GLOBEFISH RESEARCH PROGRAMME

The global status of seaweed production, trade and utilization

Volume 124

FAO GLOBEFISH RESEARCH PROGRAMME VOL. 124

The global status of seaweed production, trade and utilization

by

Fatima Ferdouse Susan Løvstad Holdt Rohan Smith Pedro Murúa Zhengyong Yang

FAO Consultants Products, Trade and Marketing Branch Fisheries and Aquaculture Policy and Resources Division Rome, Italy

FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS Rome, 2018

iii

FAO. 2018. The global status of seaweed production, trade and utilization, by Fatima Ferdouse, Zhengyong Yang, Susan Løvstad Holdt, Pedro Murúa and Rohan Smith, FAO Consultants. Globefish Research Programme Volume 124. Rome, Italy.

ABSTRACT

This report is an update of the status of the global seaweed market: production figures from culture and capture, the size of the international market for seaweed and its commercially important extracts, the leading nations by region, developments in processing and utilization technology, and innovations in the industry, as well as the challenges and outlook for the industry.

As it is not possible to feature all individual countries of importance in the seaweed sector, several have been selected as being representative of the different regions of the world: Asia [China, Indonesia, the Republic of Korea, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore and Thailand); South America (Chile); Europe (Denmark, the European Union); and Africa (Morocco, South Africa and Zanzibar (Tanzania)]. The sections on Chile, China, Denmark and South Africa are based largely on previous studies commissioned by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO).

Layout: Gloria Loriente Copy Editor: Margie Peters-Fawcett Cover photograph: ©IFAD/Joanne Levitan

Cyanobacteria

Saccharina japonica, Undaria pinnatifid Sargassum fusiforme Porphyra , Eucheuma , Kappaphycus alvarezii Gracilaria ; Enteromorpha clathrata Monostroma nitidum Caulerpa . Saccharina japonica, Laminaria japonica

Eucheuma Kappaphycus alvarezii Undaria pinnatifida wakame Porphyra

nori Spirulina

Spirulina.

Gelidium, Gracilaria Pterocladis,

Eucheuma Kappaphycus

Saccharina japonica kombu Undaria pinnatifid wakame Sargassum fusiforme hiziki Ulva , Enteromorpha , Monostroma , Caulerpa Codium sp

E.cotonii, E. spinosum Chondrus crispus,

Gracilaria

Gracilaria

EucheumaGracilaria Undaria pinnatifid

Source

Lessonia nigrescenshuiro palo (Lessonia trabeculata

Gracilaria Laminaria digitata) luga negra (Sarcothalia crispata Macrocystis spp Saccharina japonica Ascophyllum nodosum Gigartina skottsbergii

Gracilaria

EucheumaGracilaria

Undaria pinnatifid wakame Kappaphycus Porphyra nori

nori. Undaria pinnatifid wakame Gracilaria

Nori is a staple in Japanese cuisine. © FAO/Fatima Ferdouse

Saccharina japonica

Saccharina japonica, P haitanensis, Gracilaria Sargassum ,

Gracilaria

Gracilaria Porphyra

et al

Seaweed farmer in the Philippines regaining her livelihood after typhoon Haiyan. © FAO

Source

Porphyra , Saccharina japonica Undaria spp nori, kombu wakame Nori kombu

wakame kombu

nori

Ecklonia Durvillea antarctica, Eucheuma Kappaphycus

Chondrus Gigartina

Gracilaria Hypnea, Porphyra Acanthophora Caulerpa Gracilaria

Porphyra , Saccharina japonica Undaria spp

Saccharina japonica Undaria Porphyra

Gracilaria Sargassum,

Gracilaria

Sargassum

Saccharina japonica)

Source

Main commercial seaweed species in China

Saccharina japonicaGracilaria Undaria (wakame)

Porphyra noriSaccharina japonica

Eucheuma sp, Hizikia fusiforme Enteromorpha sp

Source

Saccharina japonica

Hai Dai

Saccharina japonica

Materia Medica’

Undaria pinnatifida

Porphyra

Porphyra haitanensisPorphyra yezoensis

Gracilaria sp

Gracilaria

Eucheuma

Gelidium

Gelidium

Sargassum

Sargassum

Processing of seaweed

spirulina

Porphyra haitanensis

Porphyra yezoensis

Instant sea tangle (brand: Guanwu Kelp). © Yoycart

Porphyra spp

Dried sea tangle. Sea tangle knots.

Dried and pressed laver. © Yang

Seasoned laver soup. © Yang

Sargassum fusiforme

Sargassum fusiforme

Sargassum fusiforme

Undaria pinnatifida

Sargassum fusiforme

Materia Medica Saccharina japonica Eckloniakunbu Sargassum (haizo),

Porphyra (zicai)

Marketing and trade of seaweed and seaweed products

not

Dried Undaria. © Yang

Source

Source: .

nori

Eucheuma

neiGracilaria

Source

Eucheuma sppKappaphycus spp Gracilaria spp

Eucheuma and Kappaphycus

Processing of seaweed extracts

Trade in raw and processed seaweed

Source

Gracilaria

Source

Eucheuma

E cottonii

E. cottonii

Source

New market trends

cottonii Gracilaria

© Sudari Pawiro Potential and challenges

Production of seaweed (farmed)

E spinosum E cottonii (Kappaphycus)

Source:

Caulerpa Ulva) Sargassum, Tubinaria, Dictyota Padina) Gracilaria, Eucheuma Laurencia

Monoline culture of seaweed. © Fatima Ferdouse

© INFOFISH

Seaweed mariculture and drying facilities in Semporna, Malaysia. © Fatima Ferdouse.

Eucheuma

Gelidium and Gracilaria

© Fatima Ferdouse

Import-export trade

Agar agar is popular as a dessert item and as a content of drinks in Malaysia.© Fatima Ferdouse

Source

Source

Outlook for the seaweed sector

Gracilaria

wakame, nori

Source:

Source:

Source

Seaweed from aquaculture

Eucheuma spp Caulerpa, Gracilaria Sargassum

Eucheuma spp E. cottonii (Kappaphycus) E. denticulatum, E cottonii

(Kappaphycus)

Sargassum, Gracilaria, Gelidium Porphyra

Source:

C.crispus Gigartina

EucheumaEucheuma

Eucheuma

EucheumaCaulerpaGracilaria

International trade

Source:

Source

Domestic market

Gracilaria spp

Gracilaria, Codium, Caulerpa, Porphyra , Hyroclathrus, Hypnea, Laurencia Eucheuma

Porphyra, Ulva, Laurencia, Colpomenia, Acanthophora Halymenia

Sargassum

Eucheuma

Caulerpa makes a colourful and crunchy addition to salads.

kimbapkimchi kim

kim nori

Source

Source

Some of the many innovative seaweed products manufactured and sold in Europe.

Furcellaria lumbricalis

KappaphycusEucheuma

et al

et al

Main commercial seaweed species

Saccharina latissima Fucus vesiculosus)

Fucus serratus) Palmaria palmate)Palmaria palmate

F. vesiculosus Laminaria digitata

Saccharina latissima Palmaria palmata Fucus vesiculosus

Source

Saccharina latissimaS. latissima

S. latissima

Processing

Fucus Saccharina latissima

Fucus serratus

Saccharina latissima Laminaria spp Porphyra purpireaPalmaria palmate

Palmaria palmata

Marketing and trade of seaweed and seaweed products

noriwakame

Source

HS 121229)

Source

nori wakame

(Haliotis midae

nori

© veldandsea.com

Main commercial seaweed species

Ecklonia Laminaria, Gracilaria, Gelidium, Gigartina Porphyra

Ulva Gracilaria

Ulva, Porphyra Laminaria

Ulva Gracilaria

South Africa: Seaweed aquaculture production system. © Anderson and Rothman, 2013

Ulva

Gracilari

Eckloniaet al

Ecklonia maxima (kelp) being harvested by boat.© Anderson & Rothman, 2013

Processing

Marketing and trade of seaweed and seaweed products

Porphyra spp, Plocamium corallorhizaLaminaria pallid

Source

© Anderson & Rothman, 2013

Ecklonia Gracilaria spp

kim nori

Ulva, Porphyra, Gracilaria, Laminaria, Ecklonia

Gelidium sp

GracilariaMacrocystis pyrifera

Main commercial seaweed species Durvillaea antarctica cochayuyo Porphyra

luche

Durvillaea antarcticaPorphyra

Durvillaea antarcticaporphyra

Gigartinales

Chondracanthus chamissoi

Callophyllis variegata

Callophyllis variegata

A: Durvillaea antarctica. B: Lessonia trabeculata. C: Gracilaria chilensis. D: Mazzaella laminarioides. E: Porphyra F: Macrocystis pyrifera. G: Lessonia nigrescens. H: Gigartina skottsbergii. I: Callophyllis variegata. J: Chondracanthus chamissoi. K: Gelidium L: Sarcothalia crispata. © R. Westermeier (Images A-H; L) & M.E. Ramirez (Images I-K)

Gigartinaceae Gigartina skottsbergii luga rojaSarcothalia crispata luga negra Mazzaella laminarioides luga

cucharaGigartina skottsbergii

Gigartina skottsbergii

Gigartina skottsbergii

Sarcothalia crispata Mazzaella laminarioides Sarcothalia crispata

Macrocystis pyrifera Gigartina skottsbergiiMesophyllum

M. laminarioides

Gracilaria chilensis Gelidium spp, Gracilaria chilensis,

pelillo lamella

Gracilaria chilensis

Gracilaria

Gracilaria chilensis

Gracilaria chilensis

Gelidium chasca

Gelidium

Lessonia nigrescensLessonia trabeculata Macrocystis pyifera Lessonia nigrescens huiro negro chascón Lessoniaceae

Durvillaea antarctica Lessonia nigrescens

Lessonia trabeculata (huiro palo Macrocystis pyrifera huiroLessonia trabeculata and Macrocystis pyrifera

Lessoniaceae

A: Pilot culture of Macrocystis pyrifera in Dalcahue, Chiloé Island. B: Commercial facility of Gracilaria chilensis at Pelluhuin. © R. Westermeier

Processing

A:Sundried luga roja (Gigartina skottsbergii) for carrageenan manufacturing in Faro Corona, Chiloé Island. B: Fresh giant kelp (M. pyrifera) bound for abalone facilities at Bahia Chasco, Atacama coast. C: Packages of dried Lessonia trabeculata to be sent to kelp processors in Bahia Salado, Atacama. D: Harvesting of subtidal Gracilaria chilensis by local fishermen at Maullin. © R. Westermeier (Images B - D)

Lessonia trabeculata

Macrocystis

Marketing and trade of seaweeds and seaweed products

Porphyra Durvillaea antarctica

Gelidium

Macrocystis

Source

Lessonia

C. chamissoi,

Lessonia

Lessonia spp M. pyrifera Durvillaea antactica G. skotsbergii

Lessonia

Euchema Kappaphycus nori

Durvillaea antarctica Porphyraspp

A: Porphyra (luche in Spanish) and lamb cazuela (soup). B: Durvillaea antarctica (cochayuyo in Spanish) salad.

Porphyra

Durvillaea antarctica

Chilean seaweed products in local markets (A: Luche ‘bread’; B: tied cochayuyo). © F. Küpper

Dyctiopteris Auke

Auke harvested on Easter Island (A: Full bag collected by a local Islander. B: Morphology of Dyctiopteris © M.E. Ramirez

Lessonia spp

Gracilaria chilensis Gigartina/Sarcothalia

Source

wakame, nori

Source

Source

Source

wakame, nori

Laminaria, Porphyra , hizikia kombu nori hiziki Undaria spp

wakame)

Source

Source

Sources

Sources

Source

Source

Source

Source

Undaria Hizikia

Gracilaria

Source

Source

Source

Source

wakame nori

Source

Source

Source

Kappaphycus alvarezii E. deliticulatum E.spinosum

Source

E.spinosum

Source

Crispy Seaweed Spicy Flavour; Tao Kae Noi Brand carries a halal label.

nori kombuwakame

Dried seaweed lines the shelves of Japanese-themed outlets in many Asian supermarkets, in this case in Malaysia. © Fatima Ferdouse

Gracilaria ogonori ogo

gulaman

GracilariaGracilaria

© Fatima Ferdouse

Chondrus

Kappaphycus alvarezii (cotonii) Eucheuma denticulatum spinosum

Chondrus Furcellaria Gigartina Sarcothalia Mazzaella IridaeaMastocarpus Tichocarpus

In Southeast Asia, carrageenan is used as a binder for items such as burgers. © Fatima Ferdouse

Eucheuma

Eucheuma

September 2017, Zanzibar FAO Director-General, Josè Graziano da Silva, inspecting a variety of products made from seaweed during his visit to Paje Beach. ©FAO/Kevin Midigo

(Ecklonia)

Eucheuma Kappaphycus Gracilaria

African Journal of Agricultural Research

Description of the commercial seaweed sector

Vækst i blå biomasser- kortlægning af potentialer og udfordringer i værdiskabelse af tang og skaldyr (Growth within blue biomass-mapping of potentials and challenges in value creation of seaweed and shellfish). .

China Fishery Statistical Yearbook (2003-2015).

Encyclopedia of Ecology Ecological Engineering

et al Safeguarding the future of the global seaweed aquaculture industry

Status of the South African Marine Fishery Resources.

Dubai Chamber report shows increasing preference for halal food as global market grows to USD1.1 trillion in 2013

FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Department

FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Department

Boletin de Exportación de Productos Pesqueros y Acuícolas de Chile

A guide to the seaweed industry

Regulation regarding seaweed as food and for the trade in Denmark

Profile of Business and Investment Opportunities on Seaweed Industry in Indonesia III

Seaweed processing in Chile, with emphasis on human consumption products

Blå biomasse – potentialer og udfordringer for opdræt af muslinger og tangDTU Aqua-

rapport

Desembarque de algas por especie entre 1996 – 2006

Datos Estadísticos del Desembarque, Producción y Cosecha de Algas Marinas Chilenas

Anuario Estadístico de Pesca. Servicio Nacional de Pesca

Micronutrient deficiencies.

Seaweed Industry: The Case of China

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The GLOBEFISH Research Programme is an activity initiated by FAO's Products, Trade and Marketing Branch, Fisheries and Aquaculture Policy and Resources

and Associate Members.CA1121EN/1/08.18

ISBN 978-92-5-130870-7

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