the global economic recession and industrial structure: evidence from four asian dragons

8/3/2019 The Global Economic Recession and Industrial Structure: Evidence from Four Asian Dragons

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http://cdict.net/q/thehttp://cdict.net/q/thehttp://cdict.net/q/benefithttp://cdict.net/q/ofhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_income_economyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Bankhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Bankhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_economieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMFhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_Asian_Tigershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Koreahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singaporehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singaporehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Koreahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_Asian_Tigershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMFhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_economieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Bankhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Bankhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_income_economyhttp://cdict.net/q/ofhttp://cdict.net/q/benefithttp://cdict.net/q/the


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]nd kjbacj dibebfoi iqoyoy* {noin bqokoec}dm {o}n }nd ytawqofd jbce iqoyoy oe }nd Teo}dmY}c}dy* ncy ncm c ydxdqd ofwci} be }nd de}oqd {bqjm% Cyoc cem }nd Teo}dm Y}c}dy cqd mddwjjoe`dm oe fce {cy cem }nd TY oy }nd fcoe d~wbq} fcq`d} hbq }nd hbtq mqckbey% ]nd iqoyoyqdytj}dm oe c yjtfw oe d~wbq} dcqeoeky hbq fce Cyoce dibebfody* oeijtmoek }nd WdbwjdyQdwtajoi bh Inoec .WQI/* Oemoc* Lcwce* }nd hbtq mqckbey* cem b}ndqy% Jb{ dibebfoi kqb{}nqc}dy bh cqbtem 1%7$ {dqd baydqxdm oe 177? hbq Yoekcwbqd cem Nbek @bek* Inoec* cibeydstdeid bh }ndoq jcqkd hoeceiocj ydqxoid ydi}bqy cem }ndoq d~wbq}&bqode}dm oemty}qody*{noin hdc}tqdm }nd TY cy c fclbq d~wbq} wcq}edq% Oe }nd Qdwtajoi bh @bqdc* d~wbq}y hdjj cdcq&be&dcq 91%>$ oe Lcetcq 177?%

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yy}dfy cem wqbxomdm hoyicj y}oftjo hbq dibebfoi kqb{}n% Dibebfoicjj* }nd Qdwtajoi bh@bqdc oy bed bh }nd hd{ Cyoce ibte}qody qteeoek c itqqde} ciibte} mdhoio} .TY-31%8 aojjobe oeLcetcqCtkty} 177>/% [o}n ace`y jdxdqckdm cem jbce&mdwbyo} qc}oby bh fbqd }nce 397$*}nd Qdwtajoi bh @bqdcy y}bi` fcq`d} cem itqqdei hcid wqdiowo}bty incjjdekdy* cyibfwceody oe }nd Qdwtajoi bh @bqdc ncxd nbcqmdm mbjjcqy hbq mda}y%

]nd hbtq mqckbey {dqd cjj temdqfoedm a }nd kjbacj dibebfoi qdidyyobe* cem htq}ndqchhdi}dm a }nd yjtfw oe {bqjm }qcmd% Fcoej mtd }b }ndoq d~idyyoxd mdwdemdeid be d~wbq}y*}nd hbtq dibebfody cjj ythhdqdm hqbf }nd kjbacj mb{e}tqe cj}nbtkn }nd dibebfoiwdqhbqfceid bh dcin oemoxomtcj dibebf xcqodm yokeohoice}j% Hbq }noy qdcybe* c aqodh wqbhojdbh dcin dibebf {ojj ad ojjty}qc}dm adjb{%

1%3 Nbek @bek* Inoec]nd dibebf bwdedm 177? {o}n c qdidyyobe bh ;%;?$ kqb{}n oe KMW oe }nd hoqy} stcq}dq*dcq&be&dcq* cy ibfwcqdm {o}n ce cxdqckd kqb{}n wdqhbqfceid bh 9%;8$ bxdq 177=177>.]cajd 3/% Koxde }nd ofwbq}ceid bh hoeceiocj ydqxoidy cem oe}dqec}obecj }qcmd }b }noy dibebf*c ydxdqd dibebfoi mb{e}tqe {cy }b ad d~wdi}dm% Cj}nbtkn Nbek @bek* Inoec oy bed bh }ndhqddy} dibebfody oe }nd {bqjm* o}y d~wbq} kqb{}n qc}d mqbwwdm }b o}y jb{dy} wboe} oe }nd hoqy}stcq}dq bh 177?%

]nd Kbxdqefde} bh Nbek @bek* Inoec ofwjdfde}dm d~wceyobecq fbed}cq cem hoyicjwbjoiody ibffdeioek oe Ydw}dfadq 177>% ]nd Nbek @bek Fbed}cq Ct}nbqo} .N@FC/oeldi}dm N@-3;? aojjobe .TY-19 aojjobe/ oe}b }nd ace`oek yy}df }nqbtkn bwde fcq`d}bwdqc}obey cem md&joe`dm }nd acyd qc}d hqbf oe}dqace` qc}dy* cfbek b}ndq fbed}cq

fdcytqdy% Cy ce d~cfwjd bh o}y d~wceyobecq hoyicj wbjoiody* oe Mdidfadq 177> }ndkbxdqefde} ceebteidm ce N@-377 aojjobe .TY-31%> aojjobe/ wci`ckd bh jbce ktcqce}ddy hbqyfcjj cem fdmotf&yo|dm hoqfy% Bed bh }nd fclbq ibeidqey chhdi}oek dibebfoi wqbywdi}y {cy}nd tedfwjbfde} qc}d* cem }noy {cy htq}ndq ckkqcxc}dm oe }nd ydibem stcq}dq bh 177?%
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8/31


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]cajd 3< Dibebfoi WdqhbqfceidNbek @bek* Inoec

Wdqobm

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qdydqxdy.TY-fojjobe/

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3??4 1%1?9 19=?7 ;%;98 9%137 377%9>9 377;9 ?%?38

3??8 =%3?9 1=7=7 ;%;9= 1%>97 378%;=1 89*>=7 39=43 4%8=8

3??; 4%748 14?=7 ;%;=1 1%137 331%?99 ?1*>19 37;19 =%>34

3??> .8%718/ 1=>>7 ;%;=4 =%4>7 338%399 >?*814 377=? .=%=4>/

3??? 1%448 14=?7 ;%;4> 8%177 333%447 ?8*148 38?81 =%43;

1777 ;%?43 184;7 ;%;?3 =%?97 37;%9;4 37;*4=4 347?8 38%18>

1773 7%=?; 14?97 ;%;?? 4%7>7 374%847 333*3;= 339?; .3%8;1/

1771 3%>=3 1=>;7 ;%;?? ;%1;7 371%==1 333*?13 ?913 ?%7=1

1779 9%778 14;17 ;%;>; ;%>47 ??%>77 33>*9>; 314;8 31%;?;

177= >%=8; 1;=?7 ;%;>> 8%;=7 ??%=3; 319*48? 3=197 34%=11

1774 ;%7>1 1>347 ;%;;; 4%4;7 377%914 31=*1>7 3=>;8 37%4?>

1778 ;%717 1?497 ;%;8> =%;87 371%947 399*137 3??84 ?%=9?

177; 8%9>7 93487 ;%>73 9%?>7 37=%=14 341*;71 1;>39 >%7=4

177> 1%984 97>89 ;%;>; 9%=99 37>%?77 3>1*49? 3=9>; 4%339

Cxdqckd3??4177>

9%;89 18=94 ;%;;1 =%?79 374%871 334*??7 3=943 ;%494

177>S3 ;%1>9 919=8 ;%;>1 9%=77 37;%;99 387*;;4 11>=? 37%=>3

177>S1 =%334 939?3 ;%>77 9%977 37?%=77 34;*87? 11371 ;%?78

177>S9 3%474 9787= ;%;?? 9%=77 37?%199 387*44; 3>738 4%41;

177>S= .1%8=3/ 1?94= ;%;4= =%377 37?%199 3>1*49? 3=9>; .1%333/

177?S3 .;%;?3/ && ;%;4= 4%177 37?%48; 3>8*1>; 394;8 .13%?11/

177?S1 .4%377/ && ;%;43 4%=77 37?%999 178*??8 3>9;? .31%>??/

177?S9 .1%177/ && ;%;43 4%977 37>%18; 111*;4; 17=3; .3=%977/

177?S= 1%877 && ;%;43 =%?77 337%;77 147*;3> 13>34 .1%777/

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oe }nd ydibem stcq}dq c} 1%43$* be c dcq&be&dcq acyoy .]cajd 1/* {djj adjb{ }nd 1779177> cxdqckd bh =%;?$% ]nqbtknbt} }nd 177> dibebfoi qdidyyobe* wqoid wqdyytqdy ncxd
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9/31


4

fcoej adde mtd }b c {dc`dq {be cem nokndq wqoidy hbq boj cem b}ndq ibffbmo}ody% Oe 177>*dcq&cxdqckd oehjc}obe ciidjdqc}dm }b =%;$* {djj cabxd }nd Ace` bh @bqdcy 1%49%4$ }cqkd}acem% C qdhjdi}obe bh wbbq dibebfoi wdqhbqfceid* }nd Qdwtajoi bh @bqdcy jcabq fcq`d} ncyadde yjtkkoyn* {o}n ce tedfwjbfde} qc}d }nc} wdc`dm c} 9%>99$ oe }nd hoqy} cem ydibemstcq}dqy bh 177? .Wcq` 177>/% Cy ibfwcqdm {o}n b}ndq BDIM ibte}qody* wtajoi ybiocjd~wdemo}tqd qdfcoey d~}qdfdj jb{ cem ncy qdytj}dm oe ce temdqmdxdjbwdm {djhcqd ydqxoidyydi}bq%

]cajd 1< Dibebfoi WdqhbqfceidQdwtajoi bh @bqdc

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3??4 ?%38? 37;;7 ;;3%1;9 1%787 8?%>;9 91*;31 >>9 1=%9>4

3??8 8%??? 317;7 >7=%=49 1%7=7 ;9%93= 99*19; 843 31%384

3??; =%843 313?7 ?43%1>? 1%877 ;8%48? 17*=74 9;8 13%8183??> .8%>4=/ ?177 3=73%==7 8%?87 >1%911 41*7=3 481 31%841

3??? ?%=>8 ?117 33>>%>17 4%8>8 >1%??3 ;=*744 371> 3=%811

1777 >%=>8 ?>77 3397%?87 =%=14 >=%>88 ?8*3?> 474 3?%3==

1773 9%>9; 374>7 31?7%??7 =%73; >>%93; 371*>13 8?= .1%;1?/

1771 8%?;7 331>7 3143%7?7 9%1>9 ?7%;4; 313*=39 81> 39%148

1779 9%7?; 31787 33?3%837 9%48; ?9%?=8 344*941 >33 34%87=

177= =%;97 3=7=7 33=4%917 9%8>9 ?;%917 3??*788 >?8 3?%4;4

1774 =%3?> 34?97 371=%317 9%;99 377%777 137*9?3 39;? >%4==

1778 4%39= 3;;>7 ?4=%;?7 9%=8; 371%1=1 19>*?48 3=9= 33%>97

177; =%?;9 3?;97 ?1?%187 9%147 37=%>99 181*11= 3>?; 31%374

177> 1%11= 3?334 3371%717 9%3;4 37?%;99 173*119 331= 39%4??

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=%;?9 31884 37>3%1=4 9%;37 >?%;?1 31>*4;> ?3? 3=%71;

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177>S1 =%9=8 3?431 373>%>=7 9%377 37?%899 14>*7?> 38;4 19%397

177>S9 9%33= 3?1>3 378;%937 9%78; 333%377 19?*8;1 3==> 1;%793

177>S= .9%=77/ 3>789 3984%=>; 9%399 337%>77 173*119 331= .?%>;>/

177?S3 .=%1=?/ && 3=38%7;9 9%>99 333%877 178*9=7 3178 .14%73?

177?S1 .1%43=/ && 31>4%>?9 9%>99 331%88; 193*;94 39?7 .17%=1>/177?S9 3%777 && 319>%>>; 9%877 339%977 1=4*;9> 387; 3;%4>1

177?S= 8%777 && 338>%799 9%997 339%=8; 18>*94> 3878 33%;31

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10/31


8

1%9 Yoekcwbqd

Yoekcwbqd {cy }nd hoqy} Cyoce ibte}q }b hcjj oe}b c qdidyyobe hbjjb{oek }nd itqqde} kjbacjdibebfoi iqoyoy oe Ltj 177> .]ncekcxdjt cem ]bn 1774/% KMW kqb{}n {cy lty} 3%34$ wdqceetf be cxdqckd oe 177>* hcq ynbq} bh }nd hoxd&dcq cxdqckd bh ;%97$ oe 1779177; cem}nd yjb{dy} yoeid 1773% ]noy qdhjdi}y }nd nokn ibqqdjc}obe ad}{dde }nd kjbacj atyoedyy iijdcem Yoekcwbqdy dibebfoi wdqhbqfceid% ]nd 3??; Cyoce hoeceiocj iqoyoy yc{ Yoekcwbqd hcid}nd ofwci} bh cmxdqyd ywojjbxdq dhhdi}y be d~wbq}oek hbq c ynbq} wdqobm% Cy ynb{e oe ]cajd 9*Yoekcwbqdy KMW kqb{}n yjtfwdm hqbf c wbyo}oxd >%9=$ oe 3??; }b c edkc}oxd 3%9>$ oe3??>% ]b deytqd }nd jbek&}dqf ibfwd}o}oxdedyy bh o}y dibebf* Yoekcwbqd mdiomdm eb} }b}oe`dq {o}n }nd ebfoecj d~incekd qc}d cem wqdyydm cndcm {o}n hoeceiocj qdhbqfy .Hbi` cem[bek 1773/%

]nd kjbacj mb{e}tqe }nc} ibffdeidm oe 177> no} }noy d~idw}obecjj bwde dibebf {o}n htjjhbqid% KMW kqb{}n yjb{dm ibe}oetbtyj hqbf 8%88$ oe }nd hoqy} stcq}dq bh 177>* dcq&be&dcq*te}oj }nd dibebf ibe}qci}dm a =%19$ oe }nd hbtq}n stcq}dq .]cajd 9/% ]nd ofwci} bh }nd

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11/31


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1773 .1%9;=/ 137?7 3%;?1 1%814 ?>%191 ;4*8;; 381= .;%=77/

1771 =%37; 17>;7 3%;?3 9%447 ?;%>=? >1*13? 39=3 1%=77

1779 9%;;3 113>7 3%;=1 =%777 ?>%914 ?8*1== 3;84 38%9==

177= ?%1?? 1=997 3%8?7 9%=77 ??%?8> 331*4;4 1788 1=%91>

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177; ;%;88 919=7 3%47; 1%377 379%4=9 381*?4; 9=>1 37%>1>

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177>S9 7%7=9 9;3>8 3%9?; 1%977 333%379 38>*>71 194? 33%=1;

177>S= .=%118/ 944?? 3%=>; 1%477 333%>== 3;=*3?8 3;81 .33%???/

177?S3 .37%3=7/ && 3%431 9%977 337%84? 388*143 3;77 .1;%;88/

177?S1 .1%>77/ && 3%=;1 9%977 37?%937 3;9*3?3 1999 .14%913/

177?S9 7%877 && 3%=9? 9%=77 377%7? 3;;*=;8 18=3 .3?%??=/

177?S= =%777 && 3%9?= 1%377 377%=37 3>;*734 1;87 =%>>4

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12/31


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te}oj }nd }noqm stcq}dq bh 177?% Ndcxoj mdwdemde} be d~}dqecj }qcmd* }noy dibebf ncyythhdqdm fbqd }nce fby} bh }nd Cyoce dibebfody yoeid }nd ydibem ncjh bh 177>* cy }nd kjbacjyjb{mb{e ncy it} oe}b {bqjm }qcmd% ]nd kjbacj dhhdi}y bh }nd yjb{mb{e* ibfaoedm {o}n cibe}qci}obe oe mbfdy}oi mdfcem* yc{ KMW kqb{}n cxdqckd c} bej 7%74>$ oe 177> cemibe}qci} }b 37%1=$ .dcq&be&dcq/ oe }nd hoqy} stcq}dq bh 177? .]cajd =/% Dxde }nbtknytay}ce}ocj hoyicj y}oftjty {cy oeo}oc}dm oe }nd adkoeeoek bh 177? cem oe}dqdy} qc}dy {dqdjb{dqdm* }nd dibebf ynqce` a cabt} ceb}ndq =%77$ adhbqd c fojm qdabtem biitqqdm oe }ndhbjjb{oek dcq%

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3??8 8%977 3941; 1;%=4> 1%879 ?1%999 >>*79> 8?9= 8%;47

3??; 8%4?7 39?7= 1>%881 1%;3; ?9%388 >9*471 >3>; ?%197

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1773 .1%3;7/ 397?9 99%>77 =%4;7 ?8%7>9 311*133 4443 .;%;87/

1771 =%8=7 391?3 9=%4;4 4%38; ?4%>>> 383*848 ==41 37%897

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177>S= .>%837/ 34879 91%?>9 =%8>7 378%439 1?3*;7; =4?3 .1=%;=7/

177?S3 .37%1=3/ && 99%?>1 4%819 379%=7; 977*311 4133 .98%8>9/

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177?S9 .3%777/ && 91%;?; 8%7>7 374%977 918*147 ;39; .17%>8?/

177?S= ?%177 && 91%934 4%>47 374%3;7 9=4*498 ;;79 38%?99

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13/31


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ibtjm d~wjcoe }nd ictydy bh }nd d~idyyoxd mdwdemdeid be d~wbq}y {o}edyydm oe }ndyd hbtqdibebfody mtqoek }nd iqoydy oe 3??; cem 1773* cem ckcoe oe 177>%

9% CECJ_YOY BH OEMTY]QOCJ Y]QTI]TQDY

Cy moyityydm* }nd hbtq Cyoce mqckbey {dqd eb}dm hbq }ndoq bt}{cqm&bqode}dm mdxdjbwfde}y}qc}dkody cem cyybioc}dm nokn kqb{}n qc}dy hqbf }nd dcqj 3?87y }b }nd 3?>7y% Nb{dxdq*adhbqd cinodxoek ytin qcwom kqb{}n dcin bh }nd hbtq {cy c mdxdjbwoek dibebf mdwdemde}*oe }nd fcoe* be wqofcq oemty}qody% ]nd ydo|dm }nd bwwbq}teo} {nde cmxceidm dibebfodyadkce fbxoek }ndoq jcabq&oe}deyoxd oemty}qody }b jdyy mdxdjbwdm dibebfody% ]c`oekcmxce}ckd bh }nd ytwdqobqo} bh }ndoq jbicj jcabq hbqidy* }ndyd hbtq dibebfody c}}qci}dmd~}dqecj icwo}cj cem }dinebjbk cem* oe }tqe* {dqd }qceyhbqfdm oe}b cmxceidm* nokn&oeibfddibebfody {o}noe }{b }b }nqdd mdicmdy% Fbqdbxdq* }nd adicfd d~cfwjdy bh ytiidyyhtjdibebfoi mdxdjbwfde}% Oe }nd hbjjb{oek ]cajdy 4 cem 8* {d ice baydqxd }nd wqbkqdyyobe bhincekdy oe }nd oemty}qocj y}qti}tqdy bh }nd hbtq mqckbey mtqoek }nd wdqobm bh 3??4177>% Hbqd~cfwjd* oe Yoekcwbqd cem Nbek @bek* Inoec* }nd yncqdy bh xcjtd&cmmdm oe KMW hbq }nd

fcethci}tqoek ydi}bqy mdiqdcyd* {nojd }nd yncqdy hbq }nd ydqxoid ydi}bqy oeiqdcyd% Cy hbq }ndQdwtajoi bh @bqdc cem ]cowdo*Inoec* cy KMW oeiqdcydy* }nd yncqdy hbq }nd fcethci}tqoekydi}bqy qdfcoe fbqd bq jdyy y}cajd {nojd }nd yncqdy hbq }nd ydqxoid ydi}bqy oeiqdcyd yjokn}j%Ndeid* }ndqd oy c ibeyoy}de} }qdem bh oeiqdcyoek yncqdy bh ydqxoid ydi}bqy oe }ndoq qdywdi}oxdKMWy cem* cjfby} bxdqcjj* incekdy oe oemty}qocj y}qti}tqdy }bb` wjcid oe }nd hbtq Cyocemqckbey%

]nd wqbidyy bh mdxdjbwfde} hbq }nd hbtq Cyoce mqckbey ncy adibfd }nd qbjd fbmdj hbq b}ndqmdxdjbwoek dibebfody cqbtem }nd {bqjm% Nb{dxdq* }noy mdxdjbwfde} wc}}dqe ncy fcemqc{aci`y ytin cy bxdq&qdjoceid be oe}dqec}obecj icwo}cjc mcekdq {noin d~wjcoey }ndndcx jbyydy bh }nd 3??; Cyoce hoeceiocj iqoyoy% ]ndqdhbqd* {d moyityy }nd qbjd bh ydqxoidydi}bq yoeid 3??; Cyoce hoeceiocj iqoyoy }b yndm }nd jokn} hbq 177> kjbacj dibebfoi qdidyyobecem* oe }tqe* }nd y}qti}tqcj incekdy oe }ndyd hbtq dibebfody% Cy ydde oe ]cajdy 3 }b =* }nd

Cyoce mqckbey {dqd no} ncqm mtqoek }nd 3??; Cyoce hoeceiocj iqoyoy cem cjj* d~idw}oek]cowdo*Inoec* ythhdqdm hqbf edkc}oxd KMW kqb{}n qc}dy% ]nd ytawqofd jbce iqoyoy oe 177>mdcmdedm }nd TY dibebf* {noin qdytj}dm oe mdiqdcyoek mdfcem hbq }nd d~wbq}y bh o}y}qcmoek wcq}edqy* cy qdhjdi}dm oe }nd hoktqdy wdq}coeoek }b KMW kqb{}n qc}dy% Oe bqmdq }bcyydyy }nd wb}de}ocj ofwci}y bh oemty}qocj y}qti}tqcj incekdy be dibebfoi kqb{}n mtqoek }ndiqoyoy wdqobmy* {d hoqy} qdxod{ }nd oemty}qocj y}qti}tqdy oe }dqfy bh yncqd bh xcjtd&cmmdm oeKMW* hbq }nd ydqxoid cem fcethci}tqoek ydi}bqy qdywdi}oxdj* hbq dcin bh }nd hbtq dibebfody.]cajdy 4 cem 8/%
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_growthhttp://tw.dictionary.yahoo.com/search?ei=UTF-8&p=%E7%94%A2%E6%A5%ADhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developed_country#CIA_advanced_economy_listhttp://tw.dictionary.yahoo.com/search?ei=UTF-8&p=%E7%94%A2%E6%A5%AD%E7%B5%90%E6%A7%8Bhttp://tw.dictionary.yahoo.com/search?ei=UTF-8&p=%E7%94%A2%E6%A5%AD%E7%B5%90%E6%A7%8Bhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developed_country#CIA_advanced_economy_listhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developed_country#CIA_advanced_economy_listhttp://tw.dictionary.yahoo.com/search?ei=UTF-8&p=%E7%94%A2%E6%A5%ADhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_growth


14/31


37

]cajd 4< Yncqdy bh Xcjtd&Cmmdm oe KMW hbq Ydqxoid Ydi}bqy

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3??4 >=%8? 43%>7 8=%8? 89%>?

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]nd icjitjc}obe hbq }nd jcabq wqbmti}oxo} bh fcethci}tqoek ydi}bq cem ydqxoid ydi}bq oy xdqmohhdqde}% Hoqy}* }ndqd cqd fce fbqd lba bwwbq}teo}ody bhhdqdm a }nd ydqxoid ydi}bq* cyibfwcqdm }b }nd fcethci}tqoek ydi}bq* hbq nokn&oeibfd dibebfody* cem }ndyd ncxd xcqobtyyòjj qdstoqdfde}y cem cqd bwde }b qbtknj ncjh bh }nd jcabq hbqid% Be cxdqckd* }nd qdcj xcjtd&cmmdm oeibfd wdq {bq`dq oe ydqxoid ydi}bq oy ynb{dm jb{dq }nce }nc} oe fcethci}tqoek.Adyjd 177;/% [nojd ybfd y}tmody stdy}obe }nc} }nd mdfcem hbq yòjjdm jcabq ncy qoyde* }ndmdfcem hbq teyòjjdm jcabq ncy tembta}dmj hcjjde kqdc}j oe }nd ydqxoid ydi}bq% Adyjd .177;/mdfbey}qc}dm }nc} eb} cjj ydqxoid ydi}bq wqbmti}obe oy jb{ xcjtd&cmmdm bq mdwjby {bq`dqy{o}n jdyy wqbmti}oxo} }nce }nc} bh }nd fcethci}tqoek ydi}bq* cem ibehoqfdm }nd ydqxoidydi}bqy yokeohoiceid cem ibe}qoat}obe }b wqbmti}oxo} cem bxdqcjj dibebfoi kqb{}n% Ydibem*}nd ydqxoid ydi}bq fc eb} moqdi}j adedho} hqbf }dineoicj oeebxc}obe% Fcjkbq|c}c cem Fcqioe.177?/ cqktd }nc} }nd ofwtjyd hqbf }dinebjbkoicj wqbkqdyy oeo}ocjj denceidm jcabq

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15/31


33

qc}d bh KMW kqb{}n cem }nd fcethci}tqoek ydi}bq% Nb{dxdq* }nd qbjd bh }nd ydqxoid ydi}bq oeytwwbq}oek fcethci}tqoek oemty}qody* hbq d~cfwjd }nqbtkn }dineoicj ibeytj}oek cemwqbhdyyobecj ydqxoidy* ncy adde kqdc}j edkjdi}dm hbq c jbek }ofd%]noqm* }ndqd cqd mohhoitj}odyoe fdcytqoek }nd wqbmti}oxo} bh }nd ydqxoid ydi}bq% ]b wqbxd }nc} wqbmti}oxo} ncy adde qoyoekoe ydqxoidy* Adyjd .177;/ fdcytqdm incekdy oe }nd jdxdj bh qdcj xcjtd&cmmdm oeibfd wdq{bq`dq ad}{dde 3?>4 cem 177=% Nb{dxdq* Adyjd .177;/ }nbtkn} }nc} }ndqd {dqd oendqde}jfbqd mohhoitj} cywdi}y }b }nd fdcytqdfde} bh ydqxoidyoe }dqfy bh ab}n wqoid cem stce}o}}nce oy }nd icyd {o}n kbbmy% Hqceidyib cem Fcqob .177>/ oexdy}okc}dm }nd qdjc}obeynowyad}{dde oeebxc}obe* mdfcem* cem wqbmti}oxo} oe ab}n }nd fcethci}tqoek cem ydqxoid ydi}bqy%]ndoq cq}oijd wqdyde}y }nd mc}c be oeebxc}obe oe ydqxoidy* {o}n ce dfwncyoy be }nd ydqxoidy}nc} qdwqdyde} }nd jcqkdy} ibfwbede}y bh fbmdqe dibebfody* oe ce dhhbq} }b htdj }nd qdide}yy}dfc}oi c}}dfw} }b cinodxd hcoq qdibkeo}obe hbq ydqxoidy%

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dibebfody bh fby} mdxdjbwdm ibte}qody* }b ad cyyofojc}dm oe}b dibebfody ytin cy }nd hbtqCyoce EODy% Baxobtyj* }nd kqb{}n bh }ndyd dibebfody {cy oe}dqqtw}dm a }nd beyd} bh Cyocehoeceiocj iqoyoy oe 3??; cem }nd atqy}oek bh }nd TY nokn&}din ataajd oe 1773% Cy Hoktqd 3 cem]cajd ; mdfbey}qc}d* bxdq }nd wdqobm 3??4177>* }nd cxdqckd kqb{}n qc}dy bh KMW oe }ndhbtq Cyoce mqckbey qcekdm hqbf 9%;8$ }b 4%81$ cem d~wdqodeidm nokn xbjc}ojo}% ]ndmdxdjbwfde} y}qc}dk yoeid }nde ncy ynoh}dm }nd dfwncyoy bh wqbmti}obe hqbf jcabq&oe}deyoxd}b fbqd icwo}cj&oe}deyoxd }dinebjbkody cem* }ndqdhbqd* hd{dq lbay ncxd adde iqdc}dm% ]ndydqdide} dibebfoi y}qti}tqcj incekdy ncxd fcmd }nd stdy}obe bh nb{ }b iqdc}d fbqd lbayhqbf }nd oeiqdcyoekj ofwbq}ce} ydqxoid ydi}bqy oe }ndyd bt}{cqm&bqode}c}dm dibebfody ciqo}oicj oyytd%


16/31


31

Hoktqd 3< Kqb{}n Qc}dy bh KMW oe }nd Hbtq Cyoce Mqckbey 3??4177>

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9]nd WQI ncy qoyde }b adibfd }nd {bqjmy ydibem jcqkdy} dibebf cem }nd }noqm jcqkdy} }qcmoek ec}obe% ]ndkjbacj dibebfoi iqoyoy bh 177> ncy {dc`dedm }nd TY cem yokeohoice}j y}qdek}ndedm }nd WQIy oe}dqec}obecjy}c}ty .Ycjj 177?/%

]noy qdytj}y oe bxdq&qdjoceid be oe}dqec}obecj icwo}cj cem"bq oe}dqec}obecj fcq`d}y* cemdywdiocjj be }nd oe}dqec}obecj fcq`d}y qdjc}obeynow {o}n }nd WQI% C fqocm bh qdcybey ncxdadde bhhdqdm }b ciibte} hbq }nd xcqod} oe ofwci} bh 3??;y hoeceiocj }tqfboj be }nd Cyocedibebfody% ]nd fby} bh}de stb}dm qdcybe hbq mohhdqdeid ncy adde }nd mdkqdd bh bwdeedyybh }nd dibebf }b hbqdoke oexdy}fde} cem dywdiocjj }nd d~}de} bh joadqcjo|c}obe bh hoeceiocjfcq`d}y }b kjbacj icwo}cj .Inot 1778/% ]nd WQIy fcethci}tqoek oemty}qody fcq`d} wqbxomdmYoekcwbqd cem Nbek @bek* Inoec {o}n ce c}}qci}oxd acyd hqbf {noin }b mdxdjbw }ndoqoe}dqec}obecj }qcmd qdjc}obeynowy {o}n b}ndq ibte}qody% ]nd hbtq Cyoce mqckbey cjj cmbw}dm ced~wbq}&bqode}dm mdxdjbwfde} wc}}dqe oe bqmdq }b kcoe ciidyy }b oe}dqec}obecj fcq`d}y* ba}coecmxceidm }dinebjbk* c}}qci} oehjb{y bh icwo}cj* cem dxde fc`d }nd mbfdy}oi ofwbq}
http://www.worldbank.org/http://www.worldbank.org/http://www.worldbank.org/http://www.worldbank.org/


17/31


39

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18/31


3=

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20/31


38

]nd dy}ofc}dm ofwci}y bh }nd kqb{}n bh }nd fcethci}tqoek ydi}bq* }nd ydqxoid ydi}bq* d~wbq}y*cem kqbyy ho~dm icwo}cj hbqfc}obe be dibebfoi kqb{}n oe }nd hbtq Cyoce EODy cqd wqdyde}dmoe ]cajd 37% Wjdcyd eb}d }nc} }nd dy}ofc}dm qdytj}y bh }nd ho~dm&dhhdi}y fbmdj cqd bej }ndoemoic}obe bh ce cxdqckd }qdem baydqxdm oe }ndyd hbtq Cyoce mqckbey mtd }b }nd mc}cjofo}c}obe hbq }nd bxdqcjj wdqobm 3??4177>% ]nd ibdhhoiode}y bh }nd oemdwdemde} xcqocajdyoemoic}d }nd qdjc}obeynowy ad}{dde }nd kqb{}n qc}dy bh }nd md}dqfoece}y cem }nd kqb{}n qc}dybh }nd dibebfody .cy fdcytqdm a KMW/% Hbq d~cfwjd* ce oeiqdcyd oe }nd kqb{}n qc}d bh }ndydqxoid ydi}bq a 3$ qcoydy }nd kqb{}n qc}d bh KMW a 7%9?4?$* be cxdqckd* cfbek }ndhbtq Cyoce mqckbey% ]nd dy}ofc}dm qdytj}y ytkkdy} }nc} }nd ofwci}y bh kqb{}n oe }nd ydqxoidydi}bqy* d~wbq}y* cem kqbyy ho~dm icwo}cj hbqfc}obe* cy fclbq md}dqfoece}y bh }nd KMW kqb{}nqc}d* cqd wbyo}oxd cem y}c}oy}oicjj yokeohoice} c} c jdxdj bh c} jdcy} 1$% Cj}nbtkn }ndfcethci}tqoek ydi}bq oy y}ojj xdq ofwbq}ce}* }nd ydqxoid ydi}bq ncy mdfbey}qc}dm o}yoeiqdcyoekj ofwbq}ce} ibe}qoat}obe }b KMW a ibe}qoat}oek }nd nokndy} wdqide}ckd hqbf{o}noe }nd mbfdy}oi oemty}qocj y}qti}tqd hbq }nd kqbtw bh hbtq mqckbey% ]nd qdytj}y ytkkdy} }ndyokeohoice} ibe}qoat}obey bh }nd kqb{}n bh }nd ydqxoid ydi}bqy }b }nd kqb{}n bh KMW* {nojd }ndofwbq}ceid bh }nd fcethci}tqoek ydi}bq oy baydqxdm cy oeyokeohoice} oe }nd fbmdj% ]noy ice ad}c`de cy c yfw}bf bh }nd y}qti}tqcj incekdy }nc} ncxd }c`de wjcid oe }nd Cyoce mqckbey%

]nd xcjtdy bh Q&ystcqdm cem }nd cmlty}dm Q&ystcqdm

4

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Ybtqid< Ct}nbqy icjitjc}obey%

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]nd dy}ofc}dm qdytj}y cqd eb} ytqwqoyoek* koxde }nd hci} bh }nd oeiqdcyoekj y}qbekdq ofwci}ybh d~wbq}y cem }nd ydqxoid ydi}bqy be }nd kqb{}n qc}dy bh KMW oe }nd d~wbq}&jdm hbtq mqckbey%]nd qdytj}y mdqoxoek hqbf }nd ho~dm&dhhdi}y fbmdj oemoic}d dibebfoi y}qti}tqcj incekdy

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]nd kqb{}n bh }nd ydqxoid ydi}bq cjyb moqdi}j wqbfb}dy }nd dfwjbfde} bh jcabq cem }noy*cjbek {o}n }nd }dinebjbkoicj wqbkqdyy cem qdjc}oxdj jb{ jcabq iby}y }nc} incqci}dqo|d dcin bh}nd hbtq dibebfody* ibe}qoat}dy }b KMW kqb{}n% Cy moyityydm dcqjodq* eb} cjj ydqxoid ydi}bqwqbmti}obe oy jb{ xcjtd&cmmdm bq mdwjby {bq`dqy {o}n jdyy wqbmti}oxo} }nce oefcethci}tqoek .Adyjd 177;0 Fcjkbq|c}c cem Fcqioe 177?/% Cy ytkkdy}dm a fby} bh }ndjo}dqc}tqd* }nd ibe}qoat}obe hqbf ce oeiqdcyd oe kqbyy ho~dm icwo}cj hbqfc}obe }b }nd kqb{}n bhKMW oy eb} ytqwqoyoek cem ndjwy d~wjcoe }nd bxdqcjj kqb{}n bh }nd dibebfody%

4Q&ystcqdm .}nd ibdhhoiode} bh md}dqfoec}obe/ wqbxomdy c fdcytqd bh nb{ {djj }nd xcqoc}obey bh }nd mdwdemde}

xcqocajd cqd jo`dj }b ad d~wjcoedm bq wqdmoi}dm a }nd fbmdj* }nd dy}ofc}dm xcjtd qcekdy hqbf 7 3 {o}n 7oemoic}oek eb wqdmoi}oxd wb{dq cem 3 oemoic}oek wdqhdi} wqdmoi}obe% ]nd cmlty}dm Q&ystcqdm }c`dy }nd qdmtidmmdkqddy bh hqddmbf oe}b ibeyomdqc}obe%
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21/31


3;

]nd wbyo}oxd at} y}c}oy}oicjj oeyokeohoice} dhhdi} bh }nd kqb{}n qc}d bh fcethci}tqoek ydi}bq beKMW kqb{}n ckcoe oemoic}dy }nc} }nd mqoxoek hbqid bh dibebfoi kqb{}n ncy ynoh}dm c{c hqbf}nd fcethci}tqoek ydi}bq% ]qcmo}obecjj* }b}cj hci}bq fdcytqdy bh wqbmti}oxo} ncxd oeijtmdmntfce jcabq* dedqk* fc}dqocjy* cem icwo}cj .Djbqce}c cem Nbjfy}qbf 3??>/% ]nd yokeohoice}ofwci} bh ydqxoid ydi}bq kqb{}n qc}dy cem }nd oeyokeohoice} ofwci} bh fcethci}tqoek ydi}bqkqb{}n qc}dy hbtem oe }nd cabxd cwwjoic}obe bh }nd ho~dm&dhhdi}y fbmdj ytwwbq} }nd hoemoek bhAb}}c||o* Ydiino* cem ]cfckeo .177>/% ]noy htq}ndq ytwwbq}y }nd cqktfde} bhhdqdm a ]qowjd}}cem Aby{bq}n .177=/ qdkcqmoek }nd ibe}qoat}obe bh }nd ydqxoid ydi}bq }b wqbmti}oxo}%

=% ]ND QDJDXCEID BH DIBEBFOI YNBI@Y HBQ ED[YDQXOID MDXDJBWFDE]

]nd dibebfoi cem hoeceiocj oehqcy}qti}tqd bh }nd hbtq Cyoce mqckbey {cy ydqobtyjibfwqbfoydm a ab}n }nd 3??; Cyoce hoeceiocj iqoyoy cem }nd 177> kjbacj dibebfoiqdidyyobe% Adhbqd }nd beyd} bh }nd ytawqofd jbce iqoyoy oe 177>* o} cwwdcqdm }nc} }nd ydqxoidydi}bq {cy adibfoek oeiqdcyoekj ofwbq}ce} }b }nd dibebfody bh }ndyd dibebfody% ]nd

}qdemy bh kjbacjo|c}obe cem ciidjdqc}oek }dinebjbkoicj wqbkqdyy ncxd jdm }b }ndwqdmbfoec}obe bh ydqxoidy oe fby} mdxdjbwdm dibebfody .Hqbdnjd d} cj% 1777/% Hbq d~cfwjd*de}dqwqoydy ytin cy KD .icwo}cj ydqxoidy/* OAF .ibeytj}oek ydqxoidy/* cem Cfc|be .bejoedydqxoidy/ ncxd wobeddqdm ed{ ydqxoid mdxdjbwfde} .EYM/8

Eb{cmcy* fcethci}tqoek oemty}qody oe}dkqc}d ydqxoid bwdqc}obey% Dxde }nd qd}cojoekoemty}qody .Wd}dqybe cem Acjcytaqcfceoce 1771/ cem ch}dq&ycjdy ydqxoidy .Lbnceyybe cemBjnckdq 177=/ cqd xdq mohhdqde} }b }nbyd bh }nd jc}d 17}n ide}tq% Mdxdjbwfde} bh ed{

ydqxoid oemty}qody oy }ndqdhbqd y}qbekj deibtqckdm oe fce ibte}qody adictyd oemty}qocjmdxdjbwfde} cem ibfwt}dq yiodeid wqbfb}d oeebxc}obe* {noin* oe }tqe* ibe}qoat}d cy fclbqmqoxdqy bh dibebfoi kqb{}n% Nb{dxdq* EYM oy xdq bh}de c}}qoat}dm }b }nd fcethci}tqoekydi}bq* qc}ndq }nce }nd ydqxoid ydi}bq% EYM ice y}qdek}nde }nd xcjtd&cmmdm ibeedi}obead}{dde fcethci}tqoek oemty}qody cem }nd ydqxoid ydi}bq* cem }noy ibtjm adibfd }nd hbicjwboe} bh ht}tqd dibebfoi kqb{}n% Mtd }b }nd mohhdqde} hci}bqy ibe}qoat}oek }b }nd qdide} iqoyoy*{d moyityy }nd dibebfoi ynbi`y }ndyd hbtq dibebfody d~wdqodeidm mtqoek }noy wdqobm adjb{%

}b ba}coe c ibfwd}o}oxd dmkdbxdq }ndoq ibfwd}o}bqy cem }noy ncy incekdm }nd jcemyicwd bh }nd ydqxoid oemty}q% Oh }noy `oembh oemty}qocj cmxce}ckd {dqd }b ytwwbq} }nd dibebfoi kqb{}n bh dfdqkoek dibebfody* {noincfbte}y }b ncjh bh cjj kjbacj dibebfoi kqb{}n oe c koxde dcq* c kjbacj fdj}mb{e ibtjm adcxbomdm .Icqqcyib 177?/%

=%3 Nbek @bek* Inoec

Oe }dqfy bh o}y mdkqdd bh bwdeedyy* Nbek @bek* Inoec oy bed bh }nd fby} bwde dibebfody oe}nd {bqjm% Kqb{}n oe }noy bwde dibebf {cy no} a c ndcx ajb{ c} }nd dem bh 177>* {noin

{cy hbjjb{dm a }nd kjbacj dibebfoi qdidyyobe cem }nd }qcmd yjtfw oemoic}dm oe ]cajd 3% Hbq}nd dcq* ibeytfw}obe cem ho~dm oexdy}fde} mom eb} kqb{ c} }ndoq tytcj qc}dy% ]nd ofwbq}ce}hoeceiocj fcq`d}y cem qdcj dy}c}d ydqxoid oemty}qody {dqd ibey}qoi}dm oe }nd ydibem ncjh bh177>% Oe 177?* d~wbq}y hdjj cem ab}n wqoxc}d ibeytfw}obe cem oexdy}fde} ynqce` {nde kjbacj}qcmd yjtfwdm% Oe ]cajd 3* c yjtfw oe ab}n KMW cem d~wbq} kqb{}n qc}dy oy baydqxdm* {nojd}nd d~incekd qc}d qdfcoey qdjc}oxdj y}cajd% ]nd md}dqobqc}obe oe ab}n d~}dqecj cem mbfdy}oimdfcem ncy ydde atyoedyydy qdmtid oexdy}fde}y oe fcinoedq cem dstowfde} yoeid }ndhbtq}n stcq}dq bh 177>% ]nd kjbacj dibebfoi qdidyyobe ncwwdedm mtqoek }nd mdxdjbwfde} bh

8EYM oy }nd bxdqcjj wqbidyy bh mdxdjbwoek ed{ ydqxoid bhhdqoeky oe qdywbeyd }b ity}bfdqy d~wdi}c}obey% O} oyibeidqedm {o}n cjj y}ckdy bh mdxdjbwfde} hqbf omdc }b jctein .Dmxcqmyybe 3??;0 Kbjmy}doe d} cj% 1771/% O}oexbjxdy mdxdjbwoek ydqxoid bhhdqoeky ytin cy oehbqfc}obe ydqxoidy* ibeytj}oek ydqxoidy* }djdibffteoic}obey

ydqxoidy* ndcj}n icqd* cem hoeceiocj ydqxoidy .Lbned cem Y}bqd 3??>/% ]nd ed{ ydqxoid bhhdqoek fc ad c qd&mdyoke bh ce d~oy}oek ydqxoid bq ad iqdc}dm hqbf c ed{ omdc% ]nd wqbjohdqc}obe bh EYM fdcey }nc} oexdy}fde} oeydqxoidy Q(M oy ofwbq}ce} hbq fbmdqe bqkceo|c}obey }b y}c ibfwd}o}oxd%
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22/31


3>

}nd y}cemcqm fcq`d}wjcid hbq ed{ ydqxoid {nojd Nbek @bek* Inoec {cy temdqkboek oe}dqecjy}qti}tqcj incekdy bh o}y acyd% O} oeijtmdm ab}n }nd bwdqc}obecj ci}oxo}ody cem }nd joe`ckdycfbek mohhdqde} ci}oxo}ody bh }nd ydqxoid bqkceo|c}obe }nc} mdjoxdq oe}deyohodm jdxdj bh ydqxoidstcjo}% ]nbtkn }nd EYM }nc} {cy }c`oek wjcid oe Nbek @bek* Inoec c} }nc} }ofd oy eb{qdidoxoek oeiqdcydm c}}de}obe* }nd EYM wqbidyy ncy adde oe}dqqtw}dm a }nd qdide} dibebfoiynbi` cem cyybioc}dm kjbacj qdidyyobe% C qdibxdqdm ytwwbq} hqbf }nd kbxdqefde} bh Nbek@bek* Inoec oe 177? fc ndjw yd} }nd acyoy bh ceb}ndq y}ckd hbq ed{ ydqxoidy }b mdxdjbw{o}n c ibffdqiocj hbity%

Qdcj d~wbq}y bh kbbmy cem }qcmd&qdjc}dm ydqxoidy {dqd {dc` oe 177? ibfwcqdm {o}n 177>%Hbq }noy ydqxoid&acydm dibebf* }nd jdek}n kjbacj dibebfoi qdidyyobe cem }nd yjtfw oeab}n }qcmd cem }btqoyf ncxd htq}ndq mcfckdm ydqxoid d~wbq}y* {nojd* oe }nd fdce}ofd*fdqincemoyd qd&d~wbq}y ncxd qdfcoedm yjtkkoyn% Ofwbq}y ncxd cjyb ibe}qci}dm* koxde }ndmdijoed oe mbfdy}oi mdfcem% ]nd ydqxoid ydi}bq oy qdywbeyoajd hbq xoq}tcjj cjj bh KMW* cem o}ybxdqcjj kqb{}n ncy yjb{dm }b 1%4$ yoeid 1773% Cj}nbtkn }nd mdxdjbwfde} bh ed{ ydqxoidycqd ce ofwbq}ce} ybtqid bh qdxdetd hbq fby} ibfwceody oe Nbek @bek* Inoec* }nd hoeceid*oeytqceid* cem qdcj dy}c}d ytaydi}bqy {dqd no} dxde ncqmdq% Ab}n }nd fcethci}tqoek ydi}bqcem }nd ydqxoid ydi}bq ibe}qci}dm oe ab}n }nd }noqm cem hbtq}n stcq}dqy bh 177?% Edxdq}ndjdyy*

}nd ydqxoid ydi}bq {cy }nd bej ydi}bq }nc} ibe}qoat}dm }b KMW kqb{}n oe 177?% Be }nd {nbjd*}nd wdqhbqfceid bh ydqxoid ibfwceody mom qdhjdi} }nd wb}de}ocj hbq }nd y}oftjty bh dibebfadnoem }nd yjb{ mdxdjbwfde} oe 177?%

Fbqdbxdq* wqbmti}obe oe }nd yfcjj fcethci}tqoek cem ckqoitj}tqcj ydi}bqy cjyb hdjj oe 177>.Cjcf 1771/% ]nd Kbxdqefde} bh }nd Nbek @bek Ywdiocj Cmfoeoy}qc}oxd Qdkobe cmlty}dm hbqibe}qci}obey }nqbtkn hoyicj ibeidyyobey {noin jb{dqdm }nd wqoidy bh ybfd bh }ndibffbmo}ody temdqjoek oehjc}obe* d} o} tehbq}tec}dj fc foyy }nd wqdiobty bwwbq}teo} }bmdxdjbw }nd acyd hbq EYM%

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Ydxdqdj chhdi}dm a }nd kjbacj mb{e}tqe cem {dc`dedm mbfdy}oi mdfcem* }nd Qdwtajoi bh@bqdcy KMW kqb{}n hdjj oe 177> }b jdyy }nce ncjh bh }nd cjfby} 4$ qc}d qdibqmdm oe 177;%Eb}{o}ny}cemoek }nd hci} bh {dc`dedm d~}dqecj mdfcem* ed} d~wbq}y y}ojj ciibte}dm hbq bxdq?7$ bh }b}cj KMW kqb{}n* c hci} qdhjdi}oek }nd dxde kqdc}dq hqckojo} bh mbfdy}oi mdfcem%[nojd }nd kjbacj mb{e}tqe ictydm }nd Qdwtajoi bh @bqdcy dibebf }b yjb{ mb{e* qdmtidmwqoxc}d ibeytfw}obe cem oexdy}fde} ncxd dejcqkdm o}y dhhdi}y% O} oy baxobty }nc} }nd Qdwtajoibh @bqdcy dibebfoi wdqhbqfceid oy noknj ydeyo}oxd }b }nd kjbacj atyoedyy iijd* dywdiocjj{nde o} oy baydqxdm }nc} }nd kqb{}n qc}dy bh d~wbq}y cem KMW wjtekdm }b 14$ cem =%14$qdywdi}oxdj oe }nd hoqy} stcq}dq bh 177? .ydd ]cajd 1/% ]nd qdidyyobe cem cyybioc}dm jb{dqmoywbycajd oeibfdy* {noin qdytj} oe wbbq ycjdy hbq o}dfy ytin cy ct}bfbaojdy* djdi}qbeoiy*cem b}ndq mtqcajd kbbmy* d~wjcoe ftin bh }nd mdiqdcyd oe ofwbq}y cem d~wbq}y bh mbfdy}oiibeytfdq kbbmy% ]nd ycfd cwwjody }b }nd qdmti}obe oe ofwbq}y bh icwo}cj kbbmy* {noin {ojjqdytj} oe jb{dq jdxdjy bh wqbmti}obe oe ed~} wdqobm%

Bxdq }nd wcy} hd{ dcqy* }nd djdi}qbeoiy oemty}q oe }nd Qdwtajoi bh @bqdc ncy mdxdjbwdmqcwomj% @bqdce djdi}qbeoiy ibfwceody}ndfydjxdy wqbfoyoek de}dqwqoydy hbq }nd wqci}oid bhEYMbiitw c yokeohoice} wjcid oe }nd {bqjm djdi}qbeoiy fcq`d}% Cy c qdytj} bh o}y y}dcmdfwncyoy be qdydcqin cem mdxdjbwfde}* }nd @bqdce djdi}qbeoiy oemty}q ncy ecqqb{dm }ndkcw oe }dinebjbkoicj d~wdq}oyd {o}n cmxceidm ibte}qody }b c kqdc}dq mdkqdd }nce }nd b}ndqCyoce mqckbey% O} {cy hbq }noy qdcybe }nc} }nd Qdwtajoi bh @bqdcy djdi}qbeoiy d~wbq}y kqd{ oe}nd hoqy} }nqdd stcq}dqy bh 177>* adhbqd d~wdqodeioek c yjb{mb{e oe }nd hbtq}n stcq}dq cem chtq}ndq yjtfw oe }nd hoqy} }{b stcq}dqy oe 177? {nde }nd ofwci} bh }nd kjbacj mb{e}tqe y}qti`@bqdce d~wbq}dqy {o}n htjj hbqid% Cjj fclbq d~wbq} wqbmti}y hcidm {dc`dq mdfcem oe cjj fclbqfcq`d}y% Hbq }nd htjj dcq* }nd }qcmd ytqwjty hdjj yncqwj cem }nd itqqde} ciibte} fbxdm oe}b

mdhoio} .dy}ofc}dm c} c fbmdy} 7%;$ bh KMW/ hbq }nd hoqy} }ofd yoeid 3??;% Wqoxc}d
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23/31


3?

ibeytfw}obe qbyd a c fdqd 7%4$ oe 177>* mb{e yncqwj hqbf =%4$ kqb{}n oe 177;% Ho~dmicwo}cj oexdy}fde} hdjj a 3%?$ oe 177>* ibfwcqdm {o}n qbaty} kqb{}n bh =%7$ oe 177;%

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ydi}bq% Mdywo}d o}y qcwom wqbkqdyy cem dibebfoi qdibxdq yoeid 177>* }nd @bqdce djdi}qbeoiyoemty}q hcidy ydqobty incjjdekdy mtd }b kqb{oek wqb}di}obeoyf caqbcm ibtwjdm {o}nmdiqdcyoek wqbho}caojo}% Ncxoek ibe}qoat}dm kqdc}j }b }nd @bqdce dibebf+y mdxdjbwfde}*}nd Qdwtajoi bh @bqdcy djdi}qbeoiy oemty}q ncy adde c} }nd ibqd bh }nd ibte}qyfcethci}tqoek ydi}bq oe }dqfy bh ed{ ydqxoid mdxdjbwfde} cem ncy wtyndm }nd Qdwtajoi bh@bqdc }b ad dxdej fc}indm oe }dqfy bh }nd oe}dqec}obecj ibfwd}o}oxdedyy bh o}y dibebf{o}n }nd fclbq cmxceidm dibebfody%

=%9 Yoekcwbqd

Yoekcwbqd oy fbqd noknj mdwdemde} be }qcmd }nce }nd b}ndq Cyoce dibebfody cem }noy kcwncy oeiqdcydm oe qdide} dcqy% C {omd qcekd bh Yoekcwbqdy ydqxoidy cjyb mdwdem be }qcmd%Cy c hoeceiocj ide}dq* Yoekcwbqd {ojj ythhdq fbqd }nce b}ndq dibebfody hqbf }nd kjbacjdibebfoi qdidyyobe% Fbqdbxdq* o} oy c yta&qdkobecj ndcmstcq}dqy hbq ftj}oec}obecj ibfwceody*fce bh {noin cqd }qoffoek }ndoq bwdqc}obey% ]nd kbxdqefde} qdcjo|dy }nc} ed{ ydqxoid&bqode}dm oemty}qody bq `eb{jdmkd&acydm ydqxoid oemty}qody fc y}oftjc}d ce dibebfoi abby}oe }nd ht}tqd cem yb ncxd mdxoydm wbjoi oey}qtfde}y }nc} ytwwbq} EYM {o}noe oemty}qody }nc}bhhdq }dinebjbk&qdjc}dm ydqxoidy .Y`bkjo 3??>/%

Yoekcwbqd ncy adde bed bh }nd Cyoce d~wbq}&bqode}dm dibebfody fby} acmj no} a }nd kjbacjdibebfoi iqoyoy% ]noy oy mdfbey}qc}dm a }nd mqbw oe d~wbq} kqb{}n qc}dy }b 1;%;;$ cem 14%91$ qdywdi}oxdj hbq }nd hoqy} cem ydibem stcq}dqy bh 177?% Hbq }nd ycfd wdqobmy* KMWkqb{}n cjyb hdjj }b 37%3=$ cem 1%>$ .ydd ]cajd 9/% Ch}dq }nd fcethci}tqoek ydi}bqythhdqdm }nd ndcxody} ajb{* Yoekcwbqd fcmd y}qc}dkoi dhhbq}y }b ytwwbq} fcethci}tqoek cem

O]&qdjc}dm ydqxoidy }b ndjw mdxdjbw ed{ oemty}qody dhhdi}oxdj% C} }nc} }ofd* }nd acyd bh ed{ydqxoid mdxdjbwfde} ncy adde dy}cajoyndm% Nb{dxdq* kqb{}n oe fcethci}tqoek ibe}oetdm }bhcjj}b 37%;$ oe }nd hbtq}n stcq}dq bh 177> cem }b =%3$ hbq }nd de}oqd dcq bh 177?%[dc`deoek kjbacj mdfcem mqbxd }nd fcethci}tqoek yjtfw oe Yoekcwbqd* {noin {cy kqdc}dy}oe }nd djdi}qbeoiy cem aobfdmoicj oemty}qody% Ebe&boj d~wbq}y mdijoedm hqbf }nd hoqy} stcq}dq bh177> }b }nd }noqm stcq}dq bh 177?cfbek }ndf djdi}qbeoiy d~wbq}y .jcqkdj ibfwbede}y bhibfwt}dqy cem ibfwt}dq&qdjc}dm dstowfde} ytin cy ncqm moy` mqoxdy/ hdjj a cabt} 97$ oe}nd hoqy} }{b fbe}ny bh 177? cem ebe&djdi}qbeoi d~wbq}y mqbwwdm a cjfby} 17$%

Fbxoek ijbydj {o}n }nd kjbacj atyoedyy iijd* kqb{}n mdidjdqc}dm mtqoek 177> be c dcq&be&dcq acyoy cem mdijoedm oe }nd hbtq}n stcq}dq% ]nd dibebf ynqce` oe 177>% ]nd kjbacjmb{e}tqe y}qti` }noy bwde dibebf {o}n htjj hbqid oe 177> {nde KMW ibe}qci}dm cy c qdytj}

bh }nd kjbacj yjtfw oe oehbqfc}obe }dinebjbk&qdjc}dm kbbmy% Qdhjdi}oek }nd nokn ibqqdjc}obead}{dde }nd kjbacj atyoedyy iijd cem Yoekcwbqdy dibebfoi wdqhbqfceid* KMW kqb{}nyjb{dm hqbf 8%;$ oe }nd hoqy} stcq}dq bh 177> }b 1%4$ oe }nd ydibem stcq}dq% ]ndqd {cy c=%1$ ibe}qci}obe oe }nd hbtq}n stcq}dq bh 177> cem c 37%3$ ibe}qci}obe oe }nd hoqy} stcq}dq bh177? .ydd ]cajd 9/% ]ndyd ibemo}obey iqdc}dm kqdc} mohhoitj}ody hbq }nd oe}dqec}obecjatyoedyydy oe Yoekcwbqd }qoek }b fc`d wqbkqdyy be EYM% Yoekcwbqd ibffdeidm c fojmqdabtem oe }nd }noqm stcq}dq bh 177? cy }nd kjbacj dibebfoi yo}tc}obe y}cq}dm }b ofwqbxd%

=%= ]cowdo*Inoec

Ydqobtyj qdjoce} be d~}dqecj }qcmd* ]cowdo*Inoec ythhdqdm fbqd }nce fby} b}ndq dibebfody oe}nd ydibem ncjh bh 177>* cy }nd kjbacj yjb{mb{e it} oe}b {bqjm }qcmd% Ce ofwbq}ce} qdcybe hbq

}noy oy }nc} }nd dibebfy nokn&}din oemty}qody oe }nd fcethci}tqoek ydi}bq biitw cyokeohoice} wjcid oe kjbacj kbbmy fcq`d}y% Ch}dq kqb{oek a ce cxdqckd bh 4%=$ oe }nd hoqy}
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24/31


17

}{b stcq}dqy bh 177>* KMW y}cq}dm }b mdijoed oe }nd }noqm stcq}dq bh 177> cem ibe}oetdm }b mbyb te}oj o}y qdabtem oe }nd hbtq}n stcq}dq bh 177?% KMW ibe}qci}dm a >%4$* 37%1$* cem 8%?$qdywdi}oxdj oe }nd hbtq}n stcq}dq bh 177> cem }nd hoqy} }{b stcq}dqy bh 177?% ]nd yjb{mb{ebxdq 177> y}dffdm hqbf c yjtfw oe d~wbq}y bh fcinoedq cem djdi}qbeoiy wqbmti}y cem }ndyjtkkoynedyy bh ho~dm oexdy}fde} bxdq }nd ycfd wdqobm% ]nd {dc`edyy oe mbfdy}oi mdfcem{cy bhhyd} a ybfd kqb{}n oe ed} d~wbq}y* }noy adoek }nd fcoe qdcybe hbq }nd d~wceyobe bhKMW oe }nd hoecj stcq}dq bh 177?% Mbfdy}oi mdfcem ibe}qci}dm cem oehjc}obe oeiqdcydm bxdqo}y wqdxobty 3=&dcq jdxdj at} ncm mdijoedm a }nd dem bh 177>%

Mtd }b ]cowdo*Inoecy ndcx mdwdemdeid be d~}dqecj mdfcem* }nd kbxdqefde} hbqftjc}dm cec}obecj oeo}oc}oxd hbq }nd y}qc}dkoi ytwwbq} bh EYM oe bqmdq }b wqbfb}d ed{ cem nokn xcjtd&cmmdm ydqxoidy oe }nd fcethci}tqoek ydi}bq% D~wbq}y cem ofwbq}y bh kbbmy cem ydqxoidy {dqddstoxcjde} }b cabt} ;7$ bh KMW oe 177>% ]noy qdhjdi}y }nd d~}deyobe bh fcethci}tqoekwqbmti}obe incoey {o}n edoknabqoek dibebfody* wcq}oitjcqj }nd WQI% Fbqdbxdq* }nd TY oy }ndhoecj mdy}oec}obe hbq ftin bh }nd bt}wt} hqbf }ndyd wqbmti}obe incoey% Edxdq}ndjdyy oe 177>*]cowdo*Inoecy d~wbq}y bh fdqincemoyd kbbmy }b }nd WQI kqd{ a ;%1$ {nojd d~wbq}y }b }ndTY hdjj a =%7$% Fdce{nojd* }nd Oemty}qocj ]dinebjbk Qdydcqin Oey}o}t}d .O]QO/ oe]cowdo*Inoec ncy fcmd yokeohoice} ibe}qoat}obey }b EYM a wqbxomoek xcqobty oemty}qody {o}n

`eb{jdmkd cem wqb}b}wdy oe fcethci}tqoek&bqode}dm }dinebjbk mdxdjbwfde}% ]nd EYMoeo}oc}oxd adoek htemdm a }noy ebe&wqbho} bqkceo|c}obe denceidy ibqd ibfwd}deiody cem ndjwy}qceyhdq ytiidyyhtj EYM d~wdqodeidy }b b}ndq oemty}qody {nojd ydqxoid&acydm }dinebjbkmdxdjbwfde} oy y}ojj dxbjxoek% Yoeid fbqd }nce ?;$ bh ibfwceody be }nd oyjcem cqd yfcjj cemfdmotf&yo|dm de}dqwqoydy .YFDy/* }nd htemoek oeide}oxdy wqbxomdm a xcqobty EYMwqbkqcfy fc ndjw }ndyd ibfwceody ywddm tw }nd wqbidyy bh }qceyhbqfc}obe cem dejcqkd}ndoq icwcio}ody hbq oeebxc}obe%

]nd EYM fbmdj {btjm cjyb ndjw }b denceid }nd wqbmti}oxo} bh }nd }qcmo}obecj ydqxoid ydi}bqycem }ndqda qcoyd {ckdy hbq {bq`dqy cem iqdc}d fbqd lbay }nce {btjm ad }nd icyd ybjdj oe}nd icwo}cj&oe}deyoxd djdi}qbeoiy oemty}q% B{oek }b }nd oe}cekoaojo} bh ydqxoidy* cy {djj cy }ndteidq}coe} cem ibfwjd~o} oendqde} oe }nd oe}dkqc}obe bh }nd fcethci}tqoek cem ydqxoid

ydi}bqy* }nd mdxdjbwfde} bh ydqxoid&bqode}dm wqbmti}y fc ibehqbe} ted~wdi}dm incjjdekdy%Cj}nbtkn }nd EYM mdxdjbwfde} wqbidyy ncy eb} }tqedm bt} ce kqdc} ytiidyydy }nty hcq*}nd nokn&dem ydqxoidy mqoxde a nokn&}dinebjbk cem kdedqcjj y}qbek fcethci}tqoek acydyoe ab}n }nd Qdwtajoi bh @bqdc cem ]cowdo*Inoec ibtjm y}ojj ad iqtiocj hbq ht}tqd mdxdjbwfde}%Oe ibe}qcy}* }nd ydqxoid ydi}bq ncy adde c ibqd wojjcq bh dibebfoi kqb{}n oe ab}n Yoekcwbqdcem Nbek @bek* Inoec% Y}qbekj ibeedi}dm {o}n {bqjm{omd hoeceiocj fcq`d}y* ibfwceody oeYoekcwbqd cem Nbek @bek* Inoec ice }c`d htjj cmxce}ckd bh kjbacj icwo}cj ibexdqkdeid cem}nd nokn xcjtd&cmmdm ydqxoidy iqdc}dm a EYM% Koxde }nd kjbacjo|oek }qdem* {bqjm&jdcmoekibfwceody oe }nd hbtq Cyoce mqckbey eddm }b wtqytd }ndoq qdywdi}oxd fbmdjy bh EYM oe bqmdq}b fo}okc}d }nd xbjc}ojo} }nc} cqoydy hqbf bxdq&qdjoceid be d~wbq}y%

Hbq }nd hbtq Cyoce mqckbey* }nd qdide} dibebfoi iqoyoy ibtjm }tqe bt} }b ad ce bwwbq}teo} }b

abby} hoeceiocj oe}dkqc}obe {o}noe Cyoc cy {djj cy }nd qdkobey kjbacj dibebfoi y}c}ty% O} cjybqdxdcjy }nc} }nd hbtq dibebfody ynbtjm eb} bej qdj be }ndoq fcethci}tqoek ydi}bqy* at} cjybbe }ndoq ydqxoid ydi}bqy% ]nd qckoek kjbacj dibebfoi qdidyyobe ncy qdfbxdm }nd fcoebaldi}obey }nc} {dqd qcoydm ckcoey} }nd dy}cajoynfde} bh }nd Cyoce Fbed}cq Htem oe 3??;*cem ncy fcmd Cyocey ad}}dq cajd }b cwwqdioc}d }nd ofwbq}ceid cem adedho}y bh ydjh&oeytqceid.[bb 1737/% Htq}ndq* }nd WQI oy cjqdcm bed bh }nd fby} ofwbq}ce} d~wbq}oek cem ofwbq}oekec}obey {bqjm{omd .Homqfti cem @bqnbede 177?/%


25/31


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4% FCIQBDIBEBFOI Y]CAOJO\C]OBE WBJOIODY HBQ ]NDKJBACJ DIBEBFOI QDIDYYOBE

]nd hbtq Cyoce mqckbe dibebfody {de} oe}b c yjtfw oe 177> cem tedfwjbfde} qc}dy qbydcy }nd ofwci} bh }nd kjbacj dibebfoi qdidyyobe ywqdcm cjj bxdq }nd {bqjm% ]nd wbjoiodycmbw}dm a }nd kbxdqefde}y bh }ndyd hbtq dibebfody mtqoek }nd wdqobm bh iqoyoy {ojj oehjtdeid}ndoq qdibxdq bh d~wbq}&jdm kqb{}n oe }nd ht}tqd% Oe }noy ydi}obe* }nd fclbq fciqbdibebfoiy}caojo|c}obe wbjoiody bh }nd hbtq Cyoce mqckbey cqd aqodhj moyityydm%

4%3 Nbek @bek* Inoec

Cj}nbtkn o}y hqdd cem bwde dibebf fc`dy Nbek @bek* Inoec c teostd mdxdjbwfde} fbmdj*o} {cy edxdq}ndjdyy* }b ybfd d~}de}* cjyb c xoi}of bh }nd qdide} kjbacj dibebfoi iqoyoyy}dffoek hqbf }nd TY ytawqofd jbce iqoyoy% Oe jokn} bh }nd Jdnfce Aqb}ndqy ace`qtw}i* }ndKbxdqefde} bh }nd Nbek @bek Ywdiocj Cmfoeoy}qc}oxd Qdkobe ibemti}dm c htjj cemibfwqdndeyoxd qdxod{ bh }nd qdktjc}bq hqcfd{bq` hbq }nd yditqo}ody cem ht}tqdy fcq`d}y* oe

bqmdq }b md}dqfoed nb{ ady} }b htq}ndq ofwqbxd }nd hqcfd{bq` cem denceid wqb}di}obey hbqoexdy}bqy% [o}n o}y denceidm qdktjc}bq hqcfd{bq`* dy}cajoyndm wqbmti}obe acyd* cem fcq`d}oe }nd WQI* }nd dibebf oy {djj&dstowwdm }b {o}ny}cem }nd mb{e}tqe% ]nd kbxdqefde} ncydemdcxbqdm }b }tqe }noy iqoyoy oe}b ce bwwbq}teo} a yty}coeoek dibebfoi mdxdjbwfde} oeydi}bqy ytin cy hoeceiocj ydqxoidy* oehqcy}qti}tqd* cem yiode}ohoi qdydcqin%

]b cyytqd jostomo} oe }nd ace`oek ydi}bq* }nd Nbek @bek Fbed}cq Ct}nbqo} .N@FC/ ncyadde oeldi}oek ytay}ce}ocj icwo}cj oe}b }nd oe}dqace` fcq`d}% ]{b wqddfw}oxd fdcytqdy ncxdadde oe}qbmtidm }b y}qdek}nde ibehomdeid oe Nbek @bek* Inoecy ace`oek yy}df< .o/ }nd tydbh }nd D~incekd Htem }b ktcqce}dd qdwcfde} bh }nd TY mbjjcq cem hbqdoke&itqqdeimdwbyo}y ndjm {o}noe cjj ct}nbqo|dm oey}o}t}obey oe Nbek @bek* Inoec* oeijtmoek aqceindy bhbxdqydcy oey}o}t}obey0 cem .oo/ }nd dy}cajoynfde} bh c Ibe}oekde} Ace` Icwo}cj Hciojo} }b ab}nfc`d cxcojcajd }b cem deytqd ythhoiode} icwo}cj hbq jbicjj oeibqwbqc}dm ace`y% ]ndydfdcytqdy {ojj ad oe wjcid te}oj }nd dem bh 1737%

]nd Kbxdqefde} ncy cjyb ytwwbq}dm YFDy* {noin ncxd adde kqdc}j chhdi}dm a }nd iqdmo}iqtein% C Jbce Ktcqce}dd Yindfd cem D~wbq} Fcq`d}oek Htem hbq YFDy ncxd addedy}cajoyndm% C TY-377 aojjobe Ywdiocj Jbce Ktcqce}dd Yindfd .YwKY/ ncy adde jcteindm}b wqbxomd ce tw&}b&;7$ ktcqce}dd }b ibffdqiocj&hoeceioek ibfwceody }nc} d~}dem jbcey }bjbicj ibfwceody% ]nd fc~oftf jbce }nc} dcin de}dqwqoyd fc ba}coe temdq }nd YwKY oyTY-8 fojjobe* cem TY-9 fojjobe bh }nc} cfbte} ice ad tydm hbq mda} cem jd}}dqy bh iqdmo}% Cjjibfwceody d~idw} joy}dm ibfwceody fc cwwj% Oe ywo}d bh }nd dibebfoi mb{e}tqe* }ndkbxdqefde} ncy eb} it} o}y wtajoi d~wdemo}tqd* cem }noy oeijtmdy }nd atmkd}y hbq ndcj}nicqd*ybiocj {djhcqd* dmtic}obe* cem dexoqbefde}cj wqb}di}obe% ]b cmm }b }nd 87*777 lbabwwbq}teo}ody iqdc}dm a oehqcy}qti}tqd wqbldi}y oe 177?* cmxceidm qdiqto}fde} bh io}o|dey cem

}nd iqdc}obe bh wcq}&}ofd lbay ncxd adde wqbfb}dm oe }nd 3> cmfoeoy}qc}oxd moy}qoi}y%

4%1 Qdwtajoi bh @bqdc

]nd Kbxdqefde} bh }nd Qdwtajoi bh @bqdc jdcqedm o}y jdyybe hqbf }nd Cyoce hoeceiocj iqoyoycem qdywbemdm y{oh}j }b }nd dibebfoi mb{e}tqe }nc} c}}demdm }nd 177>177? dibebfoiiqoyoy% ]b y}caojo|d }nd hoeceiocj yy}df cem hbqdoke oexdy}fde}* }nd kbxdqefde} wqddfw}oxdjqdfbxdy teidq}coe} oe }nd itqqdei cem hoeceiocj fcq`d}y y}dffoek hqbf }nd kjbacjdibebfoi qdidyyobe .Qdwtajoi bh @bqdcy Foeoy}q bh Y}qc}dk cem Hoeceid 177?/% ]ndQdwtajoi bh @bqdc ncy ofwjdfde}dm }nd jcqkdy} wqbldi} cfbek }nd Cyoce mqckbey }b qdyitdy}bi` fcq`d} oexdy}bqy% ]nd kbxdqefde} ywde} TY-1=7 aojjobe }b y}caojo|d }nd y}bi` fcq`d}*

}nd xbjc}ojo} bh {noin ncm ictydm cjj ace`y cem hoeceiocj mdwcq}fde}y }b ythhdq% ]nd @bqdcMdxdjbwfde} Ace` cem }nd Hbqdoke ]qcmd Ace` bh @bqdc wqbxomdm c }nqdd&dcq [377 aojjobektcqce}dd hbq jbicj ace`y oe }nd hbqdoke d~incekd fcq`d}% ]b deytqd }nc} }ndqd oy c ythhoiode}


26/31


11

ytwwj bh jostomo} oe }nd aceòek ydi}bq* }nd ct}nbqo} oy oeldi}oek c htq}ndq [977 aojjobe oe}b}nd fcoe ace`y%

]nd kbxdqefde} ncy demdcxbqdm }b wqbiddm {o}n }nd qdhbqf bh }nd oemty}qocj y}qti}tqd ahbqftjc}oek o}y fbed}cq wbjoiody% O} ncy wqbxomdm c [? aojjobe iqdmo}&jbce hbq YFDy cem*fbqdbxdq* ce cmmo}obecj [3%1 }qojjobe abemy {ojj ad d~wdi}dm }b ytwwbq} de}dqwqoydy% ]nd

kbxdqefde} ncy cjyb mdxdjbwdm hoeceid wbjoiody }b y}oftjc}d mbfdy}oi ibeytfw}obe% Hbqd~cfwjd* }b qdxo}cjo|d }nd dibebf }nd kbxdqefde} ncy wqbwbydm jdkoyjc}oek c hoxd&dcq[17%; }qojjobe }c~ it} }b y}oftjc}d mbfdy}oi ibeytfw}obe cem oexdy}fde}%

]nd kbxdqefde} ncy wqbxomdm c atmkd} bh [3= }qojjobe }b iqdc}d fbqd lba bwwbq}teo}ody%]ndyd cqd ynbq}&}dqf lba bwwbq}teo}ody* wqbxomdm hbq }nbyd {nb cqd oe eddm% ]nd atmkd} oydy}ofc}dm }b kdedqc}d >>7*777 lba bwwbq}teo}ody* {noin {ojj ndjw ybfd wdbwjd }b qd}tqe }b }ndjcabq fcq`d} {nde dibebfoi ibemo}obey ncxd ofwqbxdm% [o}n }ndyd y}caojo|c}obe fdcytqdy*}nd kbxdqefde} cofy }b fc`d ytqd bh ythhoiode} jostomo} oe }nd hbqdoke d~incekd fcq`d} ay}caojo|oek d~incekd qc}dy% Fbqd ytwwjody bh jostomo} {ojj ad wqbxomdm hbq ace`y* yditqo}odyhoqfy* cem cyyd} fceckdfde} hoqfy* {noin ydd` y}caojo} oe }nd mbfdy}oi hoeceiocj fcq`d}%]nd qdstoqdfde}y hbq oyytoek abemy {ojj cjyb ad ofwqbxdm oe bqmdq }b fcoe}coe jb{dq jdxdjy bh

oe}dqdy} qc}dy% Fbqdbxdq* fbqd oexdy}fde} mdioyobey {ojj ad fcmd a y}c}d&b{edm ace`y* o%d%*}nd @bqdc Mdxdjbwfde} Ace` cem }nd Oemty}qocj Ace` bh @bqdc* yb cy }b wqbxomd hoeceiocjytwwbq} hbq YFDy%

4%9 Yoekcwbqd

]nd mdfcem hbq d~wbq}y fcethci}tqdm oe Cyoc ncy yjb{dm mqcfc}oicjj cy c qdytj} bh }ndkjbacj dibebfoi mb{e}tqe% ]nd noknj bwde dibebf bh Yoekcwbqd ncy ythhdqdm hqbfwjtekoek KMW cem d~wbq}y yoeid }nd hbtq}n stcq}dq bh 177>% ]nd wbjoifc`dqy bh Yoekcwbqdfcmd c etfadq bh qdywbeydy }b }nd kjbacj dibebfoi qdidyyobe% ]b yty}coe aceòek yy}dfy*}nd ct}nbqo}ody dftjc}dm }nd qdywbeydy bh }nd TY cem Dtqbwd* o%d%* }nd ktcqce}ddm }ndqdwcfde} bh mdwbyo}y oe ct}nbqo|dm oey}o}t}obey* cem qdyioemdm qdktjc}bq ciibte}oek qtjdy

yb }nc} mdijoedy oe ed} cyyd} xcjtdyytin cy wqoidy bh dsto} ndjm a }nd ace`y{btjm eb}ictyd c ydxdqd iqdmo} iqtein% ]nd Fbed}cq Ct}nbqo} bh Yoekcwbqd ncy }qodm }b ibexoeid }ndwtajoi }nc} o}y aceòek yy}df oy ybtem* {o}n }nd wqbfoyd }nc} }nd kbxdqefde} {ojj oe}dqxded ohedidyycq% ]nd Hbqdoke D~incekd Qc}d Wbjoi ncy adde ynoh}dm hqbf fbmdy} cem kqcmtcjcwwqdioc}obe }b eoj cwwqdioc}obe oe bqmdq }b abby} }nd ibfwd}o}oxdedyy bh fcethci}tqdmd~wbq}y% Htq}ndq* wbjoifc`dqy ncxd ktcqce}ddm }b ibfwdeyc}d oexdy}bqy {nb abtkn}y}qti}tqdm eb}dy joe`dm }b Jdnfce Ckkqdkc}d Abemy% Oe ce c}}dfw} }b y}caojo|d }nd hoeceiocjyy}df oe }nd ibe}d~} bh c kjbacj dibebfoi qdidyyobe* }nd kbxdqefde} ncy htjj ktcqce}ddmmdwbyo} {o}nmqc{cjy hbq c idq}coe wdqobm bh }ofd%

]nd ct}nbqo} ncy cjyb wqbxomdm cabt} Y-17%4 aojjobe }b y}oftjc}d oexdy}fde} oe wtajoioehqcy}qti}tqd% Tejo`d b}ndq ibte}qody oe Cyoc* }nd Kbxdqefde} bh Yoekcwbqd mbdy eb} abqqb{

fbed hqbf ce b}ndq ibte}q% O} ncy }c`de Y-=%? aojjobe hqbf o}y ide}qcj ace` }b ytwwbq} }{b}dfwbqcq ytayom cem }c~ moyibte} oeo}oc}oxdy% ]nd kbxdqefde} oy cjyb mdxdjbwoek hoeceioekwbjoiody }b htq}ndq y}oftjc}d mbfdy}oi mdfcem cem ncy atmkd}dm Y-1%9 aojjobe }b ndjw YFDy%A wqbxomoek jostomo} oe }nd fcq`d}* }nd kbxdqefde} ncy fcmd o} dcyodq hbq }nbyd de}dqwqoydy}b kb }nqbtkn }nd kjbacj dibebfoi qdidyyobe% Cabt} 31=*777 ibfwceody {ojj adedho} hqbf }noywqbldi}% ]nd kbxdqefde} cjyb }bb` YKM-3%> aojjobe cem moy}qoat}dm o} }b io}o|dey bh 13&dcqybh ckd cem cabxd%% Dxdqbed be cxdqckd ibtjm kd} c} jdcy} YKM-377%

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cem y}oftjc}d mdfcem% Ce Dibebfoi Qdxo}cjo|c}obe Wbjoi ncy adde oey}okc}dm }b y}oftjc}doexdy}fde} oe wtajoi {bq`y% ]nd ct}nbqo}ody nbwd }nc} }nd ofwjdfde}c}obe bh 17 `d wtajoi


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{bq` wqbldi}y cem 8= ywdiocj jbicj oexdy}fde} wjcey {ojj ndjw }b fo}okc}d }nd wqdxcojoekdibebfoi ncqmynow% C kbxdqefde}cj wqbkqcf }b moy}qoat}d ibeytfw}obe xbtindqy }b cjjec}obecjy {cy cjyb wqbfw}j ofwjdfde}dm {o}n c }b}cj xcjtd bh E]-9*877 oe xbtindqy adoekfcmd cxcojcajd }b dcin wdqybe% ]nd E]->1%? aojjobe .cabt} TY-1%44 aojjobe c} }nd d~incekdqc}d bh E]-91%4 6 TYM-3/ wqbkqcf oy d~wdi}dm* c} jdcy} }b ybfd d~}de}* }b wqbfb}dmbfdy}oi dibebfoi kqb{}n a y}oftjc}oek mbfdy}oi ibeytfw}obe% Ydibem* }nd ct}nbqo} ncyiqdc}dm fbqd }nce E]-487 aojjobe {bq}n bh oehqcy}qti}tqd wqbldi}y oe bqmdq }b oeldi} htemy oe}b}nd dibebf cem }ndqda y}oftjc}d mbfdy}oi mdfcem% Htq}ndqfbqd* }nd ct}nbqo} ncyoeo}oc}dm edkb}oc}obey {o}n }nd WQI be ce Dibebfoi Ibbwdqc}obe Hqcfd{bq` Ckqddfde}.DIHC/ hbq }qcmd joadqcjo|c}obe cem }noy fc mqoxd cmmo}obecj dibebfoi kqb{}n%

]nd kbxdqefde} oy cjyb mdxdjbwoek fbed}cq wbjoiody {o}n }nd cof bh qdhbqfoek }nd oemty}qocjy}qti}tqd% C iqdmo}&jbce bh E]-977 aojjobe ncy adde wqbxomdm hbq YFDy* oe cmmo}obe }b c htq}ndqatmkd} cjjb}fde} bh E]-977 aojjobe hbq de}dqwqoyd hoeceioek% Temdq }nd ytwdqxoyobe bh }ndhoeceiocj ytwdqxoybq ibffoyyobe* c kbxdqefde} yditqo} htem ncy adde oeldi}dm oe}b }ndy}bi` fcq`d} cem ynbq}&ydjjoek ncy adde hbqaommde% ]nd kbxdqefde} ncy cjyb oe}qbmtidm cydqody bh dfwjbfde} fdcytqdy {noin fc kdedqc}d ad}{dde 3?7*777 cem 117*777 lbabwwbq}teo}ody% A wjceeoek dfwjbfde} wqbfb}obe fdcytqdy }b qdxo}cjo|d }nd dibebf* }nd

kbxdqefde} cofy }b qdywbem cwwqbwqoc}dj }b }nd tedfwjbfde} }qokkdqdm a }nd kjbacjdibebfoi qdidyyobe cem fc`d kbbm tyd bh ntfce qdybtqidy cem wnyoicj oehqcy}qti}tqd }babby} ec}obecj ibfwd}o}oxdedyy% Nb{dxdq* }nd dhhdi}oxdedyy bh }ndyd fdcytqdy hbq cinodxoek}nd ftj}owjd baldi}oxdy bh iqdc}oek ed{ lbay* y}oftjc}oek mbfdy}oi mdfcem* cem icqoek hbq }ndmoycmxce}ckdm {ojj eddm }b ad dxcjtc}dm oe }nd ht}tqd%

]nd kbxdqefde}y bh hbtq Cyoce mqckbey cjj ofwjdfde}dm ybfd }ofdj wbjoiody }b fo}okc}d }ndncqyn ofwci}y bh }nd kjbacj dibebfoi qdidyyobe% Mtd }b }nd hoeceiocj fdj}mb{e bh TYfcq`d}y oe }nd jcy} stcq}dq bh 177>* dcin kbxdqefde} {cy ibfwdjjdm }b y}oftjc}d mbfdy}oimdfcem oe }nd hcid bh }nd ted~wdi}dm yjtfw oe d~wbq}y% Oe cmmo}obe* }nd fdcytqdyofwjdfde}dm }b mdcj {o}n }nd tedfwjbfde} cem hoyicj mdhoio}y }nc} ncxd dfdqkdm hqbf }ndkjbacj dibebfoi qdidyyobe ncxd cjyb c}}qci}dm }nd c}}de}obe bh }nd wtajoi oe }ndyd dibebfody%

]nd fclbq qdfcoeoek ibeidqe oy {nd}ndq }nd d~wdeyoxd qdyitd wci`ckdy {ojj bej kdedqc}d lbajdyy qdibxdqody% Oh kbxdqefde} wbjoiody cqd dhhdi}oxd cem dhhoiode}* }noy qdwqdyde}y cebwwbq}teo} }b qdacjceid }nd dibebf&{omd dexoqbefde}* dywdiocjj oe }dqfy bh denceioekybiocj {djhcqd cem ec}obecj ibfwd}o}oxdedyy* {noin fokn}* oe }tqe* iqdc}d bwwbq}teo}ody hbqoemty}qocj qdy}qti}tqoek cy {djj cy ed{ ydqxoid mdxdjbwfde}%

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wjctyoajd ht}tqd wc}n bh mdxdjbwfde} jdcmoek bt} bh }nd kjbacj dibebfoi qdidyyobe hbq }ndhbtq bt}{cqm&bqode}dm dibebfody bh Nbek @bek* Inoec0 }nd Qdwtajoi bh @bqdc0 Yoekcwbqd0cem ]cowdo*Inoec* }nd md}dqfoece}y bh dibebfoi kqb{}n qc}dy mtqoek }nd wqdxobty iqoydy oe3??; cem 1773 {dqd d~cfoedm% ]nd wcedj mc}c hbq }nd hbtq Cyoce mqckbey hbq }nd wdqobm3??4177> {cy ibey}qti}dm cem c ho~dm&dhhdi}y fbmdj {cy cwwjodm% ]nd dfwoqoicj hoemoekyoemoic}dm }nc} }nd ofwci}y be }nd kqb{}n bh KMW hqbf }nd kqb{}n qc}dy bh }nd ydqxoid ydi}bq*d~wbq}y* cem kqbyy ho~dm icwo}cj hbqfc}obe cqd wbyo}oxd cem y}c}oy}oicjj yokeohoice}0 {nojd }nddhhdi} bh kqb{}n oe }nd fcethci}tqoek ydi}bq oy cjyb wbyo}oxd at} eb} yokeohoice}% ]noy cjybytkkdy}y }nc} }nd ynoh} c{c hqbf }nd fcethci}tqoek ydi}bq cem }b{cqm }nd ydqxoid ydi}bq cyc fclbq hci}bq oe dibebfoi kqb{}n mdydqxdy ywdiocj c}}de}obe* oe }nd jokn} bh }nd ibjjcwyd bhd~wbq}y }nc} ncy }c`de wjcid oe }ndyd hbtq bt}{cqm&bqode}dm kqb{}n dibebfody% O} oy ijdcq }nc}}nd 3??; Cyoce hoeceiocj iqoyoy* }nd 1773 atqy}oek bh }nd TY nokn&}din ataajd* cem }nde }nd

177>7? kjbacj dibebfoi iqoyoy dcin jdm }b c mdijoed oe }nd kqb{}n qc}dy bh d~wbq}y hbq dcinbh }nd hbtq dibebfody%Ed{ ydqxoid mdxdjbwfde} .EYM/* {noin oe}dkqc}dy nokn&}din bq fbqd


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ybwnoy}oic}dm fcethci}tqoek wqbmti}y {o}n oehbqfc}obe }dinebjbk* }djdibffteoic}obey* cemibeytj}oek htei}obey }b bhhdq nokn xcjtd&cmmdm ydqxoidy* fc ydqxd cy ce dekoed }b hciojo}c}dht}tqd dibebfoi kqb{}n cem mdydqxdy fbqd c}}de}obe* dywdiocjj oe }nd wbjoifc`oek ioqijdybh }nd hbtq Cyoce mqckbey%

Dhhoiodei cecjydy acydm be xcjtd&cmmdm cem iby} fdcytqdy cqd cwwqbwqoc}d {nde

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[o}n }nd ofwbq}ceid bh }nd ydqxoid ydi}bqy }b }nd dibebfody bh hbtq Cyoce mqckbeyoeiqdcyoek yoeid }nd ytawqofd jbce iqoyoy oe 177>* }nd ibeidw} bh EYM ncy cjyb kcoedm

oeiqdcyoek ofwbq}ceid% EYM ncy incekdm }nd jcemyicwd bh }nd ydqxoid oemty}qody a iqdc}oeked{ jdxdjy bh ibfwd}o}oxdedyy cem o} oy y}qbekj dfwncyo|dm oe fce ibte}qody% ]ndmdxdjbwfde} bwwbq}teo}ody bhhdqdm a EYM cem }nd d~wdqodeid bh oemty}qocj oeebxc}obe {o}noe}nd hbtq Cyoce mqckbey* cqd {bq}n bh htq}ndq moyityyobe {o}n qdkcqm }b }nd qbjd }nd {ojj wjcoe ht}tqd dibebfoi kqb{}n%

[o}n qdkcqm }b Nbek @bek* Inoec* }nd nokndq wqbmti}oxo} kqb{}n bh fcethci}tqoek }nceydqxoidy ibtjm ad }nd qdytj} bh }nd fbxdfde} bh wqbmti}obe lbay caqbcm bq }nd bt}ybtqioek bhydqxoid&qdjc}dm ci}oxo}ody% Ydqxoid oemty}qody oe Nbek @bek* Inoec ncxd adde ibeyoy}de}jfbqd wqbho}cajd }nce fcethci}tqoek yoeid 3?>? .Aqbb` 177?/% ]c`d ]cajd 4 hbq d~cfwjd* }ndyncqd bh xcjtd&cmmdm oe KMW hbq }nd ydqxoid ydi}bq oe Nbek @bek* Inoec {cy ?=%>>% Qdjc}oxdyfcjj wbq}obe bh wqbmti}oxo} kqb{}n oe }nd ydqxoid ydi}bq ibe}qoat}dy fbqd }b }nd bxdqcjjdibebf }nce }nd ycfd wdqide}ckd oe }nd fcethci}tqoek ydi}bq% Ab}n }nd Qdwtajoi bh @bqdccem ]cowdo*Inoec* be }nd b}ndq ncem* {o}n }ndoq y}qbek acydy oe }nd djdi}qbeoiy ytaydi}bq bh}nd fcethci}tqoek ydi}bq* ncxd mdxdjbwdm mohhdqde} fbmdjy bh EYM cy }nd ed{ dekoedy }bndjw }ndf kqb{ bt} bh }nd kjbacj dibebfoi qdidyyobe% Yoekcwbqd* }b c jdyydq d~}de}* oyhbityoek be o}y qbjd cy c hoeceiocj ide}dq cj}nbtkn }nd kbxdqefde} ncy qdcjo|dm }nc} ed{ydqxoid&bqode}dm oemty}qody bq `eb{jdmkd&acydm ydqxoid oemty}qody fc ndjw }b y}oftjc}d cedibebfoi abby} oe }nd ht}tqd% ]nd ibfwd}o}oxdedyy&acydm eoind bh }nd hbtq Cyoce mqckbeyqdwqdyde}y c wb}de}ocjj hqto}htj dexoqbefde} hbq EYM cem* oe }tqe* c wqbfoyoek bwwbq}teo} hbqab}n jcabq cem icwo}cj%

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