with concrete

SETTLEMENTS

• If dips in road due to uneven settlement, dig out to sub-base fill with granular material (compact well – use heavy equipment), compact well, and restore existing surface


63

INFRASTRUCTURE

2.3ROADS

DRAINAGE


64


Water flowing on the road surface indicates that drainage does not work


• Water flowing on the road surface will damage the road slowly and eventually wash it out and destroy it

• The base and sub-base will soften and settle and potholes will open up

HowcanIfixit?

• Investigate the reasons for the blocked ditch

• The most likely reason is that the ditches are blocked with debris & leaves clean the ditches!

• The ditches may also be too small deepen and / or widen them

Water flows across and on the

road

Ditch seems to be blocked

DRAINAGE

Ditches

65

Water flowing on the gravel road surface will wash out the road


• Water flowing on the gravel road surface will wash out road

• Potholes may develop and eventually the road structure will be damaged

HowcanIfixit?

• The most likely reason is that the ditches are blocked with debris & leaves clean the ditches !

• The ditches may also be too small deepen and / or widen them

Ditches blocked by leaves and debris

DRAINAGE

Ditches

66


Waste, leaves and debris block the ditches


• Water can not flow freely in the ditches, especially during heavy rains

• A blocked ditch will cause the road surface to be flooded

HowcanIfixit?

• Clean all ditches periodically

Keep ditch free of leavesShoulder

Don’t throw garbage into the ditch

Ditch

DRAINAGE

Ditches

67

Check road and ditches periodically for blockages, esp. if slopes are not stable


• Land slides can block ditches and water will flood the road during heavy rainfall events

• Land slides occur when the slope is too steep keep in mind the natural angle of repose

• During the rainy season the risk of land slides is higher, because the soil is saturated with water

HowcanIfixit?

• First of all, remove the slide material and clear the blocked ditch

• Then check whether the slope can be cut back in those areas where land slides tend to happen frequently

Ditch is blocked by a land slide

Flow in ditch is diverted onto the

gravel road

DRAINAGE

Ditches

68


Loose rocks protect the invert of the earth ditch from the force of fast-flowing water


• Fast-flowing water in steep earth ditch will erode the ditch quickly

HowcanIfixit?

• Place some loose rocks in the drop area to cushion the fall and protect the earth invert from erosion

Loose rocks in

drop area

Natural drop in ditch

DRAINAGE

Ditches

69

Severe erosion beside the newly built ditch


• The road shoulder was to low and did not allow drainage to enter the lined concrete ditch which is too high

• Water can not flow in the built ditch and erodes the shoulder of the road

HowcanIfixit?

• Clean shoulder of vegetation

• Fill with granular material sloping from the edge of the road to the top edge of the new ditch

• Compact well

• Promote growth of grass or similar vegetation on shoulder to prevent erosion on steeper road sections through highly erodible soil

Potholes

Severe erosion right next to new ditch

Newly builtconcrete ditch

Actualcross section

DRAINAGE

Ditches

70


Dense vegetation growth at the inlet and outlet of culvert


• Vegetation prevents water from flowing into the culvert.

HowcanIfixit?

• Remove all vegetation and debris in the area around the inlet and outlet of a culvert

• Use rocks (riprap) to protect soil from erosion

Culvertheadwall

Culvert

Water flow

Vegetation and debris block the flow into culvert

DRAINAGE

Culverts

71

Dropped formwork and debris block inlet to culvert almost completely


• The flow of water is severely restricted by rotting pieces formwork, and accumulated debris

• There is a serious risk that flow could back up at inlet during heavy rains

HowcanIfixit?

• Remove all left-behind formwork

• Clean sediment from the inlet and the culvert

• Remove all debris

Board that dropped

Opening as designed

Formwork was left behind

Sedimentation

DRAINAGE

Culverts

Cross section available for water flow

72


Culvert headwall is cracked and almost broken off – possibly due to settlement of fill


• The broken headwall has not been repaired yet

• Dense growth of vegetation prevents water from flowing out of the culvert.

HowcanIfixit?

• Repair or re-build the headwall

• Plaster the base of the wall

• Place loose rocks around the outlet to prevent erosion

• Remove all vegetation and debris around the inlet and outlet of a culvert

Cracked and broken headwall

Vegetation and debris block the

flow of water

Loose rocks should to be placed in this area

DRAINAGE

Culverts

73

Sediment and debris in the culvert inlet chamber


• Debris, leafs and sediment will eventually block the flow into the culvert

• Debris and sediment can be swept into the culvert and eventually plug it

HowcanIfixit?

• Remove all leafs, debris and sediment – especially during and after the rainy season

• Always keep the inlet and the area around it clean

Clean the inlet chamber

DRAINAGE

Culverts

74


Formwork prevents water from flowing freely through the culvert


• The flow of water will be restricted by the formwork that was not removed

• Debris will catch and may further plug the culvert

• The wooden supports will rot and the collapsed formwork will eventually block the culvert completely

HowcanIfixit?

• Remove all formwork and clean out the sediments from the culvert

Floating boards

Formwork was not removed

remains

DRAINAGE

Culverts

75

NO maintenance was carried out for these cross drains

Why is it a problem ?

• Blocked cross drains cannot discharge the water from the road surface

• Blocked cross drains are totally useless

• The water damages the road surface and eventually may destroy the road

HowcanIfixit?

• Keep the cross drain free of sand, small gravel and debris

• Check cross drain peridically

• It is easy to extend the life of a road when water is properly drained off

Blocked metal cross drain

A rotten wooden cross drain

DRAINAGE

Cross Drain

76


Water can flow unhindered into the dich


• Water can flow freely into the ditch

• The road will not be damaged by flowing or standing water

Remove grass

Road should be cleaned after rain

Water running off

Ditch

DRAINAGE

Ditches

77

Water can drain freely into the ditch


• Water can run off the road easily

• There will be no standing water on the road surface

• Ditch is clean of any leaves, debris, garbage, etc.

Don’t let the grass grow tall

Water running off

DRAINAGE

Ditches

78


Water can flow easily into the ditch

Tall grass prevents water from flowing into the ditch


• Water shall be allowed to flow freely into the ditches

• Tall, dense grass will block the flow of water ponding may occur

HowcanIfixit?

• Cut the grass periodically and keep the ditch inlets clear

Water flow from road

Ditch

Water may pond

Ditch

DRAINAGE

Ditches

Grass prevents water flowing into the ditch

79

Distance between drop structures depends on the grade of the road


• The velocity of the flowing water is reduced and cannot erode the ditch

• There are enough drop structures for the grade of the road

• Loose rocks adjacent to the drop structure dissipate the energy of the water

Note: Due to the lower flow velocity, there may be more sedimentation clean the ditch periodically

Grade of ditch less than grade of road

Drop structuresSteep road

Place stones adjacent to the drop structure

DRAINAGE

Ditches

80


No sedimention, debris or vegetation – a clean beautiful culvert


• Only clean culverts assure the free discharge of water

• A road with good drainage and without flooding will have a much longer life span

Large stones at the outlet prevent

erosion

Nothing obstructs the discharge

DRAINAGE

Culverts

81

This culvert is in almost perfect condition


• Nothing blocks the flow through the culvert

No formwork, just clean concrete surfaces

Some sediment, but it does not interfere with the flow

DRAINAGE

Culverts

82


Typical installation of cross drain

Cross Section

How to do a GOOD installation of a cross drain ?

• Clean surface to sub base and add a new gravel layer – larger stones on bottom and smaller on top, then compact well with heavy roller

• The compaction on both sides of a structure should be done very carefully to avoid damage to the structure

Cross drain

Ditch

Edge of road

Water drains to next cross drain

15 - 30°

90° to center line

Water from road drains into cross drain

Road surface

Spike through 1“ dia pipe and large washers

2”x 6” pressure treated lumber sides

2”x 8” pressure treated lumber base

Galvanized nails 9” on center

Water flows into cross drain

Water flows to ditch

DRAINAGE

Cross Drain

83

Some samples of cross drain construction details using different materials

With any material used – Keep the cross drains clean all times – Inspect regularly

Water is the biggest enemy of a road

Situation

Wooden Boards

Wooden Poles

Iron Rails Concrete

DRAINAGE

Cross Drain

84


Typical installation of a cross drain to prevent further erosion damage to gravel road

Note: The road surface must be repaired after building the cross drain


• Cross drain in steeply sloped gravel road prevents erosion of the road surface by channelling water off the road at regular intervals

Recommended Spacing of Cross Drains

Road Grade in % Spacing of Cross Drains in m

5 about 50

10 25 – 30

15 15 – 20

20 10 – 12

Note: On steeper grades it is better to use concrete slabs for erosion protection

Surface repair essential

Edges of road

Ditch

Rip Rap protection

Cross drain

DRAINAGE

Cross Drain

85

Some samples of cross drain made of different materials

Keep the cross drains clean at all times – Inspect them regularly

Water is the biggest enemy of a road

Cross drain made of metal

Water discharged to ditch

Water flows into the cross drain

Wooden cross drain used as open culvert

Selokan

Newly built wooden cross drain

Cross section as shown on previous pagesSelokan

DRAINAGE

Cross Drain

86


Drainage

DITCHES

• Clean ditches from tall vegetation and remove all sediment & debris

• Repair ditches if eroded (earth) or cracked or broken (concrete)

• If earth ditches are washed out or eroded, build drop structure, using larger stones

CULVERTS

• Clear sediment and debris from culvert inlets and outlets; also make sure culvert is not blocked

• Repair culvert headwalls

• Repair erosion & washout damage at culvert outlets by laying larger stones

CROSS DRAINS

• If (gravel) road on a slope shows erosion rills from water running down, install (wooden) cross drains

• Keep cross drains free of sediment, small gravel and clean periodically


87

BRIDGES

INFRASTRUCTURE

3


88


Some scouring at the foot of the piers


• Large rocks as riprap protect the footing of piers and abutments from scouring by the river

• These rocks can be washed away by flood events

HowcanIfixit?

• Place big rocks (minimum diameter 50cm) around the footing of the piers and abutments as riprap protection against scouring, esp. by high flows

• Dispose garbage in a dump area this is part of O & M too

This part is still OK

Riprap protection is gone

Garbage in the river !

BRIDGES

Abutments & Piers

89

Tree trunks and other large debris to safety of the bridge


• Tree trunks or other large debris pose a risk to the safety of the bridge

• During high water or floods any obstruction of the waterway could damage or wreck the bridge piers

• The bridge could be seriously damaged

HowcanIfixit?

• Remove any large obstruction, such as tree trunks, as soon as possible

• Check regularly, especially after high water, for obstructions under bridges

This tree trunk is a dangerous obstacle

BRIDGES

Abutments & Piers

90


Large cracks suggest that there are serious problems / defects in the structure


• Large cracks could cause the structure to fail

• Structural failure could cause a serious accident

HowcanIfixit?

• Investigate and determine the reasons for the cracks (if a superficial crack – not the case in the picture – it may be only the plaster cracking)

• The most likely reasons could be: (1) effects of an earthquake, (2) very heavy traffic loads, or (3) deficient design and / or construction.

• If the plaster is the problem: Widen the crack and fill it with plaster again

• If heavy loads are the problem: Restrict loads and speed of traffic

• If an earthquake was the problem: Determine the safe loading and impose load restrictions

Note: In the latter two cases the structure should be repaired / stabilized or it may have to be rebuilt based on the advice of an experienced structural / bridge engineer

Crack in abutment

BRIDGES

Abutments & Piers

91

Exposed rebars will rust and do not support structure anymore


• Concrete and rebars acting together constitute the strength of concrete

• Exposed rebars pose a risk to the structural integrity of the bridge

• Concrete may have been of poor quality and / or the concrete cover over the rebars was not enough when the bridge was built

HowcanIfixit?

• Clear away all loose concrete around

• Use steel brush on rebars to clean off any rust and concrete

• Build formwork as needed and place concrete

• After concrete has reached its final strength remove formwork

• Load restriction are recommended while carrying out the repair works

Concrete slab and beam

Visible rebars

BRIDGES

Concrete Parts

92


Formwork and supports used for the underside of the concrete slab were not removed


• Formwork that is not removed will eventually rot and drop

• Wood absorbs moisture and will cause the steel beams to rust

• There is no protective coating on the steel beams where the formwork was

• Formwork that is not removed suggests poor construction practice good O&M should take care of it

HowcanIfixit?

• Remove all bits and pieces of formwork right away, even underneath the bridge slab

• Rust-protect and paint the steel parts that were covered by the formwork

Steel beams were not painted under

the formwork

Formwork was not removed

BRIDGES

Concrete Parts

93

Dripping water and high humidity is speeds up the rusting process


• The load bearing elements of a bridge are commonly made of steel

• Rust affects the strength and integrity of structural steel sections

HowcanIfixit?

• Check periodically for signs of rust on all steel parts of the bridge structure

• Clean off rust with steel brush from all steel parts (incl. bolts & nuts) & apply new rust-protection plus a coat of exterior paint – and do this periodically

Water drips through the deck

boards

Water pools on the steel sections and rust

starts there

Water drips on…

Rust starts here

Steel is starting to rust

BRIDGES

Steel Parts

94


Only the visible parts were maintained


• Only the visible parts of this bridge have been rust-protected / painted

• The less accessible and not visible parts, i.e. the undersides, of load-bearing elements are not painted & maintained

HowcanIfixit?

• Check all connections (wood/wood & wood/steel & steel/steel) for rust or other damage, especially under the bridge

• Rusting steel parts must be cleaned with a steel brush and recoated with rust-proofing paint plus exterior paint check underside of bridge

• Use protective coating of exterior paint also for wooden parts

• It would be better to use two nuts for each hanger rod

All visible Parts are painted

Underside of boards & beams also need a

protective coating

Check nuts for signs of rust

Steel sections have started to

rust

BRIDGES

Steel Parts

95

Missing and cracked boards are a hazard for all user of the bridge


• Cracked boards will soon come loose

• If many more deck boards go missing, travel across the bridge will become too dangerous and therefore impossible

• The paint is gone from the pylons but high humidity eventually destroys wood and steel parts therefore a protective coating of paint is essential

• The cables of the bridge are supported by the wooden pylons and carry the entire load of the bridge

HowcanIfixit?

• Replace missing and defective wooden deck boards

• Clean off the old paint from wooden and steel parts and paint with new protective coating periodically

Pylons need new paint urgently

Broken deck boards

BRIDGES

Wooden Parts

96


It looks like no maintenance was ever done on this bridge


• The condition of this bridge makes its use very dangerous if not impossible

• The funds for building this bridge were wasted because no O & M was done

HowcanIfixit?

• Investigate and determine if repairs could still “save” and restore this bridge

• If restoration is deemed feasible, then replace all rotten wooden beams and boards – a load restriction may have to be imposed though

• Paint all wooden parts with a protective coating

• Check and replace bent hanger rods – clean off rust and protect all steel parts with rust-resistant paint and an exterior coating

Wooden beams are rotten

Hanger rods are bent and rusting Deck boards are

broken & rotten

BRIDGES

Wooden Parts

97

Anchor block and steel cable of a suspenion bridge


• Water ponding on top of the anchor block will cause the steel cable to rust and the wooden anchor to rot

• The cables and anchors carry the entire load of the bridge and should be well protected against deterioration

HowcanIfixit?

• Check the top of anchor block for standing water – after a rainfall

• If water ponds around anchor, cut small grooves that slope outward into the top of the block to let the water drain

• Clean rusty parts of the cable and grease it periodically

• Coat wooden anchor with exterior paint periodically

Grease cable

Ponding water will slowly damage steel

cable and wooden anchor

BRIDGES

Wooden Parts

98


A missing or broken railing post shows a lack of O & M


• Missing posts and a loose railing are a serious risk to all bridge users

• The integrity and stability of the entire railing is potentially affected

HowcanIfixit?

• Replace the concrete post, more easily with a steel post, and fix it to the slab with steel base plate fastened to the deck with concrete bolts

• The loose railing should be reconnected / welded to the new steel post

• Rustproof and paint all steel elements of the repaired railing

Replace missing post

BRIDGES

Railings

99

A section of the handrail on suspension over deep water is broken and missing


• There is a great risk for all bridge users, especially children, when the hand rail or parts thereof are missing or broken

HowcanIfixit?

• The damaged parts must be replaced without any delay

• Check the posts too (for stability) and clean and paint them

Damaged woodenhand rail

BRIDGES

Railings

100


Example of a load restriction sign for bridges and roads


• Bridges and also roads are usually designed for a certain maximum load

• Bridge and road structures can be seriously damaged or even collapse if the maximum load is exceeded

• A seriously overloaded bridge can fail under a very heavy load that is over the design load

• During the rainy season the sub-base of roads may be soft and heavy loads may cause that the road to settle and break up

• Bridges with slightly damaged abutments or piers can still be used when a load restriction has been set and posted

BRIDGES

Load Restriction

101

An overall well-maintained bridge, and the waterway is clear too


• Abutments are well protected from scouring

• Large rocks (min. diameter 50cm) are placed in the area needing protection

• The abutments, the concrete deck, the railing and the painting show a high standard of maintenance of the bridge

• The two big stones downstream should be removed to assure a free flow

Rocks for protection against scouring

Big rocks block the flow of water

A well maintainted bridge

BRIDGES

Abutments & Piers

102


The wing wall of the abutments has enough drainage (weeping) holes


• The seepage water from behind the wing wall can drain freely through the “weeping holes” to relieve the water pressure.

• If not drained, high water pressure behind the wing wall could cause the wall to crack or even topple over

• PVC, bamboo or any other pipe material can be used for weeping holes

• Good O & M must make sure that the weeping holes are not plugged

Weeping holes

min. 10cm

BRIDGES

Abutments & Piers

103

Well painted steel parts indicate good maintenance


• All steel parts have been painted and are protected against rusting

All steel parts seem to be freshly painted

BRIDGES

Steel Parts

104


Grease steel cables to reduce friction and protect against rusting

Whyarethesegoodexamples?

• Suspension bridges have some moving parts that must be taken care of

• by periodic maintenance

• Reduce friction between sliding cables and fixed parts of the bridge

• Excessive friction may damage the cables and the fixed parts as well

• Keep all parts moving freely

Grease all moveable steel parts

BRIDGES

Steel Parts

105

No missing or broken boards and a solid railing indicate good maintenance


• There are no missing nor broken boards, the track boards are fixed to the deck, and the hand rails are all in good condition

• The wooden parts look like they need to be painted

• It would appear that this bridge was checked periodically

A deck board was replaced

Tracks are fixed to deck

BRIDGES

Wooden Parts

106


The appearance of this bridge shows good maintenance


• All wooden parts are painted which increases their life span

• In a climate of high humidity It is very important to protect wooden parts against rotting

All wooden parts are painted

BRIDGES

Wooden Parts

107

A well maintained bridge


• Hand railing and posts are painted and will increase the life span of the bridge railing

Seluruh bagian kayu di cat

Seluruh bagian kayu di cat

Railing looks freshly painted

BRIDGES

Railings

108


Well built and maintained wooden handrails


• Well protected wood and solid workmanship reduce the amount of maintenance work

Example of good workmanship

Two bolts would be better

Wooden railing

BRIDGES

Railings

109

Bridges

LOAD RESTRICTIONS

• Put up sign showing maximum load allowed

ABUTMENTS & PIERS

• Clear debris & other material blocking bridge opening

• Repair – with stones – scouring around piers and abutments, or gabions or wooden piles

CONCRETE PARTS

• Check concrete deck & repair damaged concrete, especially if steel rebars are exposed

STEEL PARTS

• Check for rust on any metal parts, also underneath bridge

• Clean rust off with wire brush

• Paint with rust-protection paint

• Coat with exterior paint

WOODEN PARTS

• Check wooden decking

• Repair & replace wooden deck that is cracked, rotten or missing

RAILINGS

• Check & repair handrail for safety of people


110


Bridges

LOAD RESTRICTION

• Check that there are SIGNS at each end showing the MAXIMUM LOAD allowed over the bridge

ABUTMENTS & PIERS

• Check bridge PIERS & ABUTMENTS for CRACKS or damage

• Check around PIERS & ABUTMENTS for SCOURING, especially under the bridge and downstream from bridge

CONCRETE PARTS

• Check slab for cracks

• Check for exposed rebars

STEEL PARTS

• Check all STEEL and METAL parts for RUST, also UNDER the bridge

• Check that all MOVING METAL parts are GREASED & LUBRICATED

• Check condition of PAINT, especially on STEEL parts

WOODEN PARTS

• Check bridge DECKING that complete and no CRACKS nor HOLES

RAILINGS

• Check that bridge RAILING is whole and SAFE

Key O&M Items for MONITORING

PNPM SUPPORT FACILITY (PSF)Jalan Diponegoro No. 72Menteng Jakarta Pusat 10310 IndonesiaTel: (6221) 3148-175Fax: (6221) 3190-3090

the good and the bad infrastructure · phone : (62-21) 3148175 (hunting) fax : (62-21) 31903090 ......

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