THETHEGILDED GILDED

AGEAGE1870—19001870—1900

BELL RINGER #7BELL RINGER #7 Define nativismDefine nativism Who was being persecuted during the Who was being persecuted during the

late 19late 19thth century? century? Why did so many Americans oppose Why did so many Americans oppose

immigration during the late 19immigration during the late 19thth century?century?

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BELL RINGER #8BELL RINGER #8 What is a political machine?What is a political machine? What is a party boss?What is a party boss? How were party bosses able to run How were party bosses able to run

political machines so easily during the political machines so easily during the late 19late 19thth century? century?

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BELL RINGER #9BELL RINGER #9Explain each amendment:Explain each amendment:

1313thth

1414thth

1515thth

THE GILDED AGETHE GILDED AGE Something is gilded if it is Something is gilded if it is

covered with gold on the covered with gold on the outside but made of cheaper outside but made of cheaper material inside.material inside.

By 1900 the U.S. marveled By 1900 the U.S. marveled with new inventions, with new inventions, experienced rapid industrial experienced rapid industrial growth, built skyscrapers, growth, built skyscrapers, and had electric lights light and had electric lights light up the dark sky.up the dark sky.

However, beneath the However, beneath the surface lay corruption, surface lay corruption, poverty, crime, and great poverty, crime, and great disparities in wealth between disparities in wealth between rich and poor.rich and poor.

INDUSTRIALIZATIONINDUSTRIALIZATION The Industrial Revolution The Industrial Revolution

began in the U.S. in the began in the U.S. in the early 1800s, but didn’t early 1800s, but didn’t take off until after the take off until after the Civil War.Civil War.

By the early 1900s, By the early 1900s, Americans had Americans had transformed the U.S. into transformed the U.S. into the world’s leading the world’s leading industrial nation.industrial nation.

An abundance of natural An abundance of natural resources and the resources and the development of new development of new technology allowed the technology allowed the U.S. to make this U.S. to make this industrial transformation industrial transformation possible.possible.

THE CHANGING THE CHANGING AMERICAN LABOR AMERICAN LABOR

FORCEFORCE

RAILROADSRAILROADS The railroad boom in the The railroad boom in the

U.S. began in 1862 with the U.S. began in 1862 with the signing of the Pacific signing of the Pacific Railway Act.Railway Act.

***The act provided for the ***The act provided for the construction of a construction of a transcontinental railroad by transcontinental railroad by both the Union Pacific and both the Union Pacific and the Central Pacific railroad the Central Pacific railroad companies.***companies.***

***The federal government ***The federal government gave land grants to many gave land grants to many railroad companies in order railroad companies in order to support the economic to support the economic development of the West.***development of the West.***

SOCIAL DARWINISMSOCIAL DARWINISM ““Survival of the fittest”Survival of the fittest” Social Darwinism was Social Darwinism was

based on the ideas of based on the ideas of Charles Darwin and his Charles Darwin and his theory of natural theory of natural selection.selection.

***Social Darwinism ***Social Darwinism justified the existence justified the existence of poverty, the success of poverty, the success of big business, and the of big business, and the power of millionaire power of millionaire industrialists.***industrialists.***

Many Social Darwinists Many Social Darwinists believed in laissez faire.believed in laissez faire.

LAISSEZ-FAIRELAISSEZ-FAIRE Laissez-faire was a Laissez-faire was a

French phrase for, French phrase for, “let people do as “let people do as they choose.”they choose.”

People that believed People that believed in laissez-faire in laissez-faire argued that the argued that the government should government should not interfere with not interfere with the economy.the economy.

***Laissez-faire ***Laissez-faire relies on supply and relies on supply and demand to regulate demand to regulate prices and wages.***prices and wages.***

BIG BUSINESSBIG BUSINESS The rise of big business in the U.S. occurred The rise of big business in the U.S. occurred

at the end of the 19at the end of the 19thth century. century. By 1900 big businesses dominated the By 1900 big businesses dominated the

economy with complex factories, warehouses, economy with complex factories, warehouses, offices, and distribution facilities.offices, and distribution facilities.

Competition grew between corporations, Competition grew between corporations, eventually leading to the consolidation of eventually leading to the consolidation of industries.industries. Vertical IntegrationVertical Integration Horizontal IntegrationHorizontal Integration

***Industrial consolidation and trusts reduced ***Industrial consolidation and trusts reduced competition between corporations.***competition between corporations.***

INDUSTRIAL INDUSTRIAL CONSOLIDATIONCONSOLIDATION

***Vertical integration – ***Vertical integration – the combining of the combining of companies that supply companies that supply equipment and services equipment and services needed for a particular needed for a particular industry.***industry.***

***Horizontal integration – ***Horizontal integration – the combining of the combining of competing firms into one competing firms into one corporation.***corporation.***

Successful business Successful business leaders often eliminated leaders often eliminated their competition by using their competition by using vertical or horizontal vertical or horizontal integration.integration.

Carnegie Steel – Pittsburgh, PA

Standard Oil Company – Cleveland, OH

ANDREW CARNEGIEANDREW CARNEGIE Andrew Carnegie was the first Andrew Carnegie was the first

to increase manufacturing to increase manufacturing efficiency by vertically efficiency by vertically integrating the steel industry.integrating the steel industry.

He became one of the richest He became one of the richest men the world has ever known men the world has ever known and also one of its biggest and also one of its biggest philanthropists.philanthropists.

Carnegie believed in Social Carnegie believed in Social Darwinism and laissez-faire, but Darwinism and laissez-faire, but came up with the Gospel of came up with the Gospel of Wealth.Wealth.

This philosophy held that This philosophy held that wealthy Americans bore the wealthy Americans bore the responsibility of engaging in responsibility of engaging in philanthropy.philanthropy.

0

JOHN D. ROCKEFELLERJOHN D. ROCKEFELLER John D. Rockefeller became the John D. Rockefeller became the

richest man ever by monopolizing richest man ever by monopolizing the oil refining business.the oil refining business.

By the end of the 1800s, his By the end of the 1800s, his Standard Oil Company, had gained Standard Oil Company, had gained control of more than 90 percent of control of more than 90 percent of the oil refining business in the the oil refining business in the U.S.U.S.

His success came through His success came through mergers, elimination of mergers, elimination of competition, and by lowering competition, and by lowering shipping costs.shipping costs.

His net worth adjusted for His net worth adjusted for inflation has said to have been inflation has said to have been between 392 and 663 billion between 392 and 663 billion dollars.dollars.

MARXISMMARXISM In the late 1800s the In the late 1800s the

ideas of Karl Marx led to ideas of Karl Marx led to an influential philosophy an influential philosophy in Europe, known as in Europe, known as Marxism.Marxism.

Marx argued that Marx argued that workers would eventually workers would eventually revolt, seize control of revolt, seize control of the factories, and the factories, and overthrow the overthrow the government.government.

This would leave a This would leave a Communist society where Communist society where no social classes exist.no social classes exist.

Working conditions Working conditions during the Industrial during the Industrial Revolution almost caused Revolution almost caused Marx’s predictions to Marx’s predictions to come true in the U.S.come true in the U.S.

CHILD LABORCHILD LABOR

CHILD LABORCHILD LABOR

WORKING CONDITIONSWORKING CONDITIONS Working conditions Working conditions

during the Industrial during the Industrial Revolution were very Revolution were very difficult, dangerous, difficult, dangerous, and often unhealthy.and often unhealthy.

Strikes and protests Strikes and protests were very common were very common during the late 19during the late 19thth century.century.

Many times angry Many times angry workers would walk off workers would walk off the job and even the job and even destroy equipment.destroy equipment.

Many workers believed Many workers believed that the only way to that the only way to improve their working improve their working conditions was to conditions was to organize labor unions.organize labor unions.

Industrialization raised the Industrialization raised the standard of living in the U.S., standard of living in the U.S., but it also caused the value but it also caused the value of money to rise (deflation).of money to rise (deflation).

Already dealing with harsh Already dealing with harsh working conditions, working conditions, companies now wanted to companies now wanted to pay workers less money for pay workers less money for the same work.the same work.

This led to the creation of This led to the creation of several labor unions:several labor unions: Knights of LaborKnights of Labor American Railway Union (ARL)American Railway Union (ARL) American Federation of Labor American Federation of Labor

(AFL)(AFL) Women’s Trade Union League Women’s Trade Union League

(WTUL)(WTUL)

LABOR UNIONSLABOR UNIONS

KNIGHTS OF LABORKNIGHTS OF LABOR Eight-hour workday.Eight-hour workday.

Abolition of child and Abolition of child and prison labor.prison labor.

Equal pay for men and Equal pay for men and women.women.

Safety codes in the Safety codes in the workplace.workplace.

AMERICAN FEDERATION OF AMERICAN FEDERATION OF LABOR (AFL), 1886LABOR (AFL), 1886

Catered to the skilled Catered to the skilled worker.worker.

Represented workers in Represented workers in matters of national matters of national legislation.legislation.

Maintained a national Maintained a national strike fund.strike fund.

Mediated disputes Mediated disputes between management between management and labor.and labor.

Pushed for closed Pushed for closed shops.shops. Samuel GompersSamuel Gompers

GREAT RAILROAD STRIKE, GREAT RAILROAD STRIKE, 18771877

HOMESTEAD STEEL STRIKE, HOMESTEAD STEEL STRIKE, 18921892

PULLMAN STRIKE, 1894PULLMAN STRIKE, 1894

LABOR UNION LABOR UNION MEMBERSHIPMEMBERSHIP

IMMIGRATIONIMMIGRATION Between 1860 and 1900 over 14 Between 1860 and 1900 over 14

million immigrants came to the million immigrants came to the U.S.U.S.

Job opportunities, few Job opportunities, few immigration restrictions, forced immigration restrictions, forced military service and religious military service and religious persecutions in their home persecutions in their home countries, the democratic countries, the democratic government in the U.S., and the government in the U.S., and the opportunity for social opportunity for social advancement were all reasons advancement were all reasons why immigrants came to the U.S.why immigrants came to the U.S.

Many immigrants arrived in the Many immigrants arrived in the U.S. after a 14 day journey under U.S. after a 14 day journey under harsh conditions on a steamship harsh conditions on a steamship and disembarked at an and disembarked at an immigration processing center.immigration processing center. Ellis Island – New York 1892Ellis Island – New York 1892 Angel Island – California 1910Angel Island – California 1910

ELLIS ISLANDELLIS ISLAND

ANGEL ISLANDANGEL ISLAND

NATIVISMNATIVISM Nativism is an extreme Nativism is an extreme

dislike for foreigners by dislike for foreigners by native-born people and a native-born people and a desire to limit immigration.desire to limit immigration.

***Immigrants from ***Immigrants from eastern Europe were often eastern Europe were often discriminated against discriminated against because they were because they were primarily Catholic.***primarily Catholic.***

***Many labor unions ***Many labor unions opposed immigration, opposed immigration, arguing that most arguing that most immigrants would work for immigrants would work for low wages.***low wages.***

URBANIZATIONURBANIZATION Many Americans left their Many Americans left their

farms behind for urban farms behind for urban cities between 1870 and cities between 1870 and 1900.1900.

Cities experienced a Cities experienced a population growth during population growth during these years.these years. New York grew from 800,000 New York grew from 800,000

in 1860 to 3.5 million by in 1860 to 3.5 million by 1900.1900.

Chicago grew from 109,000 in Chicago grew from 109,000 in 1860 to more than 1.6 million 1860 to more than 1.6 million by 1900.by 1900.

Engineers and architects Engineers and architects had to develop new had to develop new approaches to housing and approaches to housing and transporting larger transporting larger populations.populations.

NewArchitectural

Style

NewArchitectural

Style

NewUse ofSpace

NewUse ofSpace

NewClass

Diversity

NewClass

Diversity

New EnergyNew Energy

New Culture(“Melting Pot”)

New Culture(“Melting Pot”)

New Form ofClassic “RuggedIndividualism”

New Form ofClassic “RuggedIndividualism”

New Levels of Crime,

Violence, & Corruption

New Levels of Crime,

Violence, & Corruption

Make a NewStart

Make a NewStart

NewSymbols ofChange &Progress

NewSymbols ofChange &Progress

The City as a New “Frontier?”

The City as a New “Frontier?”

URBAN GROWTH 1870—URBAN GROWTH 1870—19001900

WESTERN WESTERN UNION UNION

BUILDING, BUILDING, 18751875

MANHATTAN MANHATTAN LIFE LIFE

INSURANCE, INSURANCE, 18931893

BROOKLYN BRIDGE, BROOKLYN BRIDGE, 18831883

STATUE OF LIBERTY, STATUE OF LIBERTY, 18861886

GRAND CENTRAL GRAND CENTRAL STATION, 1913STATION, 1913

LITTLE ITALY, NYCLITTLE ITALY, NYC

JEWISH SECTION, JEWISH SECTION, NYCNYC

CHINATOWN, NYCCHINATOWN, NYC

CHICAGOCHICAGOCENTRAL YMCA, CENTRAL YMCA,

18911891

DEPARTMENT DEPARTMENT STORE, 1899STORE, 1899

POLITICAL MACHINESPOLITICAL MACHINES A new type of political A new type of political

system emerged in urban system emerged in urban cities.cities.

This system provided city This system provided city services in exchange for services in exchange for political power.political power.

The political machine, an The political machine, an informal political group informal political group designed to gain and keep designed to gain and keep power, came about partly power, came about partly because cities had grown because cities had grown much faster than their much faster than their governments.governments.

Party bosses ran the Party bosses ran the political machines, offering political machines, offering city services in return for city services in return for votes.votes.

WILLIAM M. “BOSS” WILLIAM M. “BOSS” TWEEDTWEED

The most famous political The most famous political machine was Tammany machine was Tammany Hall in New York.Hall in New York.

During the 1860s and During the 1860s and 1870s it was run by 1870s it was run by William M. “Boss” William M. “Boss” Tweed.Tweed.

Tweed was a corrupt Tweed was a corrupt party boss that was party boss that was eventually arrested for eventually arrested for corruption and sent to corruption and sent to prison.prison.

***Many party bosses ***Many party bosses like “Boss” Tweed got like “Boss” Tweed got rich at the expense of rich at the expense of others.***others.***

TAMMANY HALLTAMMANY HALL

TENEMENTSTENEMENTS

TENEMENTSTENEMENTS

MEN’S MEN’S LODGINGLODGING

WOMEN’S WOMEN’S LODGINGLODGING

SLUM LIVINGSLUM LIVING

STRUGGLING STRUGGLING IMMIGRANTSIMMIGRANTS

STRUGGLING STRUGGLING IMMIGRANTSIMMIGRANTS

CIVIL SERVICE REFORMCIVIL SERVICE REFORM During the Gilded Age the During the Gilded Age the

U.S. experienced Civil U.S. experienced Civil Service reform, marches Service reform, marches for women’s rights, the rise for women’s rights, the rise of Social Darwinism, and of Social Darwinism, and immigrant exclusion acts.immigrant exclusion acts.

***Civil Service reform ***Civil Service reform during the Gilded Age was during the Gilded Age was largely due to the Spoils largely due to the Spoils System.***System.*** Government officials were Government officials were

hiring fellow party members hiring fellow party members rather than hiring officials rather than hiring officials based on merit.based on merit.

““Behind the scenes,” controlBehind the scenes,” control

GILDED OR GOLDEN?GILDED OR GOLDEN? Write a reflection essay over the Gilded Age.Write a reflection essay over the Gilded Age.

1 PAGE IN LENGTH1 PAGE IN LENGTH

Why do you believe the time period between Why do you believe the time period between 1870 and 1900 is known as the Gilded Age?1870 and 1900 is known as the Gilded Age?

Do you believe this is an accurate title for Do you believe this is an accurate title for the era? Why or Why not?the era? Why or Why not?

What would life have been like during the What would life have been like during the Gilded Age?Gilded Age?

Has there ever been another Gilded Age in Has there ever been another Gilded Age in the U.S.?the U.S.?

List examples to support your ideas.List examples to support your ideas.