THE FUTURE PROSPECT OF RENEWABLE

ENERGY IN THE MIDDLE EAST

Dr Mohamed Darwish - Brunel University, UK

• Review of renewable energy sources

• Renewable energy in the middle east

• Electric vehicles – future challenges

• Some case studies

• Q & A

Contents:

Renewable Energy Sources

Ocean energy Tidal; waves and currents

Geothermal energy Power plants, direct use, heat pumps

Biomass energy Direct: combustion of biomass

Indirect: chemical conversion to biofuel

Hydro energy

Wind energy

Radiant solar energy Solar heating (passive and active), solar power plants,

photovoltaic cells

Ocean Energy: We can harness energy from

tides, waves and currents

The rising and falling of ocean tides twice each day

Differences in height between low and high tides are especially great in long narrow bays

These areas are best for harnessing tidal energy by erecting dams across the outlets of tidal basins

17-4#

Energy can be extracted from tidal movement

Wave energy

Can be developed at a greater variety of sites than tidal energy

The motion of wind-driven waves at the ocean’s surface is harnessed and converted from mechanical energy into electricity

Offshore or coastal

Wave Energy Devices

Wave energy is as source

of power that comes from

the endless march of the

waves as they roll into

the shore then back out

again. Humans harness

this power along the

coastal regions of the

United States, Canada,

Scotland, and Australia.

Archimedes Wave Swing (AWS)

Ocean currents

Harnesses marine kinetic energy by using the motion of ocean currents, such as the Gulf Stream

Underwater wind turbines have been erected in European waters to test this idea

The machine is made up of connected sections

which flex and bend as waves pass; it is this

motion which is used to generate electricity

Pelamis

Advantages to Ocean Energy

Once you've built it, ocean power is free.

It produces no greenhouse gases or other

waste.

It needs no fuel.

It produces electricity reliably.

Not expensive to maintain.

Tides are totally predictable.

No Damage to Land

Disadvantages to Ocean Energy

Suitable to Certain Locations.

Effect on marine Ecosystem.

Source of Disturbance for Private and

Commercial Vessels.

Noise and Visual pollution.

Geothermal Power

Hot rocks underground heat water to produce

steam.

We drill holes down to the hot region, steam

comes up, is purified and used to drive turbines,

which drive electric generators.

There may be natural "groundwater" in the hot

rocks anyway, or we may need to drill more holes

and pump water down to them.

Advantages to Geothermal Power

No fuel is needed.

Once you've built a geothermal power station, the

energy is almost free.

It may need a little energy to run a pump, but this

can be taken from the energy being generated.

Geothermal energy does not

produce any pollution.

The power stations do not take up

much room, so there is not much

impact on the environment.

Disadvantages to

Geothermal Power

The big problem is that there are not many places

where you can build a geothermal power station.

You need hot rocks of a suitable type, at a depth

where we can drill down to them.

Sometimes a geothermal site may "run out of steam",

perhaps for decades.

Hazardous gases and minerals may come up from

underground, and can be difficult to safely dispose

of.

Biomass Energy

Sugar cane is harvested and taken to a mill, where

it is crushed to extract the juice. The juice is used

to make sugar, whilst the left-over pulp, called

"bagasse" can be burned in a power station.

Other solid wastes, can be burned to provide heat,

or used to make steam for a power station.

Plant and animal waste is used

to produce fuels such as

methanol, natural gas, and oil.

We can use rubbish, animal

manure, woodchips, seaweed,

corn stalks and other wastes.

Biomass Energy

Advantages of Biomass

It makes sense to use waste materials

where we can.

The fuel tends to be cheap.

Less demand on the Earth's resources.

Disadvantages of using Biomass

Collecting the waste in sufficient

quantities can be difficult.

We burn the fuel, so it makes greenhouse

gases.

Some waste materials are not available all

year round.

Hydro Energy

A dam is built to trap water, usually in a valley

where there is an existing lake.

Water is allowed to flow through tunnels in the

dam, to turn turbines and thus drive generators.

Hydro-electricity provides 20% of the world’s

power

Hydro power stations

It depends on two deferent levels in the river.

The generating capacity of a hydroelectric plant

is a function of the head and flow rate of water

discharged through the hydraulic turbines.

P = 0.98 Q H

Where: P = power (kilowatts)

= plant efficiency

Q = discharge flow rate (m3/s)

H = head (m)

Hydro power stations

Hydroelectric generating unit may have its shaft

oriented in a vertical, horizontal, or inclined

direction depending on the physical conditions of

the site and the type of turbine applied.

Vertical axial-flow unit

arrangement

Horizontal axial-flow unit

arrangement

Advantages of Hydro Energy

1. Once the dam is built, the energy is virtually free

(running cost is very low because it depends on

water) .

2. The response is very high to supply the sudden

increasing in load.

3. It is clean (no waste or pollution produced) .

4. Efficiency is equal ( 90 : 95 %) .

Disadvantages of Hydro Energy

It has high construction cost.

Building a large dam will flood a very large area

upstream.

Finding a suitable site can be difficult.

Water quality and quantity downstream can be

affected, which can have an impact on plant life.

Constructed far from the loads.

Takes more time to construct.

Wind Energy

We've used the wind as an energy

source for a long time.

The ancient Egyptians and Chinese

were using wind power to pump water

for irrigating crops 4,000 years ago,

and sailing boats were around long

before that.

Wind power was used in the Middle

Ages, in Europe, to grind corn, which

is where the term "windmill" comes

from.

How Wind Power Works

The Sun heats our atmosphere

unevenly, so some patches become

warmer than others.

These warm patches of air rise,

other air blows in to replace them -

and we feel a wind blowing.

We can use the energy in the wind

by building a tall tower, with a

large blades. The wind will push

the blades, transferring some of its

own energy of motion into

electrical energy.

Types of Wind Turbine Generators

generator

full power

Plant

Feeders

ac

to

dc

dc

to

ac

generator

partia l power

PlantFeeders

ac

to

dc

dc

to

ac

generator

Slip power

as heat loss

PlantFeeders

PF controlcapacitor s

ac

to

dc

generator

PlantFeeders

PF controlcapacitor s

Type 1 Conventional Induction Generator (fixed speed)

Type 2 Wound-rotor Induction Generator w/variable rotor resistance

Type 3 Doubly-Fed Induction Generator (variable speed)

Type 4 Full-converter interface

D = 120 m

P = 5 MW

D = 100 m

P = 3.5 MW

D = 85 m

P = 2.5 MW

D = 66 m

P = 1.5 MW

D = 50 m

P = 0.75 MW

D = 10 m

P = 0.15 MW

Wind Turbine Size-Power

Comparison

h = 220 m

D = 164 m

P = 8 MW

Wind speed at hub height (m/s)

Pro

du

ced

pow

er o

f w

ind

tu

rbin

e

(MW

) Power Production of a Typical Wind Turbine

Solar Energy Heating of water

Solar thermal power stations

Photovoltaic

Solar Energy! How effective?

Argument that sun provides power only

during the day is countered by the fact that

70% of energy demand is during daytime

hours.

At night, traditional

methods can be used to

generate the electricity.

Solar Water

Heating

heat from the Sun is

used to heat water in

glass panels on your

roof.

Solar heating is

worthwhile in places

where you get lots of

sunshine.

Solar Water Heating

Indirect

System

Direct

System Active

System (pump)

Passive

System (no

pump)

Integral

Collector Storage

Closed

Loop Thermosyphon

Open

Loop

Active indirect

system

Active direct system

Thermosyphon System

Solar Thermal

Power Stations

Use a huge array of mirrors

to concentrate the Sun's

energy into a small space

and produce very high

temperatures.

Parabolic Panels Compact Linear Fresnel Reflector

(CLFR)

Photovoltaics Best known as a method

for generating electric

power by using solar cells

to convert energy from

the sun into a flow of

electrons by the

photovoltaic effect.

Solar cells produce direct

current electricity from

sunlight which can be

used to power equipment

or to recharge a battery

Copenhagen School uses 12,000 solar tiles and it

provides 300 MWh of electricity per year

PV cells come in different

shapes and types

Concentration Photovoltaics

It uses lenses and curved mirrors to focus sunlight onto

small, but highly efficient, multi-junction (MJ) solar cells

Renewable Energy in the Arab Countries –

Present and Future Challenges

Hydroelectric

(6.14%)

Natural Gas

(32.68%)

Nuclear

(19.5%)

Solar

(0.65%)

Wind

(4.67%)

Geothermal

(0.41%)

Coal

(33.17%)

Other

(2.78%)

Total

4087 TWh

Electricity Generation by Source (2015)

0

5,000,000

10,000,000

15,000,000

20,000,000

25,000,000

30,000,000

List of countries by electricity generation per year

based on multiple sources (2016)

GWh

0

50,000

100,000

150,000

200,000

250,000

300,000

350,000

400,000

List of 10 Arabic countries (in comparison to UK) by electricity

generation per year based on multiple sources (2016)

GWh

Total Capacity of Renewable Energy (2016)

GW

0

300

600

900

Asia Europe N America S America Africa Oceania Middle

East

C America

+ Carib

0

200

400

600

Total Capacity of Renewable Energy – Top 10

Countries (2016)

GW

0

1

2

3

4

Total Capacity of Renewable Energy – Top Arab

Countries (2016)

GW

Renewable and non-renewable power generation:

Installed capacity in Arab countries

Source: Arab Union of Electricity (2015)

Non-Renewable Renewable Total Installed

Capacity

• For every 1degree rise, the panel power will

reduce by 0.5%

• Dust considerably reduces the efficiency as

89%.

Effect of Temperature and Dust on PV

Efficiency

In a sunny winter’s morning, the panels

will actually be more efficient.

Renewable energy projects under construction or planned

in the Arab region

13 partners involved in this project from 6 different countries (Cyprus,

Egypt, France, Greece, Italy and Jordan)

4 demonstrative plants based on concentrating solar collectors for a

total power of about 500 kW

A Case Study Project:

Small Scale Thermal Solar District Units for

Mediterranean Communities (STS-Med)

Small Scale Thermal Solar District Units for Mediterranean

Communities (STS-Med)

Solar Home System (SHS) - DC

- SHS is small,

independent DC

system

- Most efficient

and economical

system

Solar Home System (SHS) - AC

- AC system is

convenient for

users

- Less efficient and

higher cost than

DC

Another Case Study Project:

DC Residential Grid – Students’ Flat, Brunel University

[VA

LU

E]

[VA

LU

E]

0.00

50.00

100.00

150.00

200.00

250.00

300.00

350.00

400.00

450.00

500.00

AC

Supply

DC

Supply

En

erg

y U

sag

e (k

Wh

)

Annually Energy

Usage Per Flat

[VA

LU

E]

[VA

LU

E]

760.000

780.000

800.000

820.000

840.000

860.000

880.000

900.000

920.000

AC

Supply

DC

Supply

En

erg

y U

sag

e (k

Wh

)

Annually Energy

Usage Per Flat

Annual Energy Consumption for

a Lap Top

Annual Energy Consumption 15W

CFL Bulbs

0.00

100.00

200.00

300.00

400.00

500.00

600.00

AC Supply DC Supply

En

erg

y C

ost

(£)

Annually Energy Cost

Annual Cost for a residential flat at Brunel University

Electric Vehicles:

Is it ahead of time or is it time to move ahead?

Electric vehicles can significantly reduce

global and local emissions, but only when

charged from renewable energy sources.

What are the global challenges?

What are the challenges for Arab countries?

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Total

Demand

Residential

Demand

Electricity Consumption in a Typical Day

a.m. p.m.

Probabilities of arriving home

throughout a typical weekday

250

0

50

100

150

200

Pow

er (

kW

)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

a.m. p.m.

Additional load due to EV charging for a

population of 1262 houses and an

assumed EV take up of 20%.

250

0

50

100

150

200

Pow

er (

kW

)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

a.m. p.m.

Peak Shaving

Vehicle To Grid (V2G) Technology

Low Carbon Vehicle Event

6th – 7th September 2017

• The Automotive Council and UK Capabilities

Development

• Electric Vehicle Charging Technology and Market

Trends

• Battery Technologies

• Intelligent Mobility and the Connected Vehicle

Opportunity

Low Carbon Vehicle Event

6th – 7th September 2017

Q:

If electric vehicles become cheaper with time, what

impact will it have on economies of oil-rich

countries of the Middle East? “Newsweek – 30/4/2016”

A:

Devastating, if they don't adapt fast enough and

invest in their future. However, the decline will be

fairly gradual and will take a decade, maybe even

longer.

• It is predicted that huge chunks of the world’s

population will switch to self-drive electric

vehicles (EVs), which are 10 times cheaper to

run than fossil-based cars.

• EVs will have a low maintenance cost and an

expected lifespan of one million miles.

• It has been predicted that there will be no new

petrol or diesel cars, buses or trucks sold

anywhere in the world within the next eight

years.

• This will result in the catastrophic collapse of oil

prices and lead to the devastation of the

petroleum industry as well as automobile

manufacturers who fail to adapt to this

innovative industrial disruption

• The price of crude oil will fall to $25 or even less

per barrel

• Petrol stations will be hard to find and people will

adapt to vehicles on demand rather than owning

vehicles themselves

Oil-producing Arab countries will slide back into

the state of poverty that enveloped them till 1950 as

they have failed to take advantage of the window of

opportunity that history had offered them. Instead

of developing strong knowledge economies like

Korea, Finland and other countries had done, they

have frittered away their wealth on luxuries and

weapons. Tony Seba, Stanford University

Energy Management Central Unit

Smart Meter

DC source (Renewable)

AC source

Energy storage

Energy conversion devices

DC Loads

AC Loads

Energy Management System Modular

References:

⁃ Ibrahim Abdel Gelil, “ENERGY Demand Profile in Arab Countries

– Arab Forum for Environment and Development”, 2016

⁃ Dayal Singh Rajput , K. Sudhakar “Effect Of Dust On The

Performance Of Solar PV Panel”, International Journal of

ChemTech Research CODEN( USA): IJCRGG, 2013

⁃ Iraq Renewable Energy Policy Handbook 2017, Published by

GlobalData, May 2017 ($500)

⁃ RENEWABLE CAPACITY STATISTICS 2017, International

Renewable Energy Agency, 2017.

Thank You M. Darwish