The Global Positioning The Global Positioning SystemSystem

Briefing to Congressional StaffBriefing to Congressional Staff

The Global Positioning The Global Positioning SystemSystem

Briefing to Congressional StaffBriefing to Congressional Staff

February 2000February 2000

Greg FinleyGreg FinleyDirector, Executive Director, Executive SecretariatSecretariatInteragency GPS Executive Interagency GPS Executive BoardBoard

OverviewOverview

• What is GPS?What is GPS?

• Commercial Uses of GPSCommercial Uses of GPS

• GPS Policy and ManagementGPS Policy and Management

• Major IssuesMajor Issues

What is GPS?What is GPS?What is GPS?What is GPS?

The SystemThe System

• 24 satellites operated by 24 satellites operated by USAF provide 24-hour, all-USAF provide 24-hour, all-weather, global coverageweather, global coverage

• Satellites are equipped with Satellites are equipped with atomic clocksatomic clocks

• Precise time signals are Precise time signals are broadcast on L-band radio broadcast on L-band radio frequenciesfrequencies

• Four satellite signals Four satellite signals enable receivers to enable receivers to triangulate positiontriangulate position

How It WorksHow It Works

Satellites Satellites broadcastbroadcast•• Precise timePrecise time•• Orbit dataOrbit data•• Satellite Satellite healthhealth

Receiver measures Receiver measures time delay from time delay from satellites, and by satellites, and by triangulation triangulation calculatescalculates

• • LocationLocation• • ElevationElevation• • VelocityVelocity

GPS is a Dual-Use SystemGPS is a Dual-Use System

• Cold War spinoffCold War spinoff– Developed in 1970s-1980s to support Allied forcesDeveloped in 1970s-1980s to support Allied forces– Prominent in Gulf WarProminent in Gulf War– After KAL-007, civilians gained access to Coarse After KAL-007, civilians gained access to Coarse

Acquisition (C/A) signalAcquisition (C/A) signal

• Commercial use now dwarfs military useCommercial use now dwarfs military use

• GPS policy is managed at a national level by GPS policy is managed at a national level by the Interagency GPS Executive Board (IGEB)the Interagency GPS Executive Board (IGEB)

• DOD retains operational control for national DOD retains operational control for national securitysecurity

Civilian vs. Military GPSCivilian vs. Military GPS

• Civilians: Standard Positioning Service (SPS)Civilians: Standard Positioning Service (SPS)– Coarse Acquisition (C/A) signal at L1 frequencyCoarse Acquisition (C/A) signal at L1 frequency– Selective Availability (SA) limits accuracy to 100 mSelective Availability (SA) limits accuracy to 100 m– Augmentation systems can improve accuracy to 1-3 Augmentation systems can improve accuracy to 1-3

mm

• Military: Precise Positioning Service (PPS)Military: Precise Positioning Service (PPS)– SPS plus two encrypted (P(Y)) signals at L1 and L2SPS plus two encrypted (P(Y)) signals at L1 and L2– 20 m accuracy20 m accuracy

• Modernization will add more civil & military Modernization will add more civil & military signalssignals

Civilian Augmentation SystemsCivilian Augmentation Systems

• Many techniques have been developed to Many techniques have been developed to counteract the effects of SA and other sources of counteract the effects of SA and other sources of errorerror– Differential GPS (DGPS)Differential GPS (DGPS)– Real-Time Kinematic (RTK)Real-Time Kinematic (RTK)– Post-ProcessingPost-Processing

• Commercial GPS augmentation systems aboundCommercial GPS augmentation systems abound

• Government is funding many public services to Government is funding many public services to enable GPS error correction/integrity monitoringenable GPS error correction/integrity monitoring– Maritime DGPS Beacon Network -- Coast GuardMaritime DGPS Beacon Network -- Coast Guard– Nationwide DGPS Network (NDGPS) -- Coast GuardNationwide DGPS Network (NDGPS) -- Coast Guard– Wide Area Augmentation System (WAAS) -- FAAWide Area Augmentation System (WAAS) -- FAA– Local Area Augmentation System (LAAS) -- FAALocal Area Augmentation System (LAAS) -- FAA– Continuously Operating Reference Stations (CORS) -- Continuously Operating Reference Stations (CORS) --

NOAANOAA

GPS is a Global Information GPS is a Global Information UtilityUtility

• Time and spatial data are critical elements of Time and spatial data are critical elements of the global information infrastructurethe global information infrastructure

• Use of GPS increases productivity and is Use of GPS increases productivity and is changing the way we live and workchanging the way we live and work

• GPS data is embedded into information GPS data is embedded into information systems and is often transparent to end userssystems and is often transparent to end users

• GPS is therefore offered freely to the world as GPS is therefore offered freely to the world as a public gooda public good

Commercial Uses of GPSCommercial Uses of GPSCommercial Uses of GPSCommercial Uses of GPS

Worldwide Sales of GPS Related Worldwide Sales of GPS Related Goods & Services Projected to Goods & Services Projected to

Exceed $16B by 2003Exceed $16B by 2003

0

2,000

4,000

6,000

8,000

10,000

12,000

14,000

16,000

18,000

1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

$ M

illio

ns

Source: ITA, 1998Source: ITA, 1998

Relative Market Share Relative Market Share ProjectionsProjections

Source: ITA, 1998Source: ITA, 1998

Unit Cost of Receivers is Unit Cost of Receivers is Falling at ~30% Per YearFalling at ~30% Per Year

Source: GPS Industry Council, Source: GPS Industry Council, 19951995

00

$200$200

$400$400

$600$600

$800$800

19911991 19931993 19951995 19971997 19991999

CommunicationCommunications Network s Network SynchronizatioSynchronization n and Timingand Timing

Surveying &Surveying & MappingMapping

Fishing &Fishing & BoatingBoating

Off shoreOff shore DrillingDrilling

RecreationRecreation

Trucking & Trucking & ShippingShipping

Personal Personal NavigatioNavigatio

nn

AviationAviation

RailroadsRailroads

Power GridPower Grid InterfacesInterfaces

Major GPS MarketsMajor GPS Markets

Satellite Satellite OperationsOperations

Precision AgriculturePrecision Agriculture

• Precise plowing, seeding, Precise plowing, seeding, watering, sprayingwatering, spraying

• Localized identification and Localized identification and treatment of distressed crops treatment of distressed crops reduces chemical usereduces chemical use

• Precise leveling of fields Precise leveling of fields prevents fluid runoffprevents fluid runoff

• Machinery, asset, and Machinery, asset, and personnel managementpersonnel management

• Automated tractor controlAutomated tractor control

Open Pit MiningOpen Pit Mining

• Enhanced management Enhanced management of assets, equipmentof assets, equipment

• Work progress tracked in Work progress tracked in real-time, remotelyreal-time, remotely

• Improved machine Improved machine control saves time, control saves time, lowers maintenance and lowers maintenance and fuel consumption, fuel consumption, prevents accidentsprevents accidents

• Rapid surveying for Rapid surveying for drilling blast holesdrilling blast holes

• Smaller, more Smaller, more empowered workforceempowered workforce

Timing ApplicationsTiming Applications

• Some estimate the Some estimate the timing market at $40-timing market at $40-100M100M

• Communications network Communications network synchronization and synchronization and managementmanagement– Phone, wireless systemsPhone, wireless systems

– LANs, WANs, InternetLANs, WANs, Internet

• Power grid management Power grid management and fault locationand fault location

• Financial transactionsFinancial transactions

• E-commerce signaturesE-commerce signatures

Other Civilian ApplicationsOther Civilian Applications

• Public SafetyPublic Safety

• Scientific ResearchScientific Research

• Environmental ManagementEnvironmental Management

Global Sales by Market SegmentGlobal Sales by Market Segment

0

2,000

4,000

6,000

8,000

10,000

12,000

14,000

16,000

18,000

1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

MilitaryMarineAviationSurvey/Mapping/GISOEMTracking/Machine ControlConsumerCar navigation

Source: ITA, 1998Source: ITA, 1998

$ M

illio

ns

GPS Policy and ManagementGPS Policy and ManagementGPS Policy and ManagementGPS Policy and Management

President’s GPS PolicyPresident’s GPS Policy

• Presidential Decision Directive signed in Presidential Decision Directive signed in March 1996March 1996

• Policy codified by Congress in 1998Policy codified by Congress in 1998

• U.S. shall promote acceptance and use of GPS U.S. shall promote acceptance and use of GPS as a worldwide standardas a worldwide standard

• GPS will remain free of direct user feesGPS will remain free of direct user fees

• Selective Availability will end by 2006Selective Availability will end by 2006

• GPS will be jointly managed as a national GPS will be jointly managed as a national asset by the Interagency GPS Executive Board asset by the Interagency GPS Executive Board (IGEB)(IGEB)

Interagency GPS Executive Interagency GPS Executive Board (IGEB)Board (IGEB)

Defense(co-chair)

Agriculture

Commerce

Joint Chiefs of Staff

Transportation(co-chair)

State

Interior

NASA

Justice

Commerce RepresentativesCommerce Representatives

• Deputy Under Secretary for Deputy Under Secretary for TechnologyTechnology– Gary BachulaGary Bachula

• Deputy Under Secretary for Deputy Under Secretary for NOAANOAA– Scott GudesScott Gudes

• ““Two seats, one vote”Two seats, one vote”

Commerce Interests in GPSCommerce Interests in GPS

• Commercial GPS market growthCommercial GPS market growth

• Civilian and scientific uses of GPSCivilian and scientific uses of GPS

• Modernization and fundingModernization and funding

• Executive SecretariatExecutive Secretariat

• U.S.-Japan CooperationU.S.-Japan Cooperation

• GPS Interagency Advisory CommitteeGPS Interagency Advisory Committee

• Radio spectrum management, technical Radio spectrum management, technical studiesstudies

• Trade promotion and market accessTrade promotion and market access

IGEB AccomplishmentsIGEB Accomplishments

• Decision to add two new civilian signalsDecision to add two new civilian signals

• Funding plan for implementation of third Funding plan for implementation of third signalsignal

• Establishment of Executive SecretariatEstablishment of Executive Secretariat

• Approval of negotiations with EuropeApproval of negotiations with Europe

IGEB Management StructureIGEB Management Structure

IGEBIGEBPolicyPolicy

Executive SecretariatExecutive SecretariatInformation/CoordinationInformation/Coordination

Senior Steering GroupSenior Steering GroupResources/RequirementsResources/Requirements

Working GroupsWorking Groups StudiesStudiesTask ForcesTask Forces

Executive SecretariatExecutive Secretariat

• The IGEB Charter called for a dedicated The IGEB Charter called for a dedicated Executive Secretariat but it was not Executive Secretariat but it was not implemented until 1999implemented until 1999

• Functions include:Functions include:– Identify national and international issues that may Identify national and international issues that may

affect the management and operation of GPSaffect the management and operation of GPS– Develop issues papers, options, and Develop issues papers, options, and

recommendationsrecommendations– Assemble ad hoc working group to address GPS Assemble ad hoc working group to address GPS

issuesissues– Coordinate information among IGEB agenciesCoordinate information among IGEB agencies– Provide administrative supportProvide administrative support

Executive Secretariat: DOC RoleExecutive Secretariat: DOC Role

• IGEB accepted Deputy Secretary Mallett’s IGEB accepted Deputy Secretary Mallett’s offer to physically host the Secretariat office offer to physically host the Secretariat office in May 1999in May 1999– Office constructionOffice construction– FurnitureFurniture– EquipmentEquipment– Initial suppliesInitial supplies– Recurring rentRecurring rent

• DOC staff participationDOC staff participation– Director from TADirector from TA– Detailee from Office of Space CommercializationDetailee from Office of Space Commercialization– Detailee from NOAADetailee from NOAA

Executive Secretariat: DOC Executive Secretariat: DOC BenefitsBenefits

• Raises visibility and status of Commerce as Raises visibility and status of Commerce as real player in GPS -- appropriate since DOC real player in GPS -- appropriate since DOC has greatest constituency of usershas greatest constituency of users

• Facilitates international acceptance of GPS by Facilitates international acceptance of GPS by demonstrating its commercial ties and demonstrating its commercial ties and dispelling its perception as a military systemdispelling its perception as a military system

• Increases DOC awareness of and insight into Increases DOC awareness of and insight into ongoing processes affecting GPS and its usersongoing processes affecting GPS and its users

• Enables IGEB to move forward on critical Enables IGEB to move forward on critical issues from a national perspective by moving issues from a national perspective by moving interagency conflicts to neutral groundinteragency conflicts to neutral ground

Executive Secretariat: StatusExecutive Secretariat: Status

• Office created last summer, but still only 2-3 Office created last summer, but still only 2-3 detailees assigneddetailees assigned– DOCDOC– InteriorInterior– DOD, DOT, NASA staff in the worksDOD, DOT, NASA staff in the works

• Activities so far have been limited to Activities so far have been limited to administrative support and production of administrative support and production of National GPS PlanNational GPS Plan

• DOC decided in December 1999 to increase its DOC decided in December 1999 to increase its participation to energize operationsparticipation to energize operations

Executive Secretariat: FundingExecutive Secretariat: Funding

• Staff salaries paid by host agenciesStaff salaries paid by host agencies

• DOT, DOD originally agreed to split expenses DOT, DOD originally agreed to split expenses for studies, conferences, etc.for studies, conferences, etc.– DOD money is now being transferred to DOCDOD money is now being transferred to DOC– DOT money was deleted by CongressDOT money was deleted by Congress

• DOC has committed additional funds for DOC has committed additional funds for studiesstudies

• In order to collect operational funding from In order to collect operational funding from more than one agency, the IGEB needs more than one agency, the IGEB needs specific authorization from Congressspecific authorization from Congress

Major IssuesMajor IssuesMajor IssuesMajor Issues

Major IssuesMajor Issues

• Modernization and FundingModernization and Funding

• International CooperationInternational Cooperation

• Spectrum ProtectionSpectrum Protection

ModernizationModernization

• Satellite upgrades needed to improve Satellite upgrades needed to improve accuracy, reliability of GPS for civilian usersaccuracy, reliability of GPS for civilian users

• International aviation community moving International aviation community moving towards Global Navigation Satellite System towards Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS)(GNSS)

• IGEB, White House have spent over two years IGEB, White House have spent over two years developing plan to add two new civilian GPS developing plan to add two new civilian GPS signalssignals

• DOD also plans to add new military signals DOD also plans to add new military signals around L1 and L2: “M-Code”around L1 and L2: “M-Code”

Modernization: New SignalsModernization: New Signals

P(Y)P(Y)

C/AC/A

P(Y)P(Y)

Present SignalPresent Signal

P(Y)P(Y)

C/AC/A

P(Y)P(Y)

C/AC/A2nd Civil &2nd Civil &New MilitaryNew MilitarySignalsSignals

3rd Civil &3rd Civil &Full MilitaryFull MilitarySignalsSignals

MM MM

P(Y)P(Y)

C/AC/A

P(Y)P(Y)

C/AC/AMM MM

1227.6 MHz1227.6 MHz

L2L21575.42 MHz1575.42 MHz

L1L11176.45 MHz1176.45 MHz

L5L5

Basic Civil Positioning: TodayBasic Civil Positioning: Today

• C/A Code on L1C/A Code on L1• Selective AvailabilitySelective Availability

25-100 m25-100 m

Basic Civil Positioning: Basic Civil Positioning: TomorrowTomorrow

• C/A Code on L1C/A Code on L1• C/A Code on L2C/A Code on L2• New Code on L5New Code on L5• No Selective AvailabilityNo Selective Availability

1-3 m1-3 m

Better Better resistance to resistance to interferenceinterference

Advanced Positioning: TodayAdvanced Positioning: Today

• L1 Code and CarrierL1 Code and Carrier• L2 CarrierL2 Carrier• Data LinkData Link

10 km10 km

2 cm accuracy2 cm accuracy

Advanced Positioning: Advanced Positioning: TomorrowTomorrow

• L1 Code and CarrierL1 Code and Carrier• L2 Code and CarrierL2 Code and Carrier• L5 Code and CarrierL5 Code and Carrier• Data LinkData Link

100+ 100+ kmkm

Faster recovery Faster recovery following signal following signal interruptions interruptions (ex., under (ex., under bridges)bridges) 2 cm 2 cm

accuracyaccuracy

Modernization: FundingModernization: Funding

• VP announced $400 M modernization initiative VP announced $400 M modernization initiative in January 1999 (includes military upgrades)in January 1999 (includes military upgrades)

• Congress denied DOT request for $17 M in FY Congress denied DOT request for $17 M in FY 20002000

• For FY 2001, OMB transferred all civil upgrade For FY 2001, OMB transferred all civil upgrade costs from DOT to DOD in an above the line costs from DOT to DOD in an above the line requestrequest– $66 M in FY 2001$66 M in FY 2001– MOA between DOD & DOT will ensure that civilian MOA between DOD & DOT will ensure that civilian

GPS modernization funds at DOD remain under civil GPS modernization funds at DOD remain under civil controlcontrol

Modernization: Schedule [1999]Modernization: Schedule [1999]97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 1597 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15

Sats 1-6Sats 1-6

Block IIFBlock IIF(“Follow-on”)(“Follow-on”)

Block IIRBlock IIR(“Replenishment”)(“Replenishment”)

Sats 7-9Sats 7-9

Sats 10-12Sats 10-12

Sats 13-15Sats 13-15

3rd Civil Signal &3rd Civil Signal &Military M-CodeMilitary M-Code

2nd Civil Signal2nd Civil Signal

Modernization: AccelerationModernization: Acceleration

• DOD wants new M-Code as soon as possibleDOD wants new M-Code as soon as possible

• Deputy Secretary Mallett met with business Deputy Secretary Mallett met with business CEOs in 1998 to hear views on modernizationCEOs in 1998 to hear views on modernization– Unanimous support for accelerating the scheduleUnanimous support for accelerating the schedule

• IGEB co-chairs agreed in December to IGEB co-chairs agreed in December to accelerate the modernization planaccelerate the modernization plan– Retrofit Block IIR satellites with second civil signal Retrofit Block IIR satellites with second civil signal

and partial M-Codeand partial M-Code– Implement third civil signal and full M-Code on all Implement third civil signal and full M-Code on all

Block IIF satellites instead of just 27 of 36Block IIF satellites instead of just 27 of 36

• Launch strategy still causing delays despite Launch strategy still causing delays despite acceleration of satellite productionacceleration of satellite production

International CooperationInternational Cooperation

• President’s policy tasks State to pursue GPS President’s policy tasks State to pursue GPS cooperation with other nationscooperation with other nations

• Objectives include:Objectives include:– Establish GPS as worldwide standardEstablish GPS as worldwide standard– Protect international spectrum allocationsProtect international spectrum allocations– Ensure open market accessEnsure open market access– Create seamless global navigation systemCreate seamless global navigation system– National security interestsNational security interests

• Commerce participates on every delegationCommerce participates on every delegation– Japan, Europe, RussiaJapan, Europe, Russia

International Cooperation: International Cooperation: JapanJapan

• Largest GPS marketLargest GPS market

• Japanese GPS augmentation satellite -- MTSATJapanese GPS augmentation satellite -- MTSAT

• Joint Statement signed by Clinton, Obuchi in Joint Statement signed by Clinton, Obuchi in 19981998

• Three working groups:Three working groups:– International PolicyInternational Policy– TransportationTransportation– Commercial & Scientific Use (DOC chair)Commercial & Scientific Use (DOC chair)

• Next meeting: May/June 2000, TokyoNext meeting: May/June 2000, Tokyo

International Cooperation: International Cooperation: EuropeEurope

• Multiple rounds of consultations from 1996-Multiple rounds of consultations from 1996-1999 have led to little progress1999 have led to little progress

• E.U. announced intent to build independent E.U. announced intent to build independent “Galileo” system in 1999 -- but details are “Galileo” system in 1999 -- but details are scarcescarce

• Galileo will include fee-based services and its Galileo will include fee-based services and its use may be mandated within Europeuse may be mandated within Europe

• Europe seeks cooperation with U.S., Russia in Europe seeks cooperation with U.S., Russia in developing Galileodeveloping Galileo

• Negotiations began in November 1999,Negotiations began in November 1999,may continue through Summer 2000may continue through Summer 2000

International Cooperation: International Cooperation: RussiaRussia

• Russian GLONASS systemRussian GLONASS system– Occupies important radio band near GPSOccupies important radio band near GPS– Lack of funding has led to its deteriorationLack of funding has led to its deterioration– May pursue cooperation with GalileoMay pursue cooperation with Galileo

• Prior consultations have not been fruitfulPrior consultations have not been fruitful

• Another meeting possible in early 2000Another meeting possible in early 2000

Spectrum ProtectionSpectrum Protection

• GPS uses radio bands allocated by the ITUGPS uses radio bands allocated by the ITU

• At the last ITU World Radio Conference (WRC), At the last ITU World Radio Conference (WRC), U.K. proposed sharing the GPS L1 band with U.K. proposed sharing the GPS L1 band with mobile satellite systemsmobile satellite systems

• Vote was deferred until May 2000Vote was deferred until May 2000

• NTIA has supported technical studies NTIA has supported technical studies demonstrating sharing is not feasibledemonstrating sharing is not feasible

• State is engaged in intensive efforts to State is engaged in intensive efforts to educate voting nations on the importance of educate voting nations on the importance of GPS protection -- DOC has participatedGPS protection -- DOC has participated

• Making progress but success is not assuredMaking progress but success is not assured

Spectrum Protection: New Spectrum Protection: New BandsBands

• At next WRC, U.S. will also seek new At next WRC, U.S. will also seek new allocations to support GPS modernizationallocations to support GPS modernization– Space-to-space allocation at L2Space-to-space allocation at L2– Exclusive use allocation at L5Exclusive use allocation at L5

• L5 allocation is problematic for many L5 allocation is problematic for many countries that use the band for aircraft countries that use the band for aircraft navigation systemsnavigation systems

• Europe may condition support for L5 on U.S. Europe may condition support for L5 on U.S. support for Galileosupport for Galileo