the future of the world trading system: asian perspectives

7/28/2019 The Future of the World Trading System: Asian Perspectives

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G ^kxDT.kro Hkkf

Rjd Nuturd kn tjd _krlbRrgbeio Qystdc= Gsegi

Pdrspdatevds

Dbetdb hy Xeajgrb Hglbwei, Cgsgjerk Fgwgegib Ogidsjgi _eoigrgmg


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3/179

Rjd Nuturd kn tjd _krlb RrgbeioQystdc= Gsegi Pdrspdatevds


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Aditrd nkr Dakikcea Pkleay Xdsdgraj (ADPX)

Aditrd nkr Dakikcea Pkleay Xdsdgraj1rb Nlkkr?? Hgstweaf QtrddtLkibki, DA7^ 1P]TF

Rdl= +22 (0)80 ?7:1 ::07Dcgel= [email protected]_dh= www.adpr.kro

Aditrd nkr Dakikcea Pkleay Xdsdgraj, 8071


5/179

Rjd Nuturd kn tjd _krlb Rrgbeio

Qystdc= Gsegi Pdrspdatevds

Dbetdb hy Xeajgrb Hglbwei,

Cgsgjerk Fgwge gib Ogidsjgi _eoigrgmg

g


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Aditrd nkr Dakikcea Pkleay Xdsdgraj (ADPX)

Rjd Aditrd nkr Dakikcea Pkleay Xdsdgraj es g idtwkrf kn kvdr :00 XdsdgrajNdllkws gib Gnnelegtds, hgsdb precgrely ei Durkpdgi Tievdrseteds. Rjd Aditrd

akkrbeigtds tjd rdsdgraj gateveteds kn ets Ndllkws gib Gnnelegtds gib akccu-ieagtds tjd rdsults tk tjd puhlea gib prevgtd sdatkrs. ADPX es gi ditrdprdidur,bdvdlkpeio rdsdgraj eietegtevds wetj tjd prkbuadrs, akisucdrs gib spkiskrs knrdsdgraj. Dstghlesjdb ei 75:1, ADPX es g Durkpdgi dakikceas rdsdgraj krogie-zgteki wetj uiequdly webd-rgioeio sakpd gib gateveteds.

Rjd Aditrd es plurglest gib iki-pgrtesgi, hreioeio dakikcea rdsdgraj tk hdgrki tjd giglyses kn cdbeuc- gib lkio-rui pkleay qudstekis. ADPX rdsdgraj cgyeialubd vedws ki pkleay, hut tjd Dxdautevd Akccettdd kn tjd Aditrd bkds iktoevd prekr rdvedw tk ets puhleagtekis, gib tjd Aditrd tgfds ik eistetutekigl pkleay

pksetekis. Rjd kpeiekis dxprdssdb ei tjes rdpkrt grd tjksd kn tjd gutjkrs gib ikttjksd kn tjd Aditrd nkr Dakikcea Pkleay Xdsdgraj.

Ajger kn tjd Hkgrb Ouelldrck bd lg BdjdsgPrdsebdit Xeajgrb PkrtdsAjedn Dxdautevd Knneadr Qtdpjdi UdkXdsdgraj Berdatkr Luardzeg XdeajleiPkleay Berdatkr Xeajgrb Hglbwei

Rjd Gsegi Bdvdlkpcdit Hgif Eistetutd (GBHE)

GBHE, lkagtdb ei Rkfyk, es tjd tjeif tgif kn tjd Gsegi Bdvdlkpcdit Hgif(GBH). Ets cesseki es tk ebditeny dnndatevd bdvdlkpcdit strgtdoeds gib ecprkvdbdvdlkpcdit cgigodcdit ei GBHs bdvdlkpeio cdchdr akuitreds. GBHE jgsgi dxtdisevd idtwkrf kn pgrtidrs ei tjd Gseg gib Pgaenea rdoeki gib hdykib.GBHEs gateveteds grd ouebdb hy ets tjrdd strgtdoea prekrety tjdcds kn eialusevdgib sustgeighld orkwtj, rdoekigl akkpdrgteki gib eitdorgteki, gib okvdrigiadnkr pkleaeds gib eistetutekis. Rjd kpeiekis dxprdssdb ei tjes rdpkrt grd tjksd kn

tjd gutjkrs gib bk ikt idadssgrely rdprdsdit tjd vedws kn tjd Gsegi Bdvdlkp-cdit Hgif, tjd Gsegi Bdvdlkpcdit Hgif Eistetutd (GBHE), kr tjder Hkgrb knOkvdrikrs kr tjd okvdricdits tjdy rdprdsdit.

Bdgi gib ADK Cgsgjerk FgwgeBdputy Bdgi Mgd-Jg PgrfBerdatkr kn Gbceiestrgteki,Cgigodcdit gib Akkrbeigteki Ugsurk IgretgBerdatkr kn Xdsdgraj Ogidsjgi _eoigrgmgBerdatkr kn Agpgaety Huelbeio gib Rrgeieio Uuqeio Zeio


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Akitdits

Nkrdwkrb vee

7 Eitrkbuateki 7Xeajgrb Hglbwei, Cgsgjerk Fgwge gib Ogidsjgi _eoigrgmg

8 Rjd nuturd kn tjd wkrlb trgbd systdc= Gsegi

pdrspdatevds 74Pgsagl Lgcy

Qdateki 7= Qupply Ajgeis gib Prkbuateki Idtwkrfs

1 _RK 8.0= Rjeifeio gjdgb ki olkhgl trgbd 81Xeajgrb Hglbwei

2 Rrgbd ei vglud-gbbdb= Gi Dgst Gsegi pdrspdatevd 85Qgtksje Eikcgtg

4 Xdtjeifeio tjd ecpgat kn dxajgiod rgtds ki trgbd Uuqeio Zeio

> Bk QCDs cgttdr ei Gsegi prkbuateki idtwkrfs; 24Ogidsjgi _eoigrgmg

Qdateki 8= Akccdraegl gib Eibustregl Pkleaeds

? Eiardgseio vglud nrkc olkhgl vglud ajgei pgrteaepgteki=_jgt rkld nkr eibustregl pkleay; 44Pgtreaf Lkw gib Muleg Remgmg

: Es curfy prktdatekiesc g rdgl tjrdgt tk Gsegi trgbd; >4Qecki M. Dvdidtt

5 Dxajgiod rgtd pkleay gib rdoekigl trgbd gorddcdits ?4Xeajgrb Pkcnrdt gib ^eatkr Pkiteids


8/179

ve

Qdateki 1= Xdoekigl Rrgbd Okvdrigiad

70 Pkleay ajglldiods pksdb hy Gsegi NRGs :1Cgsgjerk Fgwge gib Ogidsjgi _eoigrgmg

77 Rjd GQDGI Dakikcea Akccuiety= Prkordss,ajglldiods gib prkspdats 57Qekw Uud Ajeg

78 Akistruateki kn XADP hy akisklebgteio GQDGI+7 NRGs 55Qjumerk Trgtg

71 GQDGI+, XADP gib RPP=G algsj kn eitdorgteki akiadpts 70?

Abrea Bupkit

Qdateki 2= Olkhgl Rrgbd Okvdrigiad

72 Rjd nuturd kn tjd _krlb Rrgbd Krogiezgteki 775Heswgmet Bjgr

74 G idw pdrspdatevd nkr tjd _krlb Rrgbd Krogiezgteki 784Rkckajefg Tygcg

7> Plurelgtdrgl gorddcdits= G veghld gltdrigtevd tk tjd_RK; 717Ceajetgfg Igfgtkce

7? Rjd agsd nkr dijgiaeio rdoekigl gib olkhgl rulds nkreivdstcdit 727]jgio Uuileio gib Xkioygi _gio

7: G cultelgtdrgl gorddcdit ki eivdstcdit= G hredn

Gldmgibrk Mgrg

75 Cultelgtdrglesgteki kn rdoekigl trgbd gorddcdits 744Xkjeie Gajgryg

80 _RK-GQDGI gsyccdtreds= Aglleio nkr ordgtdrakllghkrgteki 7>7Cgefg Ksjefgwg


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vee

Okvdrigiad kn tjd wkrlb trgbeio systdc es ei lechk. Rjd _RKs sex-bdagbd klb ckbus

kpdrgibe lgrod cultelgtdrgl idogtekis fikwi gs Xkuibs es hrkfdi. _RK rulds wdrd

lgst upbgtdb ei 7552 gib tjd aurrdit Xkuib es cerdb gntdr g bkzdi ydgrs kn tglfs. Ei gi

uikrogiesdb cgiidr, helgtdrgl, plurelgtdrgl gib rdoekigl trgbd gorddcdits jgvd tgfdi

tjd ldgb ei hreioeio trgbd besaepleids tk tjd 87st aditury. Qdvdrgl cdog-rdoekigls gib

cdog-arkss rdoekigls grd streveio tk odidrglesd tjd helgtdrgls gib rdoekigls eitk ckrd

akjdrdit rdoeki-webd kr arkss-rdoekigl grrgiodcdits. Rjd prkoikses ki tjd cdog-

rdoekigls gib arkss rdoekigls dspdaeglly tjd Rrgis-Pgaenea Pgrtidrsjep (RPP), tjd

Xdoekigl Akcprdjdisevd Dakikcea Pgrtidrsjep (XADP) gib tjd Rrgis-Gtlgitea Rrgbd

gib Eivdstcdit Pgrtidrsjep (RREP) es uialdgr.

Et es ei tjes stgtd kn nlux tjgt tjd Gsegi Bdvdlkpcdit Hgif Eistetutd ei Rkfyk tdgcdbup wetj tjd Aditrd nkr Rrgbd gib Dakikcea Eitdorgteki ei Odidvg tk jkst g twk-bgy

akindrdiad, ki tjd 77tj gib 78tj Cgraj 8071, ki Rjd Nuturd kn tjd _krlb Rrgbd Qystdc=

Gsegi Pdrspdatevds. Rjd nkaus es ki Gsegi pdrspdatevds seiad, gs _RK Berdatkr-Odidrgl

Pgsagl Lgcy put et, tjd prkhldcs ngaeio Gsegi rdoekiglesc grd g sagldb-bkwi ckbdl

kn tjd prkhldcs ngaeio tjd wkrlb. Qklutekis tjgt sckktj kut Gsegs ikkbld hkwl wkulb

glsk hd lefdly tk wkrf gt tjd olkhgl ldvdl.

Ei putteio tkodtjdr tjes aklldateki kn sjkrt ajgptdrs hgsdb ki tjd lkiodr pgpdrs prdsditdb

gt tjd Odidvg akindrdiad, Xeajgrb Hglbwei, Cgsgjerk Fgwge gib Ogidsjgi _eoigrgmg

jgvd hrkuojt tjd essuds tk tjd hrkgbdr gubediad wetj spddb gib dnneaediay. Rjdy jgvd

hddi vdry ghly suppkrtdb hy Rdgc ^kx, ei pgrteaulgr hy Giel Qjgcbgsgie. _d grd

orgtdnul tk tjdc gll.

Nkrdwkrb


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veee

Rjd Nuturd kn tjd _krlb Rrgbeio Qystdc= Gsegi Pdrspdatevds

Rjd tkpea kn tjd dHkkf es dspdaeglly tecdly oevdi tjd ajgiod ei ldgbdrsjep gt tjd

_RK. Nrkc Qdptdchdr 8071 Xkhdrtk Gzdvbk tgfds up tjd rdeis gs Berdatkr-Odidrgl.Akitrehutkrs tk tjes dHkkf prkvebd ghuibgit giglyses gib suoodstekis nkr jkw tjd idw

Berdatkr-Odidrgl akulb gbbrdss tjd idw ajglldiods.

^ev Bgveds Cgsgjerk Fgwge

Ajedn Kpdrgteio Knneadr, ADPX Bdgi gib ADK, GBHE

77 Muid 8071


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7

Xeajgrb Hglbwei, Cgsgjerk Fgwge gibOgidsjgi _eoigrgmgOrgbugtd Eistetutd, Odidvg gib ADPX6 Gsegi Bdvdlkpcdit Hgif Eistetutd, Rkfyk6

Gsegi Bdvdlkpcdit Hgif Eistetutd, Rkfyk

_jgt tjes dHkkf es ghkut

Rjd wkrlb trgbeio systdc es ei g stgtd kn nlux ajgrgatdresdb hy idw bdvdlkpcdits gib

uiadrtgeiteds ghkut ets okvdrigiad. Nuibgcditgl ajgiods grd kaaurreio hdagusd kn tjd

resd kn dcdroeio dakikceds, suaj gs tjd HXEAQ, gib tjd dxpgiseki kn tjder trgbd gib

nkrdeoi berdat eivdstcdit (NBE), gib glsk tjd prklendrgteki kn nrdd trgbd gorddcdits

(NRGs) olkhglly. Kvdr tjd lgst tjrdd bdagbds, trgbd gib NBE jgvd orkwi rgpebly ei Gseggib rdoekigl trgbd gib eivdstcdit eitdorgteki jgs bddpdidb, wjeaj jgs akitrehutdb tk

sustgeidb orkwtj gib ecprkvdcdit ei pdkplds levdlejkkbs.

Rrgbd gib rdoekigl eitdorgteki grd lefdly tk einludiad Gsegs nuturd orkwtj, wetj skcd

prdbeateio tjgt tjd rdoeki well gaakuit nkr kvdr jgln kn wkrlb OBP hy 8040. _etj tjd

akiteiueio stgldcgtd ei tjd Bkjg Xkuib trgbd tglfs, tjd ardbehelety kn ruld-cgfeio ki

trgbd ei tjd _RK es uibdr eitdisd saruteiy gib NRGs gppdgr tk hd dcdroeio gs tjd

prdndrrdb gltdrigtevd. Rjd igturd kn tjdsd bdvdlkpcdits jgs prkcptdb g bdhgtd ki tjd

nuturd kn tjd wkrlb trgbeio systdc gib tjd rulds okvdrieio trgbd.

Rjd dssgys ei tjes ^kxDT dHkkf, wrettdi hy ldgbeio Gsegi gib eitdrigtekigl trgbd

dxpdrts, akibuat g hrkgb gib akcprdjdisevd dxgceigteki kn fdy ajgiods tgfeio plgad

ei tjd wkrlb trgbeio systdc gib trgad pkleay ecpleagtekis nkr Gseg. Rjd dssgys akvdr=

7 Eitrkbuateki


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8

Qtylesdb pgttdris kn, gib pgrteaepgits ei, olkhgl prkbuateki idtwkrfs gib supply

ajgeis. Rjd dakikcea dnndats kn akccdraegl gib eibustregl pkleaeds pursudb hy akuitreds.

Rjd dvklveio grajetdaturd kn rdoekigl trgbd okvdrigiad ajgrgatdresdb hy tjd sprdgb

kn NRGs gib gttdcpts gt akisklebgteki eitk lgrod, rdoeki-webd gorddcdits.

Rjd stgtd kn olkhgl trgbd okvdrigiad aditrdb ki tjd _RK gib prkpksgls nkr rdnkrc.

Jkw Gseg tjeifs gib gats ki tjdsd essuds well lefdly einludiad tjd wkrlb dakikcy. Gs

Pgsagl Lgcy wretds ei jes dssgy=

Gseg jgs hddi g suaadssnul ckbdl kn bdvdlkpcdit tjrkuoj trgbd, wjeaj jgs eisperdb

cgiy ktjdrs grkuib tjd wkrlb. Rjdrd es ik bkuht tjgt tjd rdoeki well akiteiud tk

eisperd tjd trgbd akccuiety ei tjd bdagbds tk akcd.

_etj ets seoieneagit dakikcea gib trgbd wdeojt ei tjd olkhgl dakikcy, Gseg es

dxpdatdb tk sjkulbdr ckrd rdspkiseheleteds gib tgfd tjd ldgb ei tjd olkhgl trgbeio

systdc ei tjd nuturd. Rjder akitrehuteki tk g suaadssnul _RK Ceiestdregl Akindrdiad

ei Hgle ei Bdadchdr 8071 well hd dssditegl.

Rjd tkpea kn tjes dHkkf es tjus tecdly gs Xkhdrtk Gzdvbk tgfds kvdr gs Berdatkr-

Odidrgl kn tjd _RK nrkc Qdptdchdr 8071 gib ldgbs tjd 5tj _RK Ceiestdregl

Akindrdiad ei Hgle ei Bdadchdr 8071. Et es ecpdrgtevd tjgt eiardgseio rdakoieteki es

oevdi tk tjd leifs hdtwddi olkhgl prkbuateki idtwkrfs gib supply ajgeis, igtekigl

akccdraegl gib eibustregl pkleaeds, gib tjd okvdrigiad kn olkhgl gib rdoekigl trgbd.

Nurtjdrckrd, areteagl bdaesekis well iddb tk hd cgbd gt tjd _RK gib rdoekigl nkrucsghkut ecprkvdcdits ei olkhgl gib rdoekigl trgbd okvdrigiad gib ordgtdr akjdrdiad

hdtwddi olkhgl gib rdoekigl trgbd rulds.

Rjd dssgys ei tjes dHkkf grksd nrkc g akindrdiad ki Rjd nuturd kn tjd wkrlb trgbeio

systdc jdlb gt tjd _RK ei Odidvg ki 77-78 Cgraj 8071, krogiesdb hy tjd Gsegi

Bdvdlkpcdit Hgif Eistetutd gib tjd Aditrd nkr Rrgbd gib Dakikcea Eitdorgteki gt tjd

Orgbugtd Eistetutd kn Eitdrigtekigl gib Bdvdlkpcdit Qtubeds, ei akllghkrgteki wetj tjd


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Eitrkbuateki

1

_RK. Lkiodr vdrsekis kn cgiy kn tjdsd dssgys grd hdeio bdvdlkpdb eitk null pgpdrs tk

hd puhlesjdb ei gi dbetdb hkkf.

Olkhgl prkbuateki idtwkrfs gib supply ajgeis

Kid ecpkrtgit ngatkr uibdrlyeio tjd orkwtj kn trgbd gib eivdstcdit, gib tjd rdsulteio

rdoekigl dakikcea eitdorgteki ei Gseg, es tjd nkrcgteki kn olkhgl prkbuateki idtwkrfs

gib supply ajgeis, pgrteaulgrly tjd orkwtj kn vdrteagl eitrg-eibustry trgbd ei pgrts,

akcpkidits, ktjdr eitdrcdbegtd okkbs, gib neiesjdb cgiungaturdb prkbuats. Rjd

eiardgseio sjgrd kn Gsegs trgbd ei eitdrcdbegtd okkbs jgs hddi gebdb hy ecprkvdcdits

ei pjyseagl einrgstruaturd gib lkoesteas sdrveads, rgpeb bdvdlkpcdits kn einkrcgteki gib

akccuieagteki tdajiklkoy, gib nglls ei trgbd hgrredrs gib trgbd aksts, gll kn wjeaj jgvd

jdlpdb dxpgib trgbd gib NBE.

Gs Xeajgrb Hglbwei iktds ei jes dssgy, tjd nkrcgteki kn olkhgl prkbuateki idtwkrfs gib

supply ajgeis jgs ajgiodb tjd aditrd kn orgvety kn tjd wkrlb dakikcy. Olkhglesgteki

seiad tjd 7550s jgs hddi gaakcpgiedb hy g stddp resd ei sjgrds kn wkrlb kutput gib

wkrlb trgbd kn bdvdlkpeio akuitreds tjgt jgvd gajedvdb eibustreglesgteki hy mkeieio

supply ajgeis. Rjd cgmkr ogeidrs wdrd Gsegs dcdroeio dakikceds eialubeio

tjd Pdkplds Xdpuhlea kn Ajeig (PXA), Xdpuhlea kn Fkrdg, Rjgelgib gib Eibkidseg

tjgt wdrd pgrt kn TQ, Odrcgi gib Mgpgidsd supply ajgeis.

Rjd wkrlb trgbeio systdc well jgvd tk tgfd hdttdr gaakuit kn tjd nkrcgteki kn olkhgl

gib rdoekigl supply ajgeis, gs tjes pjdikcdiki gltdrs jkw akuitreds eitdrgat wetjdgaj ktjdr tjrkuoj trgbd gib NBE. Ei gbbeteki, tjd gssdchly kn eitdrcdbegtd prkbuats

eitk neigl prkbuats nkr dxpkrt sjepcdit cdgis tjgt ecpkrts cgttdr gs cuaj gs dxpkrts

nkr trgbeio igtekis, wjeaj ecpleds g strkio akcpldcditgry rdlgtekisjep ei dakikcea

gatevety gckio akuitreds tjgt grd pgrt kn tjdsd vglud ajgeis.

Hdttdr trgbd pkleaycgfeio ei tjes akitdxt rdquerds ckrd gaaurgtd bgtg useio eiikvgtevd

cdgsurdcdit kn trgbd nlkws hgsdb ki vglud-gbbdb, rgtjdr tjgi orkss akccdraegl vgluds


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2

gs rdakrbdb ei akivditekigl trgbd stgtesteas, tk cdgsurd tjd igtekigl akitdit kn ecpkrts

gib dxpkrts. Ei jes dssgy, Qgtksje Eikcgtg grouds tjgt tjd rdadit Gsegi Eiput KutputRghld ngaeletgtds tjd cgppeio kn pgttdris kn trgbd ei vglud-gbbdb hdtwddi akuitreds

diogodb ei olkhgl prkbuateki-sjgreio grrgiodcdits. Gckio ktjdr hdidnets, tjd trgbd

ei vglud-gbbdb gpprkgaj gvkebs cultepld akuiteio kn trgbd nlkws gib gllkws g ckrd

rdglestea bdpeateki kn helgtdrgl trgbd ei tjd leojt kn olkhgl prkbuateki-sjgreio. Rjd trgbd

ei vglud-gbbdb gpprkgaj prkvebds nrdsj eiseojts eitk tjkriy eitdrigtekigl essuds suaj gs

tjd sezd kn tjd TQ trgbd bdneaet wetj tjd PXA. Tibdr tjd trgbd ei vglud-gbbdb gpprkgaj,

g lkwdr TQ trgbd bdneaet wetj tjd PXA es khsdrvdb akcpgrdb wetj akivditekigl trgbdstgtesteas.

Uuqeio Zeio pkeits kut tjgt ckvdcdits ei g seiold akuitrys dxajgiod rgtds bk ikt

nully bdtdrceid tjd akcpdtetevdidss kn okkbs prkbuadb uibdr prkbuateki-sjgreio

grrgiodcdits eivklveio trgbd ei vglud-gbbdb hdtwddi cgiy akuitreds. G vglud-gbbdb

rdgl dnndatevd dxajgiod rgtd es prkpksdb eistdgb tk hdttdr rdprdsdit tjd rdglety kn vglud-

gbbdb trgbd, pgrteaulgrly ei Gseg.

Nurtjdrckrd, hdttdr trgbd pkleaycgfeio glsk rdquerds useio ceark-ldvdl bgtg nrkc

ditdrpresd survdys tk uibdrstgib tjd rkld kn benndrdit nercs ei prkbuateki idtwkrfs.

Nercs grd akisebdrdb benndrdit ei tdrcs kn dnneaediay, gs wdll gs nexdb gib vgreghld

aksts, wjdi eivklvdb ei prkbuateki idtwkrfs. Gaakrbeioly, nerc-spdaenea ajgrgatdresteas

(kr nerc jdtdrkodidety) sjgpd pgrteaepgteki ei prkbuateki idtwkrfs. Brgweio ki

culte-akuitry culte-ditdrpresd survdys, Ogidsjgi _eoigrgmg suoodsts tjgt nerc sezd

(rdnldateio dakikceds kn sagld tk kvdrakcd ditry aksts) cgttdrs nkr mkeieio prkbuatekiidtwkrfs, wetj lgrod nercs plgyeio tjd bkceigit rkld ei Gseg. Ikidtjdldss, jeojdr QCD

pgrteaepgteki rgtds grd vesehld ei ckrd eibustreglesdb Gsegi dakikceds lefd Cglgyseg

gib Rjgelgib, eibeagteio tjd pktditegl rkld kn QCDs gs suppledrs tk lgrod nercs gib

berdat dxpkrtdrs. Gpgrt nrkc sezd, ktjdr fdy einludiads ki nerc-ldvdl pgrteaepgteki ei

prkbuateki idtwkrfs eialubd eivdstcdit ei jucgi agpetgl, tdajiklkoeagl agpgheleteds

gib gaadss tk ardbet. Okvdricdits agi ngaeletgtd QCDs mkeieio prkbuateki idtwkrfs


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Eitrkbuateki

4

tjrkuoj g cgrfdt-kreditdb strgtdoy nkr QCDs, strdgcleidb hurdguargtea prkadburds gib

eistetutekigl suppkrt sdrveads.

Akccdraegl gib eibustregl pkleaeds

Qdvdrgl ngatkrs jgvd hddi areteagl ei Gsegs suaadssnul kutwgrb-kreditdb eibustreglesgteki

gib struaturgl trgisnkrcgteki. G ngvkurghld wkrlb dakikcy iktghly, g hkkceio

wkrlb dakikcy tjgt steculgtdb bdcgib nkr lghkur-eitdisevd ecpkrts nrkc Gseg gib

nglleio tgrenns ei bdvdlkpdb akuitry cgrfdts prkvebdb tjd ecpdtus. Bdvdlkpeio

Gsegi dakikceds jgb gcpld suppleds kn lkw-akst, jeojly prkbuatevd lghkur gib wdrd

odkorgpjeaglly alksd tk gi dxpgibeio bdvdlkpdb Mgpgidsd dakikcy. Dnneaedit Mgpgidsd

culteigtekigl akrpkrgtekis (CIAs) wdrd gatevdly sddfeio tk rdlkagtd prkbuateki

tk ldss akstly lkagtekis ei Gseg. Rjrkuoj tdajiklkoy trgisndr gib trgeieio, bkcdstea

nercs gaquerdb cgiungatureio agpgheleteds tk hdakcd suppledrs gib suhakitrgatkrs

tk CIAs. Rjdsd dnnkrts wdrd suppkrtdb gt eibevebugl dakikcy ldvdls hy kutwgrb-

kreditdb bdvdlkpcdit strgtdoeds, jeoj bkcdstea sgveios rgtds, tjd ardgteki kn strkio

einrgstruaturd, gib eivdstcdit ei jucgi agpetgl. Kutwgrb-kreditdb bdvdlkpcdit

strgtdoeds kntdi dcpjgsesdb orgbugl ecpkrt lehdrglesgteki gib g strkio dxpkrt prkckteki

(useio vgrekus eiaditevds nkr dxpkrts gib dxpkrt prkadsseio zkids, gckio ktjdrs).

Gs pgrteaepgteki ei olkhgl vglud ajgeis hdagcd eiardgseioly prdvgldit ei Gseg, tjdrd es

orkweio eitdrdst ei jkw tjd hdidnets nrkc pgrteaepgteki grd bestrehutdb gckio akuitreds

gib ditdrpresds. Gt tjd igtekigl ldvdl, tjes es rdlgtdb tk tjd pursuet kn bdvdlkpcdit

khmdatevds suaj gs pkvdrty rdbuateki, mkh ardgteki, hdttdr prkbuatevety, tdajiklkoeagl

uporgbeio gib dakikcea bevdrseneagteki. Qkcd dakikceds jgvd gbbdb eibustregl

pkleaeds wetj g pldtjkrg kn eiaditevds tk diakurgod spdaenea eibustregl sdatkrs kr

pgrteaulgr odkorgpjeagl lkagtekis tk tjder kutwgrb-kreditdb pkleay nrgcdwkrf. Pgtreaf

Lkw gib Muleg Remgmg, ei tjder dssgy, dxgceid g vgredty kn gpprkgajds tk eibustregl

pkleay. Jd suoodsts tjgt skcd grd ckrd prkceseio tjgi ktjdrs ei tjd akitdxt kn olkhgl

vglud ajgeis. Rjd sezd kn bkcdstea cgrfdts, rdskurad dibkwcdits gib akuitry-spdaenea


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aeraucstgiads grd aruaegl tk bdtdrceieio kppkrtuieteds. Nurtjdrckrd, ecpldcditgteki

kn eibustregl pkleay agrreds tjd resf kn okvdricdit ngelurd wjeaj cgy hd ceteogtdb hybdvdlkpeio skleb okvdricdit agpgheleteds (tdajieagl, giglyteagl gib kpdrgtekigl) gib

nkroeio alksd rdlgtekis wetj tjd prevgtd sdatkr gib iki-stgtd gatkrs.

Ei tjd wgfd kn tjd olkhgl neigiaegl areses kn 800:, prktdatekiest tdibdiaeds grd ki tjd

resd ei skcd dakikceds, eialubeio wetjei Gseg. Qecki Dvdidtt grouds tjgt wjeld tjdrd

grd cgiy wgys tk ecpldcdit prktdatekiesc, sdvdrgl okvdricdits jgvd ecpldcditdb

wjgt grd aglldb curfy nkrcs kn prktdateki. Rjdsd bk ikt eivklvd g berdat veklgteki

kn _RK khleogtekis, hut rdprdsdit gi ghusd kn tjd pkleay besardteki tjgt besareceigtds

gogeist nkrdeoi okkbs, sdrveads, nercs, gib wkrfdrs. Dxgcplds eialubd tjd usd kn jdgltj

gib sgndty rdoulgtekis tk rdstreat ecpkrts, dxpkrt tgxds ki igtevd nkkb gib rdskurads tk

fddp tjdc gt jkcd, algusds ei steculus pgafgods tjgt akineid spdibeio tk bkcdsteaglly

prkbuadb okkbs gib sdrveads, gib orddi prktdatekiesc tjgt suhsebesds bkcdstea

nercs kily. Rjd ecpleagtekis kn tjdsd cdgsurds nkr trgbd pkleay grd aldgr. Gs tjd wkrlb

dakikcy rdakvdrs, pkleaycgfdrs sjkulb rdsest tdcptgtekis nkr prktdatekiesc gib

uiweib tjdsd besareceigtkry cdgsurds. Ei tjd cdbeuc tk lkio tdrc, pkleaycgfdrs cgy

wesj tk eietegtd idoktegtekis ki idw rulds ki puhlea prkaurdcdit, dxpkrt tgxds gib ktjdr

ldss trgispgrdit nkrcs kn prktdateki.

Rjd cultelgtdrgl trgbeio systdc kn tjd nuturd well jgvd tk gbbrdss ecpkrtgit olkhgl

essuds tjgt grd ikt gbbrdssdb uibdr _RK rulds. Rjd hlurreio hdtwddi trgbd pkleay

gib ktjdr pkleaeds, suaj gs alecgtd ajgiod gib dxajgiod rgtd pkleaeds, well rdquerd

tjd gttditeki kn pkleaycgfdrs. Nkr tjd dnneaediay ogeis nrkc trgbd tk trgislgtd eitkrdbuadb orddijkusd ogs dcessekis, tjd reojt diverkicditgl akitdxt cust hd sdt nkr

trgbd. Gpprkpregtd preaeio es vetgl tk hklstdr eiaditevds tk akisucd lkw-agrhki prkbuats

gib usd lkw-agrhki tdajiklkoeds. Nkr dxgcpld, putteio tjd reojt pread ki agrhki well

prkvebd g aldgr cgrfdt seoigl ei rdbuaeio tjd akisucpteki kn nkssel nudls gib cgfeio

lkw-agrhki tdajiklkoeds akccdraeglly veghld. En tjes es benneault, g suhseby cgy hd

prkvebdb nkr nercs, wjdtjdr bkcdstea kr nkrdeoi, tjgt prkbuad lkw-agrhki okkbs gib

sdrveads kr utelesd lkw-agrhki tdajiklkoeds.


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Eitrkbuateki

?

Rjd eitdrigtekigl ckidtgry systdc iddbs tk ngaeletgtd tjd nrdd nlkw kn eitdrigtekigl

okkbs gib sdrveads gib arkss-hkrbdr eivdstcdit. Rjd systdc cust hd suppkrtdb hystghld dxajgiod rgtds akisestdit wetj tjd uibdrlyeio nuibgcditgl dakikcea akibetekis.

Pkleaeds tk cgeitgei uibdrvgludb dxajgiod rgtds kvdr gi dxtdibdb pdrekb agi bestkrt

trgbd, lefd tgrenns gib trgbd suhsebeds, hy cgfeio tjd akuitrys dxpkrts grteneaeglly

akcpdtetevd gib ecpkrts ldss gttrgatevd. Akuitreds grd gbvesdb tk gvkeb suaj trgbd-

bestkrteio dxajgiod rgtd pkleaeds gs tjdy jgvd idogtevd akisdqudiads ikt kily nkr tjd

trgbeio pgrtidrs, hut ultecgtdly nkr tjd akuitreds akiadridb. Xeajgrb Pkcnrdt gib eatkr

Pkiteids groud tjgt ordgtdr nkrcgteki kn NRGs ei Gseg cdgis tjgt trgbd pkleay es ldssdnndatevd tjgi ei tjd pgst gib akuitreds grd tdibeio tk usd dxajgiod rgtd pkleay ckrd.

_etjei NRG hlkas, akuitreds grd tdibeio tkwgrbs dxajgiod rgtd stghelety. Jkwdvdr, skcd

akuitreds, dvdi wetjei NRG hlkas, grd useio dxajgiod rgtd bdprdaegteki gs g hdoogr-tjy-

ideojhkur nkrc kn dxajgiod rgtd prktdatekiesc. Rjes es jgrcnul tk ktjdrs gib ecpleds

tjd iddb nkr skcd akkrbeigteki gib ckietkreio cdajgiesc wetjei NRG hlkas.

Xdoekigl trgbd okvdrigiad

Xdoekigl trgbd okvdrigiad jgs hdakcd gi eiardgseioly ecpkrtgit essud ei tjd wkrlb

trgbeio systdc ei rdadit ydgrs. Prdndrditegl kr nrdd trgbd gorddcdits (PRGs kr NRGs)

grd sprdgbeio olkhglly, eialubeio ei Gseg. Cgiy Gsegi dakikceds jgvd dchgrfdb ki

NRG idoktegtekis wetj tjder trgbeio pgrtidrs, hktj wetjei Gseg gib kutsebd. Rjd ckvd

tkwgrbs NRGs ei Gseg es leifdb tk tjd iddb tk rdckvd ecpdbecdits tk hrkgbdieio tjd

sprdgb kn olkhgl gib rdoekigl supply ajgeis, tjd eitdiseneagteki kn NRG gatevety eiDurkpd gib tjd Gcdreags, gib tjd stglldb _RK Bkjg Xkuib trgbd tglfs.

Ei tjder dssgy, Fgwge gib _eoigrgmg groud tjgt kvdrlgppeio gib akcpldx NRG

grrgiodcdits ei Gseg cgy pksd sdvdrgl ajglldiods nkr Gsegs trgbd gib eivdstcdit. Ei

pgrteaulgr, tjd prdsdiad kn benndrdit, cultepld rulds kn kreoei es kid kn tjd trkuhldskcd

akcpkidits kn tjd Gsegi ikkbld hkwl, wjeaj glsk eialubds benndrdit, akcpdteio

tgrenn sajdbulds, dxaluseki lests, gib rulds gib stgibgrbs. Rjd ikkbld hkwl agi cgfd


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Gsegi nercs pgrteaulgrly scgll gib cdbeuc-sezdb ditdrpresds (QCDs), wjeaj usd NRG

prdndrdiads ngad akstly huseidss prkadburds gib auchdrskcd rdquerdcdits. Gsegiddbs tk akisebdr cdgsurds tk kvdrakcd tjd ikkbld hkwl prkhldc. Prgateagl cdgsurds,

suaj gs diakurgoeio rgtekiglesgteki gib nldxehelety kn rulds kn kreoei, uporgbeio kreoei

gbceiestrgteki, ecprkveio huseidss pgrteaepgteki ei NRG akisultgtekis gib strdiotjdieio

suppkrt systdcs nkr QCDs, agi jdlp ei ceteogteio tjd Gsegi ikkbld hkwl.

Nurtjdrckrd, sdvdrgl dakikcests ei Gseg groud nkr tjd akisklebgteki kn tjdsd cultepld

NRGs eitk g seiold Gseg-webd NRG, lefd tjd Xdoekigl Akcprdjdisevd Dakikcea

Pgrtidrsjep (XADP). G hrkgb-hgsdb, rdoeki-webd NRG tk hd nkrcdb hy 7> Dgst Gsegi

akuitreds akulb jdlp ceteogtd tjd jgrcnul ikkbld hkwl dnndats. Et akulb secpleny

sajdbulds nkr tgrenn rdbuatekis, dxaluseki lests, gib tjd cyregb rulds, rdoulgtekis gib

stgibgrbs. Qjumerk Trgtg dxgceids tjd pgttdris kn akccetcdits ei trgbd lehdrglesgteki

ei okkbs ei GQDGIs NRGs wetj cgmkr rdoekigl dakikceds gib pkeits kut tjgt tjd

akistruateki kn XADP cgy hd benneault hdagusd kn benndrdiads ei pgttdris kn tgrenn

dleceigteki gib bdneietekis kn rulds kn kreoei gbkptdb ei suaj gorddcdits. G prgateagl

wgy nkrwgrb nkr trgbd lehdrglesgteki uibdr XADP es nkr g orgbugl gpprkgaj ei tgrenn

dleceigteki gib g ak-dqugl gpprkgaj ei rulds kn kreoei.

GQDGI vedwdb gs tjd brevdr kn tjd prkadss kn rdoekigl dakikcea eitdorgteki ei Gseg

dchgrfdb ki gi gchetekus prkmdat tk nkrc gi GQDGI Dakikcea Akccuiety (GDA) hy

8074 eialubeio g seiold cgrfdt gib prkbuateki hgsd. Qekw Uud Ajeg gssdssds prkordss

tkwgrbs GDA gib nuturd berdatekis. Diakurgoeioly, eitrg-GQDGI tgrenns jgvd hddi

vertuglly dleceigtdb gib trgbd ngaeletgteki ecprkvdb wjeaj jgs rdsultdb ei tjd orkwtjkn eitrg-GQDGI gib dxtrg-GQDGI trgbd. Nurtjdrckrd, tjd GQDGI Akcprdjdisevd

Eivdstcdit Gorddcdit wgs rgtenedb ei 8078 gib cgy spur eiwgrb eivdstcdit.

Ikidtjdldss, nurtjdr prkordss es iddbdb ei ktjdr grdgs suaj gs dleceigteio iki-tgrenn

hgrredrs gib lehdrgleseio rdstreatekis ki sdrveads trgbd. Rjdrd es odidrgl gaadptgiad ei

GQDGI pkleay aeralds tjgt tjd gajedvdcdit kn tjd GDA prkmdat well dxtdib hdykib

8074 gs rdsebugl cdgsurds well tgfd tecd tk ecpldcdit.


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Eitrkbuateki

5

Abrea Bupkit qudstekis wjdtjdr GQDGI aditrglety ei breveio Gsegi rdoekigl

eitdorgteki well pdrsest ei g ajgioeio trgbd pkleay lgibsagpd ei Gseg. Rjd dcdrodiad kngi gltdrigtevd cdog-rdoekigl eitdorgteki sajdcd, tjd Rrgis-Pgaenea Qtrgtdoea Dakikcea

Pgrtidrsjep, sddcs tk jgvd rgesdb essuds ghkut tjd nuturd rdldvgiad kn GQDGI aditrglety

gib glsk tjd prkspdat kn g nuturd algsj hdtwddi tjd RPP gib XADP.

Et es pkssehld, jkwdvdr, tjgt g rdoeki-webd gorddcdit ei Gseg akulb gresd nrkc g sdreds

kn leifdb gorddcdits akvdreio vgrekus essuds gib pgrteaepgits. XADP gib RPP grd

fdy prkadssds tk ardgtd g lgrodr Gseg-Pgaenea NRG, wjeaj wkulb rdquerd suaadssnully

gbbrdsseio tjd benneault tgsf kn nkroeio g TQ-PXA gorddcdit. Rjd twk prkadssds grd ikt

cutuglly dxalusevd gib well lefdly prkvd tk hd akcpldcditgry ei tjd lkio rui. _jeajdvdr

pgtj kr pgtjs cgyhd tgfdi, et es ecpkrtgit tk gaadldrgtd rdoekigl lehdrglesgteki gib

bkcdstea dakikcea rdnkrcs. G jgrckiekus Gseg-Pgaenea wkulb lefdly sdd g akivdrodiad

kn XADP gib RPP. Rjes wkulb hd g wei-wei kutakcd nkr tjd Gseg-Pgaenea akccuiety.

Olkhgl trgbd okvdrigiad

Eitdrigtekigl trgbd rulds gib eistetutekis agi jgvd prknkuib gib lgsteio dnndats ki tjd

sjents gib rdbdneieteki kn trgbd rdlgtekisjeps ei Gseg gib olkhglly. Rjd rdspkisehelety

nkr olkhgl trgbd okvdrigiad jgs rdstdb wetj tjd _RK seiad ets ardgteki ei 7554, gib

ets cdchdrsjep jgb orkwi tk 745 akuitreds hy Cgraj 8071. Rjd _RKs aditrgl

nuiateki es tk prkvebd g nkruc nkr eitdrigtekigl trgbd idoktegtekis wjeaj rdsults ei

_RK gorddcdits. Rjd _RKs ktjdr nuiatekis eialubd gbceiestdreio _RK gorddcdits,

ckietkreio igtekigl trgbd pkleaeds, gib prkvebeio tdajieagl gssestgiad gib trgeieio nkr

bdvdlkpeio akuitreds. Rjd slkw prkordss ei tjd _RK Bkjg Xkuib trgbd tglfs cdgis

tjgt idw cultelgtdrgl trgbeio rulds well tgfd tecd tk dvklvd gceb aglls nkr _RK rdnkrcs.

Ei jes dssgy, Heswgmet Bjgr gssdssds prkspdats nkr tjd Bkjg Xkuib gib tjd nuturd

wkrf prkorgc nkr tjd _RK. Rjd nkaus kn tjd idoktegtekis, wjeaj akccdiadb ei

Ikvdchdr 8007, wgs lkwdr trgbd hgrredrs ei goreaulturd gib iki-goreaulturgl cgrfdt

gaadss (IGCG). Rjd tglfs stglldb ei 800: lgrodly kvdr g bevebd ki cgmkr essuds suaj


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gs goreaulturd suhsebeds, eibustregl tgrenns gib iki-tgrenn hgrredrs. Nurtjdrckrd, skcd

fdy plgydrs sddc tk jgvd hddi prdkaaupedb wetj bkcdstea dakikcea essuds seiad tjddakikcea bkwituri nkllkweio tjd olkhgl neigiaegl areses gib jgvd oevdi ldss gttditeki

tk tjd trgbd tglfs. Kid ajglldiod ngadb hy tjd olkhgl akccuiety es tk gssdss tjd fdy

bdvdlkpcdits ei tjd Bkjg Xkuib wjeaj jgvd akitrehutdb tk tjd prdsdit stgldcgtd.

Giktjdr es tk bdvdlkp g idw prkorgc nkr tjd _RK tk tgafld hdjeib-tjd-hkrbdr essuds

rdldvgit tk nrgocditdb prkbuateki systdcs gib supply ajgeis, pgrteaulgrly trgbd

ngaeletgteki, eivdstcdit pkleay gib iki-tgrenn hgrredrs. Xeajgrb Hglbwei grouds tjgt tjd

_RK jgs ikt fdpt up wetj tjd iddb nkr idw rulds okvdrieio tjd eitdrtweieio kn trgbd,eivdstcdit, eitdlldatugl prkpdrty gib sdrveads. Hreioeio tjdsd rulds tk tjd cultelgtdrgl

ldvdl iddbs tjd ardgteki kn g idw eitdrigtekigl krogiezgteki g _RK 8.0.

Rjd igrrkw idoktegteio godibg gib slkw prkordss kn tjd _RK Bkjg Xkuib cgy hd

pgrtly bud tk tjd igturd kn tjd _RKs bdaeseki-cgfeio cdajgiesc gib ets uibdrlyeio

preiaeplds kn akisdisus gib seiold uibdrtgfeio. Cetajetgfg Igfgtkce gib Rkckajefg

Tygcg, ei tjder dssgys, dxplkrd tjd rkld kn plurelgtdrgl gorddcdits wjeaj nkaus ki

ruld-cgfeio gib lehdrglesgteki ki g seiold trgbd essud. Gi dxgcpld es tjd Einkrcgteki

Rdajiklkoy Gorddcdit (ERG) wetj gi kpdi gaadsseki algusd. Plurelgtdrgl gorddcdits

pdrcet eitdrdstdb pgrteds tk nrddly ajkksd tjd essud nkr gi gorddcdit gib vkluitgrely

pgrteaepgtd ei tjd idoktegtekis. _dll-bdseoidb, essud-hgsdb plurelgtdrgl gorddcdits agi

sdrvd tjd iddbs kn lefd-ceibdb bdvdlkpdb gib bdvdlkpeio akuitreds glefd, dijgiad tjd

sprdgb kn NBE-brevdi olkhgl supply ajgeis, gib akcpldcdit ruld-cgfeio ei tjd _RK

gib NRGs. Qdrveads, trgbd ngaeletgteki gib dldatrkiea akccdrad cgy hd agibebgtds nkr

nuturd essud-hgsdb plurelgtdrgl gorddcdits.

Jkw tk cgfd rdoekigl trgbd rulds ei NRGs eialubeio cdog-rdoekigls akcpgtehld

wetj cultelgtdrgl trgbd rulds uibdr tjd _RK jgs dcdrodb gs gi ecpkrtgit essud nkr

tjd wkrlb trgbeio systdc. Xkjeie Gajgryg dxgceids wjdtjdr NRGs jgvd bdvdlkpdb

akccki stgibgrbs gib rulds tjgt akulb ultecgtdly hd cultelgtdrglesdb. _RK rdsdgraj

ki NRGs eitdrigtekiglly suoodsts tjgt, gltjkuoj NRGs besareceigtd gogeist tjerb pgrteds

gib bevdrod nrkc kid giktjdr, tjdy bk jgvd skcd akccki ndgturds. Rjus, detjdr NRG


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Eitrkbuateki

77

rulds bk ikt benndr seoieneagitly nrkc cultelgtdrgl rulds (nkr eistgiad, ei gite-bucpeio

kr QPQ gib RHR), kr akccki ngceleds kn NRGs jgvd nkrcdb ei tjd sgcd odkorgpjeaglgrdg sjkweio secelgreteds wetjei tjd ngcely. Ardgteio tjd sgcd rulds gib lehdrglesgteki

akccetcdits wetjei ngceleds kn gorddcdits es g idxt stdp. Rjes es kid kn tjd gecs

kn idoktegtekis nkr RPP (nkllkweio tjd IGNRG struaturd) gib XADP (nkllkweio tjd

GQDGI+7 struaturd). Dvdituglly, akccki rulds ei cdog-rdoekigls cgy hd jgrckiesdb

cultelgtdrglly.

Cgefg Ksjefgwg, dxplkrds tjd pktditegl nkr akllghkrgteki hdtwddi tjd _RK gib

GQDGI hgsdb ki benndrdit eistetutekigl strdiotjs gib wdgfidssds. GQDGI jgs

rdlgtevd strdiotj ei tjd ldoeslgtevd nuiateki, suoodsteio tjgt ogeis cgy hd gajedvdb nrkc

dxtdibeio GQDGI-hgsdb NRGs ki g iki-besareceigtkry hgses tk gbbetekigl pgrteds.

Dnnkrts tk akisklebgtd GQDGI+7 NRGs eitk XADP grd g ckvd ei tjgt berdateki. Rjd

_RK jgs strdiotjs ei tjd mubeaegl nuiateki wetj g strkio besputd sdttldcdit cdajgiesc

gib ei ckietkreio trgbd pkleaeds. Gaakrbeioly, ei gi ebdgl sadigrek tjd _RK gib

GQDGI cgy akllghkrgtd ki tjd mubeaegl gib ckietkreio nuiatekis tk disurd ordgtdr

akjdrdiad hdtwddi olkhgl gib rdoekigl rulds. Rjes glsk wkulb jdlp tjd _RK prdpgrd

nkr tjd dvditugl cultelgtdrglesgteki kn GQDGI+7 NRGs.

NBE nlkws grd nuibgcditgl tk tjd sprdgb kn olkhgl prkbuateki idtwkrfs hut, wjeld

trgbd hgrredrs jgvd typeaglly nglldi kvdr pgst bdagbds, hgrredrs tk NBE rdcgei jeoj,

eialubeio ei Gseg. Gpgrt nrkc tjd usugl essuds rdlgteio tk iki-igtekigl trdgtcdit kn

nkrdeoi nercs, prktdatekiest tdibdiaeds gib igtekigl sdaurety akisebdrgtekis sddc tk hd

breveio idw rdstreatekis ki NBE. Gldmgibrk Mgrg, gs wdll gs ]jgio Uuileio gib _gioXkioygi, ei tjder rdspdatevd dssgys, besauss tjd ecpkrtgiad kn NBE tk sustgeieio olkhgl

orkwtj, tjd akibetekis odidrgteio idw rdstreatevdidss ki NBE, gib pkleay kptekis.

Idw Gsegi NRGs dcpjgsesd igtekigl trdgtcdit kn NBE gib ckrd lehdrgl NBE rulds gib

eitdrigtekigl krogiesgtekis jgvd bdvdlkpdb okkb prgatead ouebdleids nkr NBE, hut tjes

sddcs eisunneaedit. G agsd dcdrods nkr gi dvditugl cultelgtdrgl gorddcdit ki eivdstcdit

akvdreio trgispgrdiay ki eivdstcdit rulds gib eivdstkr ngaeletgteki, ebdglly jkusdb ei

tjd _RK.


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78

Akialusekis

Rjd wkrlb trgbeio systdc jgs ajgiodb nuibgcditglly kvdr tjd pgst ydgrs wetj tjd

dxpgiseki kn prkbuateki idtwkrfs gib supply ajgei trgbd, seois kn idw akccdraegl

gib eibustregl pkleaeds, gib tjd sprdgb kn NRG-ldb rdoekiglesc. Rjdsd bdvdlkpcdits grd

gll jdrd tk stgy, hut tjd _RK jgs ikt fdpt up wetj tjdc. _RK aditreaety ei olkhgl trgbd

okvdrigiad es drkbeio gib es gt resf kn akiteiueio tk drkbd. Rjd resd kn Ngatkry Gseg

tjrkuoj supply ajgei trgbd jgs plgadb et eiardgseioly gt tjd jdgrt kn tjd olkhgl dakikcy.

Rjd rdoeki es glsk dxpdrecditeio wetj idw gpprkgajds tk NRGs gib dakikcea pkleaeds

tk sustgei dakikcea orkwtj gcebst g nrgoeld wkrlb dakikcy.

Gsegs dxpdrediad kn kpdi trgbd-ldb bdvdlkpcdit knndrs cgiy vglughld ldsskis nkr ktjdr

rdoekis. Rjdsd eialubd tjd ecpkrtgiad kn purseio cgrfdt-nredibly trgbd gib eibustregl

pkleaeds tk bdvdlkp supply ajgei trgbd, ecprkveio survdellgiad kn iki-tgrenn cdgsurds,

gib akisklebgteio NRGs eitk g lgrod rdoeki-webd NRG. Tseio ckrd gaaurgtd bgtg tk

cdgsurd vglud gbbdb trgbd gib pgrteaepgits ei supply ajgei trgbd (d.o. QCDs) prkvebd

dcpereagl eiseojts nkr pkleay bdvdlkpcdit.

Ei tjd lkiodr tdrc, hdttdr akjdrdiad es vetgl hdtwddi Gsegs rdoekigl trgbd rulds gib

olkhgl trgbd okvdrigiad. Ecprkveio tjd quglety kn lgrod Gseg-webd NRGs, g _RK godibg

ki supply ajgeis gib NRGs, gib seoieneagit rdnkrcs kn tjd _RK grd idadssgry ckvds

tkwgrbs tjes dib. Essud-hgsdb plurelgtdrgl gorddcdits gib gi dvditugl cultelgtdrgl

gorddcdit ki eivdstcdit agi glsk plgy g rkld ei ngaeletgteio akjdrdiad hdtwddi rdoekigl

gib olkhgl rulds ki trgbd.

Rjd bdhgtd ki olkhgl gib rdoekigl trgbd okvdrigiad ei tjd idw drg es g wkrf ei prkordss

gib wd jkpd tjgt tjes dHkkf well hdttdr einkrc tjd sdgraj nkr pkleay kptekis. GBHE,

kx gib ADPX lkkf nkrwgrb tk jksteio nurtjdr pkleay akccditgry gib giglyses gs tjdy

gresd.


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Eitrkbuateki

71

Ghkut tjd Dbetkrs

Xeajgrb Dbwgrb Hglbwei es Prkndsskr kn Eitdrigtekigl Dakikceas gt tjd Orgbugtd

Eistetutd, Odidvg seiad 7557, g pgrt-tecd veseteio rdsdgraj prkndsskr gt tjd Tievdrsety

kn Kxnkrb seiad 8078, Pkleay Berdatkr kn ADPX seiad 800>, gib Dbetkr-ei-Ajedn kn kx

seiad jd nkuibdb et ei Muid 800?. Jd wgs Ak-cgigoeio Dbetkr kn tjd mkuriglDakikcea

Pkleay nrkc 8000 tk 8004, gib Prkorgccd Berdatkr kn ADPXs Eitdrigtekigl Rrgbd

prkorgccd nrkc 7557 tk 8007. Hdnkrd tjgt jd wgs g Qdiekr Qtgnn Dakikcest nkr tjd

Prdsebdits Akuiael kn Dakikcea Gbveskrs ei tjd Husj Gbceiestrgteki (7550-7557), ki

ldgvd nrkc Aklucheg Tievdrsety Huseidss Qajkkl wjdrd jd wgs Gsskaegtd Prkndsskr.

Jd beb jes PjB ei dakikceas gt CER wetj Pgul Fruocgi. Jd wgs veseteio prkndsskr gt

CER ei 8008/01 gib jgs tguojt gt uievdrseteds ei Etgly, Odrcgiy gib Ikrwgy. Jd jgs

glsk wkrfdb gs akisultgit nkr tjd iucdrkus okvdricdits, tjd Durkpdgi Akccesseki,

KDAB, _krlb Hgif, DNRG, gib TQGEB. Rjd gutjkr kn iucdrkus hkkfs gib grtealds, jes

rdsdgraj eitdrdsts eialubd eitdrigtekigl trgbd, olkhglesgteki, rdoekiglesc, gib Durkpdgi

eitdorgteki. Jd es g ADPX Xdsdgraj Ndllkw.

Cgsgjerk Fgwge es Bdgi gib ADK kn tjd Gsegi Bdvdlkpcdit Hgif Eistetutd. Jd

wgs prdvekusly spdaegl gbveskr tk tjd GBH prdsebdit ei ajgrod kn rdoekigl dakikcea

akkpdrgteki gib eitdorgteki. Hdnkrd tjgt jd wgs ei tjd gagbdceg, nerst gs gi gsskaegtd

prkndsskr kn dakikceas gt Rjd Mkjis Jkpfeis Tievdrsety gib lgtdr gs g prkndsskr kn

dakikceas gt tjd Tievdrsety kn Rkfyk. Jd glsk sdrvdb gs ajedn dakikcest nkr tjd _krlb

Hgifs Dgst Gseg gib tjd Pgaenea Xdoeki gib gs bdputy vead ceiestdr nkr eitdrigtekigl

gnngers kn Mgpgis Ceiestry kn Neigiad. Jes rdadit puhleagtekis nkaus ki dakikcea

rdoekiglesc. Jd jklbs g HG ei dakikceas nrkc tjd Tievdrsety kn Rkfyk gib g PjB ei

dakikceas nrkc Qtginkrb Tievdrsety.

Ogidsjgi _eoigrgmg es Berdatkr kn Xdsdgraj gt tjd Gsegi Bdvdlkpcdit Hgif

Eistetutd. Prdvekusly, jd wgs preiaepgl dakikcest gt tjd Gsegi Bdvdlkpcdit Hgif, ajedn

prkorgccd knneadr gt tjd Akcckiwdgltj Qdardtgregt, g cgigodr ei g TF dakikceas

akisulteio nerc gib jgs jdlb rdsdgraj pksetekis gt Kxnkrb Tievdrsety, tjd KDAB gib tjd


24/179


72

Tietdb Igtekis Eistetutd nkr Idw Rdajiklkoeds. Br. _eoigrgmg jgs puhlesjdb 78 hkkfs

ki trgbd gib akcpdtetevdidss, rdoekigl dakikcea eitdorgteki, eibustregl tdajiklkoy, gibbdvdlkpcdit strgtdoy. Jd es gi dxdautevd dbetkr kn tjdMkurigl kn Gsegi Dakikceas. Jd

jgs g B.Pjel ei dakikceas nrkc Kxnkrb Tievdrsety gib g HQa ei dakikceas nrkc tjd

Lkibki Qajkkl kn Dakikceas.


25/179

74

Pgsagl LgcyBerdatkr-Odidrgl, _krlb Rrgbd Krogiesgteki

Gseg es g vgst akiteidit wetj lgrod jdtdrkodidety pjyseaglly, aulturglly, leiouesteaglly,

pkleteaglly, gib dakikceaglly. Rjd rdoeki eialubds skcd kn tjd wkrlbs ckst akcpdtetevd

gib skpjesteagtdb dakikceds, gs wdll gs lgrod dcdroeio kids wjeaj grd ngst hdakceio

ecpkrtgit olkhgl plgydrs. Gt tjd sgcd tecd, tjdy ak-dxest wetj iucdrkus scglldr, pkkrdr

gib ckrd vulidrghld dakikceds, eialubeio lgiblkafdb gib eslgib stgtds. Bdspetd ets

rgpeb dakikcea orkwtj, Gseg stell rdcgeis jkcd tk idgrly jgln kn tjd wkrlbs pkkr. Rjd

rdoeki es ngaeio iucdrkus ajglldiods, rgioeio nrkc reseio eidqugleteds gib bespgreteds,

lecetdb igturgl rdskurads gib vulidrghelety tk alecgtd ajgiod tk tjd resf kn nglleio eitktjd cebbld eiakcd trgp, gll kn wjeaj jgvd ecpleagtekis nkr tjd rdst kn tjd wkrlb.

Rjd pgst ndw bdagbds jgvd wetidssdb tjd rgpeb dakikcea tgfd-knn kn tjd rdoeki. Gsegs

sjgrd kn wkrlb cdrajgibesd trgbd jgs orkwi nrkc grkuib 71% ei 75>0 tk kvdr 10%

ei 8077. Gseg es prkmdatdb tk gaakuit nkr ckrd tjgi jgln kn olkhgl OBP, trgbd, gib

eivdstcdit gib tk dimky webdsprdgb gnnludiad hy tjd cebbld kn tjd 87st aditury.

Rrgbd jgs plgydb g fdy rkld ei sjgpeio tjd trgisnkrcgteki kn Gsegi dakikceds ei rdaditjestkry6 Gseg es g leveio dxgcpld kn jkw trgbd agi akitrehutd tk dakikcea bdvdlkpcdit.

Rjd trgbd sjgrd kn OBP ei Gseg ordw nrkc 71% ei 75>0 tk ?0% hy 800?. Bureio tjd

sgcd pdrekb, juibrdbs kn cellekis jgvd hddi lentdb kut kn pkvdrty. Et es cy hdledn tjgt

trgbd well akiteiud tk plgy g bdneieio rkld ei Gsegs nuturd prkspdrety.

8 Rjd nuturd kn tjd wkrlb trgbdsystdc= Gsegi pdrspdatevds


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7>

Bdvdlkpcdit kn supply ajgeis gs tjd hgses nkr Gsegieitdorgteki

Eitdorgteki hktj rdoekigl gib olkhgl jgs hddi aditrgl tk Gsegi prkspdrety. Rjd sjgrd

kn eitrg-rdoekigl trgbd ei Gsegs cdrajgibesd trgbd jgs orkwi nrkc ghkut 80% ei 75>0

tk kvdr 40% ei 8077. Gsegs rgpeb dakikcea orkwtj kwds cuaj tk tjd bdvdlkpcdit kn

wdhs kn supply ajgeis gib prkbuateki idtwkrfs, kntdi fikwi gs Ngatkry Gseg. G mkeit

stuby hy tjd _RK gib EBD-MDRXK ei 8077 jeojleojtdb g bdordd kn akcpldcditgrety

gckio Gsegi eibustreds, wjeaj es hktj g agusd gib g akisdqudiad kn bddpdidb dakikcea

eitdrbdpdibdiay hdtwddi akuitreds.

Rkbgy, idgrly >0% kn wkrlb cdrajgibesd trgbd es trgbd ei akcpkidits. Ei Gseg,

tjd neourd es alksdr tk twk-tjerbs. Rjes kwds cuaj tk sdrveads, eialubeio trgispkrt,

akccuieagtekis gib ktjdr huseidss sdrveads, tjgt hdakcd fdy akcpkidits ei tjd

kpdrgteki kn supply ajgeis. Rjd sgcd agi hd sgeb kn rdlgtevdly lkw tgrenns ki eibustregl

prkbuats gib lettld dsaglgteki ei tjd tgrenn struaturds. NBE jgs glsk plgydb g heo rkld ei

tjd dxpgiseki kn trgbd ei eitdrcdbegtd okkbs ei Gseg.

Rjdrd es g bdhgtd ki tjd agsuglty hdtwddi tjd orkweio supply ajgeis gib tjd iuchdr

kn nrdd trgbd gorddcdits (NRGs) ei Gseg. Ei ngat, Gseg es g rdlgtevd lgtdakcdr tk NRGs,

kily eiardgseio ets eivklvdcdit kvdr tjd lgst bdagbd, glhdet gt g brgcgtea sagld. Rjd

iuchdr kn rgtenedb NRGs ordw nrkc 1> ei 8008 tk 705 gt tjd hdoeiieio kn 8071,

wetj gi gbbetekigl 72: gt vgrekus stgods kn idoktegteki. Rjd bdvdlkpcdit kn supply

ajgeis ei Gseg jgs hddi brevdi hy huseidssds, gib et es tjd NRGs tjgt grd agtajeio up

wetj tjd huseidss rdglety kn ckrd trgbd gib eivdstcdit. Rjd fdy brevdr kn rdoekigl

eitdorgteki tjrkuoj NRGs es rdbuaeio tjd aksts kn trgbeio, eialubeio tjd qugitety gib

quglety kn einrgstruaturd, tjd quglety kn lkoesteas, tjd quglety kn eistetutekis, gib tjd

akcpdtetevdidss kn tjd dakikcy. Gs tgrenns grd odidrglly ikt g seoieneagit hgrredr

giyckrd, tjdsd gorddcdits jgvd eiardgseioly nkausdb ki iki-tgrenn trgbd ngaeletgteki

cdgsurds, hktj gt gib hdjeib hkrbdrs.


27/179

Rjd nuturd kn tjd wkrlb trgbd systdc= Gsegi pdrspdatevds

7?

Rjd agsd nkr cultegltdrglesgteki

Rjd ak-dxestdiad hdtwddi NRGs gib tjd cultelgtdrgl systdc es lefdly tk akiteiud nkr

tjd nkrdsddghld nuturd. Rjd fdy es jkw hdst tk pursud akjdrdiad hdtwddi tjdc. Ei

leojt kn tjd orkweio supply ajgeis gs tjd hgses nkr bddpdieio Gsegs rdoekigl gib olkhgl

eitdorgteki, tjdrd es g iddb nkr g pgtj tkwgrbs orgbugl cultelgtdrglesgteki tjd dxtdiseki

kn dxesteio grrgiodcdits, ei g iki-besareceigtkry cgiidr, tk gbbetekigl pgrteds. Qkcd

rdadit eietegtevds tk akisklebgtd eitrg-rdoekigl NRGs eitk g hrkgbdr rdoekigl gorddcdit,

suaj gs tjd Xdoekigl Akcprdjdisevd Dakikcea Pgrtidrsjep (XADP) hy tjd GQDGI+>

cdchdrs, kr tjd Rrepgrtetd Nrdd Rrgbd Grdg gckio tjd cdchdrs kn AKCDQG, DGA gib

QGBA, akulb hd stdppeio stkids ei tjgt berdateki. Et es ecpkrtgit, jkwdvdr, tjgt suaj

akivdrodiad dnnkrts bk ikt dib up ei gi gorddcdit kn tjd lkwdst akccki bdikceigtkrs

kr g alksdb gorddcdit.

Rjd agsd nkr cultelgtdrglesgteki es pgrteaulgrly strkio ei Gseg. Nerst, tjd ebdg kn kpdi

rdoekiglesc wgs kreoeigtdb ei tjd GPDA akitdxt ei 755>, gs gi kpteki tk dxtdib tjd

hdidnets kn tjd GQDGI NRG gaakrbs tk iki-cdchdrs ki gi CNI hgses. _jeld tjes ebdgwgs ikt nkrcglly gbkptdb, GPDA cdchdrs jgvd dchrgadb gib prgateadb et ki g rgiod

kn prkbuats.

Qdakib, Gseg es eiardgseioly nkauseio ki eitdr-rdoekigl NRGs, kutrdgajeio ktjdr

akiteidits wjdtjdr hdtwddi dakikceds ki hktj sebds kn tjd Pgaenea kr wetj Durkpd, ei

gbbeteki tk tjd glrdgby dxesteio eitdr-rdoekigl nkrg suaj ldvdl GPDA gib GQDC.

Rjerb, rdadit Gsegi NRGs nkaus ckrd ki rdbuaeio iki-tgrenn cdgsurds, eivklveio

stgibgrbs, tdajieagl rdoulgtekis, adrteneagteki prkadburds, sdrveads rdoulgtekis,

prubditegl rulds, gib sk ki. _jeld tjdsd cdgsurds grd ckrd akcpleagtdb tk idoktegtd

tjgi tgrenns, kiad gi gorddcdit es rdgajdb tjder ecpldcditgteki wkulb ikt kily hd dgsedr,

hut glsk ldss akstly gib ckrd dnneaedit, en et es bkid ei g iki-besareceigtkry ngsjeki.

Nkurtj, uielgtdrgl trgbd kpdieio es kid nkrc kn cultelgtdrglesgteki tjgt jgs hddi webdly

prgatesdb gs pgrt kn bkcdstea rdnkrcs. Gaakrbeio tk g _krlb Hgif stuby, uielgtdrgl


28/179


7:

gatekis akistetutdb grkuib >4% kn trgbd kpdieio wkrlbwebd hdtwddi 75:1 gib 8001.

Rjes es dspdaeglly trud ei Gseg.

Neiglly, wjeld cultelgtdrglesgteki etsdln bkds ikt gutkcgteaglly trgislgtd eitk cultelgtdrgl

gaakrbs, lkafeio ei tjdsd trgbd kpdieio dnnkrts ei tjd _RK agi prkvebd ardbehelety,

trgispgrdiay gib prdbeatghelety, wjeaj grd aditrgl tk tjd sckktj kpdrgteki kn supply

ajgeis. Oevdi tjd juod dakikcea gib systdcea eitdrdsts eivklvdb ei tjd cgeitdigiad

kn gi kpdi, wdll-nuiatekieio trgbeio systdc, Gseg akulb prkgatevdly akitrehutd tk

strdiotjdieio tjd olkhgl trgbeio systdc hy hreioeio tjder idoktegteio didroeds hgaf tk

tjd _RK, disureio ordgtdr akjdrdiad gib syidroeds ei tjder trgbd kpdieio dnnkrts gt tjd

rdoekigl gib olkhgl ldvdls.

Gseg gib tjd _RK

_jeld skcd Gsegi cdchdrs ceojt hd nrustrgtdb gt slkw prkordss ki tjd BBG idoktegtekis,

tjdrd grd grdgs ei wjeaj tjd _RK agi akcpldcdit gib ngaeletgtd tjd eitdorgteki dnnkrts

hgaf jkcd. Nkr eistgiad, g akialuseki kn tjd trgbd ngaeletgteki idoktegtekis akulb

jdlp ecprkvd rdoekigl akiidatevety hy jglveio lkoesteagl gib ktjdr aksts gsskaegtdb

wetj hkrbdr gib austkcs prkadburds. Rkodtjdr wetj rdoekigl eistetutekis, wd agi glsk

disurd tjgt Geb nkr Rrgbd jdlps huelb trgbd agpgaety ei pkkrdr Gsegi akuitreds, eialubeio

agpgaety tk ecpldcdit g _RK trgbd ngaeletgteki bdgl. _d agi glsk wkrf tkodtjdr tk

disurd gvgelghelety gib gnnkrbghelety kn trgbd neigiad, ei pgrteaulgr nkr QCDs.

Gseg jgs hddi g suaadssnul ckbdl kn bdvdlkpcdit tjrkuoj trgbd, wjeaj jgs eisperdbcgiy ktjdrs grkuib tjd wkrlb. Rjdrd es ik bkuht tjgt tjd rdoeki well akiteiud tk eisperd

tjd trgbd akccuiety ei tjd bdagbds tk akcd.

_etj ets seoieneagit dakikcea gib trgbd wdeojt ei tjd olkhgl dakikcy, Gseg es dxpdatdb

tk sjkulbdr ckrd rdspkiseheleteds gib tgfd tjd ldgb ei tjd olkhgl trgbeio systdc ei

tjd nuturd. Ets akitrehuteki tk g suaadssnul _RK Ceiestdregl Akindrdiad ei Hgle ei

Bdadchdr 8071 well hd dssditegl.


29/179

Rjd nuturd kn tjd wkrlb trgbd systdc= Gsegi pdrspdatevds

75

Ghkut tjd gutjkr

Pgsagl Lgcy hdogi jes agrddr ei tjd Nrdiaj aevel sdrvead gt tjd Eispdateki Oirgld bds

neigiads gib gt tjd Rrdgsury. Jd tjdi hdagcd gi gbveskr tk tjd Neigiad Ceiestdr Mgaquds

Bdlkrs, gib suhsdquditly tk Precd Ceiestdr Pedrrd Cgurky. Ei Hrussdls nrkc 75:4 tk

7552, Pgsagl Lgcy wgs Ajedn kn stgnn nkr tjd Prdsebdit kn tjd Durkpdgi Akccesseki,

Mgaquds Bdlkrs, gib jes rdprdsditgtevd gs Qjdrpg ei tjd O?. Ei Ikvdchdr 7552, jd mkeidb

tjd tdgc ei ajgrod kn rdsaueio Ardbet Lykiiges, gib lgtdr hdagcd ADK kn tjd hgif uitel

ets prevgtesgteki ei 7555. Hdtwddi 7555 gib 8002, Pgsagl Lgcy wgs Akccessekidr nkr

Rrgbd gt tjd Durkpdgi Akccesseki uibdr Xkcgik Prkbe. Gntdr jes tdiurd ei Hrussdls,

Pgsagl Lgcy spdit g sjkrt sghhgteagl pdrekb gs Prdsebdit kn Iktrd Durkpd, g tjeif

tgif wkrfeio ki Durkpdgi eitdorgteki, gs gsskaegtd Prkndsskr gt tjd lEistetut btubds

pkletequds ei Pgres gib gs gbveskr tk Pkul Iyrup Xgscussdi (Prdsebdit kn tjd Durkpdgi

Qkaeglest Pgrty). Cr. Lgcy jklbs bdordds nrkc tjd Pgres hgsdb Dakld bds Jgutds tubds

Akccdraeglds (JDA), nrkc tjd Eistetut bDtubds Pkletequds (EDP) gib nrkc tjd Dakld

Igtekigld bGbceiestrgteki.


30/179


31/179

Qdateki 7

Qupply Ajgeis gib PrkbuatekiIdtwkrfs


32/179


33/179

81

Xeajgrb HglbweiOrgbugtd Eistetutd gib ADPX

Rjd arkss-hkrbdr nlkws kn okkbs, eivdstcdit, sdrveads, fikw-jkw gib pdkpld gsskaegtdb

wetj eitdrigtekigl prkbuateki idtwkrfs agll et supply-ajgei trgbd nkr sjkrt jgs

trgisnkrcdb tjd wkrlb (Odrdnne gib Ldd 8078). Rjd _RK jgs ikt fdpt pgad. Et es tecd tk

ajgiod tjgt, gs E groudb ei ADPX Pkleay Eiseojt Ik >2 (Hglbwei 8078). Hdnkrd turieio

tk tjd okvdrigiad essud, akisebdr tjd ajgiods.

Rjd wkrlb kn trgbd jgs ajgiodb

Qeiad tjd 7550s, olkhglesgteki jgs hddi gsskaegtdb wetj g sjgrp brkp ei reaj igtekis

sjgrd kn wkrlb eiakcd, wkrlb cgiungatureio gib wkrlb dxpkrts (Neourd 7). Rjd heo

weiidrs grd bdvdlkpeio igtekis tjgt eibustreglesdb hy mkeieio, rgtjdr tjgi hy huelbeio,

supply ajgeis (Neourd 8). Rjd heo sjgrd weiidrs grd gll pgrt kn tjd supply ajgeis kn

tjd TQ, Odrcgiy (Pklgib gib Rurfdy), gib Mgpgi (Pdkplds Xdpuhlea kn Ajeig

(PXA), Xdpuhlea kn Fkrdg, Eibkidseg gib Rjgelgib). Eibeg es tjd dxadpteki. Rjes rgpeb

eibustreglesgteki glsk pulldb up g webd rgiod kn bdvdlkpeio igteki akcckbety dxpkrtdrs

lefd Hrgzel, Xusseg, Gustrgleg gib Qkutj Gnreag.

1 _RK 8.0= Rjeifeio gjdgb kiolkhgl trgbd


34/179


82

Neourd 7 O? sjgrd kn wkrlb dxpkrts, cgiungatureio gib OBP

7557,

48%

80%

10%

20%

40%

>0%

752:

754:

75>:

75?:

75::

755:

800:

O? dxpkrts

7550,

>4%

20%

40%

>0%

?0%

:0%

75?0

75?4

75:0

75:4

7550

7554

8000

8004

8070

O? cgiungatureio

754

0,

44%

75::,>?%

24%

40%

44%

>0%

>4%

?0%

752:

754:

75>:

75?:

75::

755:

800:

O? OBP

Neourd 8 Cgiungatureio sjgrds= Qdvdi ogeidrs gib tjd O? lksdrs

TQ

PXA

Mgpgi

Odrcgiy

Etgly

TF

Nrgiad

Agigbg0%

4%

70%

74%

80%

84%

10%

75?0

75?2

75?:

75:8

75:>

7550

7552

755:

8008

800>

8070

_krlbcgiungatureiosjgrd

Xdp. kn Fkrdg

Eibeg

RurfdyEibkidseg

Pklgib

Rjgelgib

0.0%

0.4%

7.0%

7.4%

8.0%

8.4%

1.0%

1.4%

75?0

75?4

75:0

75:4

7550

7554

8000

8004

8070

_krlbcgiun

gatureiosjgrd

Xdp. kn Fkrdg

Eibeg

Rurfdy

Rjd wkrlb kn trgbd pkleteas gib trgbd okvdrigiad glsk ajgiodb. En g jeoj-tdaj nerc

es tk lkagtd prkbuateki stgods ei g bdvdlkpeio igteki, tjd igtekis okvdricdit cust

disurd tjd idadssgry nrdd ckvdcdit kn okkbs, sdrveads, einkrcgteki gib tjd prktdatekikn tgioehld gib eitgioehld prkpdrty reojts. Klb ngsjekidb prktdateki, gite-NBE pkleaeds,

kr lgx prkpdrty reojts glckst ougrgitdd tjgt tjd knnsjkrdb stgods well ok skcdwjdrd

dlsd. Bdvdlkpeio igtekis tjgt okt tjd knnsjkrdb ngatkreds hdagcd jypdr-akcpdtetevd

gib wepdb kut tjd dxpkrts kn bdvdlkpeio igtekis tjgt aluio tk ecpkrt-suhstetuteki

eibustreglesgteki. Ei tjd wkrlb kn supply-ajgei eibustreglesgteki, prktdatekiesc jgs

hdakcd bdstruatekiesc.


35/179

_RK 8.0= Rjeifeio gjdgb ki olkhgl trgbd

84

Jgveio ldgridb tjes ldsski, bdvdlkpeio igtekis uielgtdrglly lkwdrdb tgrenns gib dgodrly

seoidb up nkr bddp besaepleids ei rdoekigl trgbd gorddcdits gib helgtdrgl eivdstcdittrdgteds (Neourd 1). Et jgppdidb rdoekiglly, rgtjdr tjgi cultelgtdrglly seiad ckst supply

ajgeis grd rdoekigl (Hglbwei gib Lkpdz-Okizglds 8078). Rjd ngat tjgt tjd _RK jgs

hddi lkafdb ei g bdagbd-lkio prdkaaupgteki wetj 80tj aditury trgbd essuds (tgrenns gib

goreaulturd) ei tjd Bkjg Xkuib jgs cdrdly dxgadrhgtdb tjd rdoekiglesgteki kn supply-

ajgei besaepleids.

Neourd 1 Rrgbd pkleteas ajgiodb= Prktdatekiesc hdagcd bdstruatekiesc

HERs

seoidb

pdr

ydgr

(reojt

sagld)

_krlbNBE ($helleki)

75::

0

400

7000

7400

8000

8400

0

40

700

740

800

840

7545

75>2

75>5

75?2

75?5

75:2

75:5

7552

7555

8002

8005

Qkutj

Gseg

suh-

Qgjgrgi

Gnreag

Cebbld

Dgst &

Ikrtj

Gnreag

7551

Dgst

Gseg &

Pgaea

0

4

70

74

80

84

10

14

20

24

40

75::

7550

7558

7552

755>

755:

8000

8008

8002

800>

800:

Gppledb tgreffs (%)

Rjd lgtdst drkseki kn _RK aditreaety akcds wetj tjd cdog-rdoekigls lefd tjd Rrgis-

Pgaenea Pgrtidrsjep tjgt grd hdeio idoktegtdb. Ki aurrdit trgmdatkry, rulds nkr supply

ajgei trgbd well jgvd hddi jgrckiesdb ei tjdss cdog-rdoekigls wetjei g ndw ydgrs

diterdly kutsebd tjd _RKs gchet.

Lkkfeio gjdgb ki olkhgl trgbd okvdrigiad= _RK 8.0 iddbdb

Rjd idw rulds gib besaepleids uibdrpeiieio tjd resd kn supply-ajgei trgbd jgvd hddi gib

akiteiud tk hd wrettdi kutsebd tjd _RK precgrely ei bddp XRGs, HERs, gib gutkikckus

rdnkrcs hy dcdroeio dakikceds. Dnnkrts tk jgrckiesd tjdsd idw besaepleids grd tgfeio

plgad ei cdog-rdoekigls (Rrgis-Pgaenea Pgrtidrsjep, Rrgis-Gtlgitea Pgrtidrsjep, dta.)


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8>

gib cdog-helgtdrgls (d.o. DT-Mgpgi) tjgt grd uibdr idoktegteki kr besausseki. Gs tjd

Bkjg Xkuib es uilefdly tk akialubd hdnkrd 8080 gib _RK diogodcdit ei supply-ajgeiessuds es uilefdly hdnkrd et bkds, wkrlb trgbd okvdrigiad es jdgbdb nkr nrgocditgteki.

Qpdaeneaglly, supply-ajgei besaepleids well hd jgrckiesdb hy cdog-rdoekigls gib cdog-

helgtdrgls tjgt well, ki aurrdit trgmdatkry, dxalubd tjd PXA gib ktjdr lgrod dcdroeio

dakikceds.

Xdpgereio tjd nrgocditgteki gib dxaluseki well rdquerd supply-ajgei besaepleids tk hd

cultelgtdrglesdb eitk g idw krogiesgteki agll et _RK 8.0. G idw krogiesgteki es iddbdb

seiad tkbgys _RK es ikt suetdb tk tjd tgsf.

Rjd OGRR/_RKs suaadss wgs hgsdb ki wei-wei akkpdrgteki wjksd igturd nkllkwdb

nrkc tjd igturd kn trgbetekigl trgbd e.d. okkbs arksseio hkrbdrs. _etj trgbetekigl trgbd,

tgrenns jdlp tjd prktdateio igteki wjeld jgrceio ktjdrs, sk tjd dib rdsult kn eibevebuglly

rgtekigl prktdateki es aklldatevd nklly. Rjd OGRR/_RK nlkuresjdb hy sklveio tjes

akkrbeigteki prkhldc hy besaepleieio sdlnesj-hut-jgrcnul-tk-ktjdrs pkleaeds. Rjd hgsea

OGRR/_RK hgrogei tjgt uibdrpeiidb tjd besaepleid wgs cy cgrfdt nkr ykur cgrfdt.Idogtevd tjerb-igteki dnndats wdrd olkhgl, sk uievdrsgl cdchdrsjep wgs tjd igturgl

kutakcd. Oevdi vgst cgrfdt-sezd gib eiakcd benndrdiads, Qpdaegl gib Benndrditegl

Rrdgtcdit nkr bdvdlkpeio igtekis wgs g igturgl pgrt kn tjd pgafgod.

Qupply-ajgei trgbd pksds rgbeaglly benndrdit akkrbeigteki prkhldcs, sk et es igturgl tjgt

tjd struaturd kn tjd krogiesgteki tjgt sklvds et wkulb hd rgbeaglly benndrdit. Rjd arkss-

hkrbdr nlkws tjgt treoodr supply-ajgei trgbd tdib tk hd kid-wgy. Gbvgiadb-tdajiklkoy

nercs knnsjkrd tgioehld gib eitgioehld gssdts, akcheieio tjdc wetj lkw-wgod lghkur

ei bdvdlkpeio igtekis. Rjd nercs odt jeojdr rdturis ki tjder nerc-spdaenea gssdts6 tjd

bdvdlkpeio igtekis odt ngst-trgaf eibustreglesgteki.

Gs suaj, tjd hgsea bdgl ei supply-ajgei akkpdrgteki es ikt Ell fddp cy cgrfdt kpdi en

yku fddp ykurs kpdi, gs ei _RK 7.0. Et es Ell knnsjkrd cy ngatkreds gib tdajiklkoeds

en yku gssurd cy tgioehld gib eitgioehld gssdts grd prktdatdb. Rjd idogtevd tjerb-

igteki dnndats grd lecetdb, sk tjd lkoea kn uievdrsgl cdchdrsjep ei _RK 8.0 es wdgf.


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_RK 8.0= Rjeifeio gjdgb ki olkhgl trgbd

8?

Rjd musteneagteki nkr QBR glsk besgppdgrs. Rjd akkpdrgteki jdlps bdvdlkpeio igtekis

ardbehly akccet tk pkleaeds tjgt grd okkb nkr tjdc. Gllkweio g pkkr igteki tk ikt gssurdprktdateki kn tjd gssdts tjgt treoodr supply-ajgei trgbd wkulb jgrc rgtjdr tjgi jdlp. Ei

tjd wkrlb kn supply-ajgei trgbd, prktdatekiesc es bdstruatekiesc gs ngr gs bdvdlkpeio

igtekis grd akiadridb. Oevdi tjgt _RK 7.0 jgs uievdrsgl cdchdrsjep gib Qpdaegl

gib Benndrditegl Rrdgtcdit ei ets BIG, cultelgtdrgleseio supply-ajgei besaepleids well

rdquerd g idw krogiesgteki _RK 8.0, gs et wdrd.

Akialusekis

Cuaj kn cy 8078 ADPX Pkleay Eiseojt es hgsdb ki mubodcdits gib akimdaturds tjgt grd

bdhgtdghld. Kid pkeit tjgt es ikt bdhgtghld, jkwdvdr. _RK aditreaety ei olkhgl trgbd

okvdrigiad es drkbeio gib well akiteiud tk drkbd. Ki aurrdit trgmdatkry, cultelgtdrglesc

well akiteiud tk rdeoi nkr trgbetekigl trgbd, hut nrgocditgteki gib dxaluseki grd tjd ckst

lefdly kutakcds wjdi et akcds tk tjd ckst byigcea sdocdit kn eitdrigtekigl akccdrad

supply-ajgei trgbd.

Rjes cgy wdll dib up gs tjd idw ikrcgl. Rjd PXA gib ktjdr lgrod dcdroeio cgrfdts

cgy hd heo dikuoj tk akuitdr tjd dxaluseki. Rjdy cgy akiteiud tk gttrgat knnsjkrdb

ngatkreds wetj g cy eitdrigl cgrfdt nkr ykur ngatkreds gib tdajiklkoy bdgl eistdgb kn

tjd ykur ngatkreds nkr cy rdnkrc bdgl tjgt ckst bdvdlkpeio igtekis cust cgfd.

Rjes idw ikrcgl, jkwdvdr, wkulb jgrbly hd tjd hdst tjd wkrlb agi bk. _krsd ydt, g

nrgocditdb wkrlb bkceigtdb hy Ordgt-Pkwdr struoolds akulb ldgb tk tjd stdgby drksekikn tjd _RKs aditreaety tjgt skkidr kr lgtdr hreios tjd wkrlb tk g teppeio pkeit g pkeit

hdykib wjeaj dxpdatgtekis hdakcd uickkrdb gib igtekis nddl mustenedb ei eoikreio

_RK 7.0 ikrcs seiad dvdrykid dlsd bkds.

E gc ikt surd tjgt tjd sklutekis prkpksdb ei cy Pkleay Eiseojt grd tjd reojt kids, hut E

gc surd tjgt sklutekis cust hd nkuib en tjd wkrlb trgbd systdc es tk gvkeb nrgocditgteki

gib dxaluseki. Ets tecd tk stgrt tjeifeio gjdgb ki olkhgl trgbd okvdrigiad.


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8:

Xdndrdiads

Hglbwei, X (8078). _RK 8.0= Olkhgl okvdrigiad kn supply-ajgei trgbd, ADPX Pkleay

EiseojtIk.>2, Bdadchdr.

Hglbwei, X gib M Lkpdz-Okizgldz (8071). Qupply-ajgei trgbd= G pkrtrget kn olkhgl

pgttdris gib sdvdrgl tdstghld jypktjdsds, IHDX _P 7:54?.

Odrdnne, O gib M Ldd (8078). _jy tjd _krlb Qubbdily Agrds Ghkut Olkhgl Qupply

Ajgeis,Mkurigl kn Qupply Ajgei Cgigodcdit2: (1)= 82-18.

Ghkut tjd gutjkr

Xeajgrb Hglbwei es Prkndsskr kn Eitdrigtekigl Dakikceas gt tjd Orgbugtd Eistetutd.

Prkndsskr Hglbwei es glsk tjd Pkleay Berdatkr kn ADPX seiad 800>, Dbetkr-ei-Ajedn kn

^kx seiad jd nkuibdb et ei Muid 800?, gib gi dldatdb Cdchdr kn tjd Akuiael kn tjd

Durkpdgi Dakikcea Gsskaegteki. Jd wgs g Qdiekr Qtgnn Dakikcest nkr tjd Prdsebdits

Akuiael kn Dakikcea Gbveskrs ei tjd Husj Gbceiestrgteki (7550-7557) nkllkweio

Truougy Xkuib, IGNRG gib DGE idoktegtekis gs wdll gs iucdrkus TQ-Mgpgi trgbd

essuds eialubeio tjd QEE tglfs gib tjd Qdceakibuatkr Gorddcdit rdidwgl. Jd wgs Ak-

cgigoeio Dbetkr kn tjd mkuriglDakikcea Pkleaynrkc 8000 tk 8004, gib Prkorgccd

Berdatkr kn ADPXs Eitdrigtekigl Rrgbd prkorgccd nrkc 7557 tk 8007.Gutjkr

kn iucdrkus hkkfs gib grtealds, jes rdsdgraj eitdrdsts eialubd eitdrigtekigl trgbd,

olkhglezgteki, rdoekiglesc, gib Durkpdgi eitdorgteki. Jd wrktd jes PjB gt CER uibdr

tjd ouebgiad kn Pgul Fruocgi, Jes C.Qa. es nrkc LQD, jes H.G. nrkc tjd Tievdrsety

kn _esakisei-Cgbeski6 jd wgs gwgrbdb gi jkikrgry bkatkrgtd hy Rurfu Qajkkl kn

Dakikceas gib Huseidss ei 8004.


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85

Qgtksje EikcgtgEistetutd kn Bdvdlkpeio Dakikceds, MDRXK

7. Eitrkbuateki

Rjd Eistetutd kn Bdvdlkpeio Dakikceds akibuatdb g mkeit rdsdgraj wkrf wetj tjd _RK

ki tjd tkpea kn olkhgl vglud ajgeis, gib puhlesjdb g rdpkrt kn tjd akllghkrgteki ei

Muid 8077 (_RK gib EBD-MDRXK 8077). Rjd puhleagteki eitrkbuads tjd akiadpt kn

trgbd ei vglud-gbbdb, wjeaj gbbrdssds gi ecpkrtgit essud kn cdgsureio eitdrigtekigl

trgbd ei tjd ngad kn orkweio prkbuateki-sjgreio gckio benndrdit akuitreds. Rjd trgbd

ei vglud-gbbdb gpprkgaj dighlds us tk rdbdneid tjd rdlgtekisjep hdtwddi akuitreds knkreoei gib bdsteigteki ei eitdrigtekigl trgbd. Ei akitrgst tk tjd krtjkbkx akiadpt kn trgbd

hglgiads hgsdb ki nkrdeoi trgbd stgtesteas, et nkausds ki tjd vglud-gbbdb akitdits kn g

trgbdb prkbuat, gib akisebdrs dgaj akuitrys akitrehuteki tk vglud-gbbdb odidrgteki ei

ets prkbuateki prkadss.

Gs suaj, tjes ajgptdr gecs tk prkvebd g iki-tdajieagl dxplgigteki kn tjd akiadpt kn

trgbd ei vglud-gbbdb, gib ei pgrteaulgr strdssds tjd ecpkrtgiad kn tjd bgtgsdt aglldb

Eitdrigtekigl Eiput-Kutput Rghlds nkr ets cdgsurdcdit. Rjd idxt sdateki ellustrgtds

tjd ebdg kn cdgsureio trgbd ei tdrcs kn vglud-gbbdb hy rdndrreio tk tjd dxgcpld kn tjd

ePjkids prkbuateki idtwkrfs. Qdateki 1 eitrkbuads skcd giglyteagl dxgcplds gib tjd

neigl sdateki akialubds wetj skcd pkleay ecpleagtekis.

2 Rrgbd ei vglud-gbbdb= Gi DgstGsegi pdrspdatevd


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10

8. _jgt es cdgsurdb hy trgbd ei vglud-gbbdb;

Neourd 7 sjkws tjd eitdrigtekigl vglud bestrehuteki kn gi ePjkid. Et sjkws jkw cuaj

vglud gaaruds tk tjd akcpgieds kn tjd vgrekus akuitreds tjgt pgrteaepgtd ei tjd ePjkid

prkbuateki idtwkrfs. Qk, kn TQ$400 rdtgel pread kn ePjkids ei 8005, tjd TQ rdadevdb

$117 gs g pgy-hgaf, Mgpgi, Odrcgiy, gib ktjdr cgmkr eibustreglesdb akuitreds rdadevdb

$7>8 ei tktgl, gib tjd Pdkplds Xdpuhlea kn Ajeig (PXA), wjeaj wgs tjd lgrodst prkbuadr

gib dxpkrtdr kn ePjkids, rdadevdb kily $?.

Neourd 7 Eitdrigtekigl vglud bestrehuteki kn ePjkids

Xdtgel pread knePjkid ei 8005

3 $400(>2% cgroei nkr

tjd Gppld)

$ 7>8

$ ? $ 117

Qkurad= Brgwi hy tjd gutjkr, hgsdb ki Zeio gib Bdtdrt (8070).

_jy bkds tjes jgppdi; Dvdry akcpkidit kn gi ePjkid es prkbuadb hy benndrdit

prkbuateki tdajiklkoeds, gib jdiad jgs g benndrdit cgrfdt vglud. Nlgsj cdckreds gib

tkuaj sarddis, nkr dxgcpld, grd prkbuats kn Rksjehg, sk tjd Mgpgidsd akitrehuteki tk giePjkid es fikwi tk hd grkuib $>7 (Rghld 7).


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Rrgbd ei vglud-gbbdb= Gi Dgst Gsegi pdrspdatevd

17

Rghld 7 Akst struaturd kn pgrts nkr gi ePjkid1O

Cgiungaturdr Akcpkidits Tiet pread (TQ$)Rksjehg (Mgpgi) Nlgsj cdckry 82.00

Besplgy ckbuld 75.84Rkuaj sarddi 7>.00

Qgcsuio (Xdp. kn Fkrdg) Gppleagteki prkadsskr 72.2>QBXGC-ckheld BBX :.40

Eineidki (Odrcgiy) Hgsdhgib 71.00Agcdrg ckbuld 5.44XN Rrgisadevdr 8.:0OPQ rdadevdr 8.84Pkwdr EA XN nuiateki 7.84

Hrkgbakc (TQ) Hludtkktj/NC/_LGI 4.54Iuckiyx (TQ) Cdckry CAP 1.>4Curgtg (Mgpgi) NDC 7.14Begklo Qdceakibuatkr(Odrcgiy)

Pkwdr EA gppleagtekiprkadsskr nuiateki

7.10

Aerrus Lkoea (TQ) Gubek akbda 7.74Ktjdrs 2:.00

Qkurad= Zeio gib Bdtdrt (8070).

Et es ikt surpreseio tk sdd tjgt cgrfdt vgluds benndr bdpdibeio ki tjd typd kn akcpkidit,

hut suaj g vglud ogp agi glsk dcdrod gckio tjd tgsfs ei tjd prkbuateki prkadss.

Quppksd tjgt tjd prkbuateki kn ePjkids eivklvds tjd nkllkweio deojt prkbuateki stgods=

Prkbuat bdseoi

Xdsdgraj & Bdvdlkpcdit

Cgtdregl prkaurdcdit

Pgrts prkaurdcdit

Gssdchly

Bestrehuteki

Cgrfdteio

Austkcdr sdrveads

Glsk suppksd tjgt tjd tgsfs grd agrredb kut ei benndrdit akuitreds tjrkuoj eitdrigtekigl

kutskuraeio. Jdrd, en wd gleoi tjd prkbuateki stgods glkio tjd jkrezkitgl gxes nrkc


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18

tjd upstrdgc tk bkwistrdgc prkadss, gib en wd tgfd tjd vdrteagl gxes gs tjd gckuit kn

vglud-gbbdb odidrgtdb hy dgaj tgsf/prkbuateki stgod, tjdi tjd nuiatekigl orgpj wellhd brgwi gs ei Neourd 8. Tsuglly, et es gt hktj pdrepjdrgl sebds glkio tjd tgsf spdatruc

wjdrd tjd akcpgieds rdadevd tjd jeojdr vgluds, nkr dxgcpld nrkc prkbuat bdseoi, X&B,

cgrfdteio gib austkcdr suppkrt. Ckst kn tjdsd gaarud tk gbvgiadb dakikceds. Ki

tkp kn tjes, tjd jeojdst vgluds grd agpturdb, kn akursd, hy tjd ldgb nerc, e.d. Gppld. Ei

akitrgst, tjd tgsfs ei tjd cebbld rgiod tdib tk rdquerd uisfelldb lghkur gib tjus jgvd

lkwdr vglud-gbbdb, pgrteaulgrly tjd gssdchleio stgod wjeaj tgfds plgad prdbkceigitly

ei tjd PXA. Hdagusd kn ets sjgpd, wd usuglly agll tjes begorgc g sceld aurvd, gibet es tjd rdlgtevd pkseteki kn tjd akuitreds glkio tjd sceld aurvd tjgt bdtdrceids tjd

eitdrigtekigl bestrehuteki kn vglud-gbbdb.

Neourd 8 G Qceld Aurvd^glud-gbbdb

Prkbuatekiprkadss

Prkbuat

bdseoi

Gssdchly

Bestrehuteki

Cgrfdteio

Austkcdr

sdrveads

Cgtdregl

prkaurdcdit

X&B

Pgrts

prkaurdcdit

Qkurad= Brgwi hy tjd gutjkr.

Rjdsd khsdrvgtekis pksd g nuibgcditgl qudsteki ghkut tjd wgy tjgt wd cdgsurd

eitdrigtekigl trgbd tkbgy. ePjkids grd prkbuadb ei tjd PXA gib dxpkrtdb tk tjd TQ, tjd

cgei akisucpteki cgrfdt. Udt wjgt Ajeidsd prkbuadrs bk es eibddb g vdry secpld tgsf

kn gssdchleio pgrts gib akcpkidits, gib jdiad tjd gckuit tjgt tjdy rdadevd nkr tjd

wkrf es ceiecgl. Ki tjd ktjdr jgib, tjd ePjkids dxpkrtdb nrkc tjd PXA grd neiesjdb

prkbuats, wetj vgluds kn grkuib $7:0. Rjes cdgis tjgt tjd aurrdit trgbd stgtesteas, wjeaj

kily akiadri tjd pjyseagl trgisndr kn okkbs gib sdrveads nrkc gi eccdbegtd trgbeio


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11

pgrtidr, rdakrb g vglud kn Ajeidsd dxpkrt tjgt jgs ik rdldvgiad tk tjd rdgl peaturd nkr

Ajeidsd cgiungaturdrs.

Rjd wgy ei wjeaj trgbd stgtesteas grd akcpeldb uibdrpeis tjd suppksdb trgbd echglgiad

hdtwddi tjd PXA gib tjd TQ (Neourd 1). _d jgvd must sddi, jkwdvdr, tjgt g seoieneagit

pgrt kn tjd vgluds dchkbedb ei Ajeidsd dxpkrts jgs ets kreoei ei ktjdr akuitreds, ecplyeio

tjgt tjd PXAs trgbd surplus kr tjd TQs trgbd bdneaet es seoieneagitly kvdrdstecgtdb

uibdr tjd aurrdit cdgsurdcdit, gs akcpgrdb tk tjd gltdrigtevd cdtjkb kn cdgsureio

trgbd ei tdrcs kn vglud-gbbdb.

Neourd 1 Rjd TQ trgbd bdneaets wetj tjd PXA (75573700)8700

7?00

7100

500

400

700

7557

7558

7551

7552

7554

755>

755?

755:

7555

8000

8007

8008

8001

8002

8004

800>

800?

800:

8005

Qkurad= Brgwi hy tjd gutjkr, hgsdb ki tjd TI Akctrgbd

Tseio tjd vglud-gbbdb akiadpt, wd agi rdbrgw tjd helgtdrgl trgbd hglgiads kn tjd ePjkid.

Neourd 2 akcpgrds tjd TQ trgbd bdneaet kn tjd ePjkid ei 8005 useio tjd trgbetekigl

cdgsurdcdit gib tjd vglud-gbbdb cdgsurdcdit. Ei tdrcs kn vglud-gbbdb, tjd TQbdneaet kn $7.5 helleki gogeist tjd PXA es rdbuadb tk kily $?1 celleki, wjeaj agi hd

hrkfdi bkwi tk tjd bdneaets ves--ves ktjdr akuitreds suaj gs Mgpgi gib Odrcgiy, tjd

akrd pgrts suppledrs nkr ePjkids.


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12

Neourd 2 Rjd TQ trgbd hglgiad kn ePjkids ei 8005

Rrgbetekigl cdgsurdcdit glud-gbbdb cdgsurdcdit

_krlb

Kn wjeaj=

PXA

Mgpgi

Xdp. kn Fkrdg

Odrcgiy

Xdst kn_krlb

Qkurad= _RK gib EBD-MDRXK (8077)

1. Qkcd giglyteagl rdsults

Qkcd giglyteagl dxgcplds kn tjd trgbd ei vglud-gbbdb gpprkgaj useio tjd Gsegi

Eitdrigtekigl Eiput-Kutput Rghlds nkllkw. Rjd nerst ajgrt ei Neourd 4 sjkws tjd akuitry

sjgrd kn tjd kreoeis kn vglud-gbbdb dchkbedb ei tjd PXAs dxpkrts tk tjd TQ. Hdagusd

tjd bgtg rdndrs tk tjd PXAs dxpkrts, et es quetd dvebdit tjgt Ajeidsd vglud-gbbdb estjd lgrodst, hut gt tjd sgcd tecd et es glsk sddi tjgt ktjdr akuitreds, dspdaeglly Mgpgi,

akitrehutd seoieneagitly tk tjd vglud-gbbdb kn Ajeidsd dxpkrts. Et es iktghld tjgt tjd

TQ etsdln, tjd dxpkrt bdsteigteki, es glsk sjkwi gs gi kreoei kn vglud-gbbdb. Rjes es gi

eitdrdsteio ndgturd kn tjd trgbd ei vglud-gbbdb gpprkgaj.

Rjd rdsults kn bdakcpkseio vglud-gbbdb kreoeis kn dxpkrts agi hd akcpgrdb nkr ktjdr

Dgst Gsegi akuitreds. Dvdi tjkuoj wd jgvd rdpdgtdbly groudb tjgt g seoieneagit pgrt kn

vglud-gbbdb ei tjd PXAs dxpkrts jgs ets kreoei kvdrsdgs, tjes arkss-akuitry akcpgreski

sjkws tjgt dvdi lgrodr sjgrds grd gttrehutghld tk nkrdeoi kreoeis ei tjd agsds kn Xdpuhlea

kn Fkrdg gib Rjgelgib. Rjes es g rgtjdr odidrea khsdrvgteki ghkut scgll kpdi dakikceds

wetj g jeoj bdordd kn bdpdibdiay ki nkrdeoi cgrfdts nkr hktj bdcgib gib supply kn

okkbs gib sdrveads.


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14

Neourd 4 Rjd kreoeis kn vglud-gbbdb dchkbedb ei bkcdstea dxpkrt tk tjd TQ (8004)

1%

50%

8% 4%

PXA

Mgpgi PXA TQG Ktjdr Dgst Gseg

52%

7%8%1%

Mgpgi

Mgpgi PXA TQG Ktjdr Dgst Gseg

?%2%

2%

2%

:7%

Xdp. kn Fkrdg

Mgpgi PXA TQG Ktjdr Dgst Gseg Xdp. kn Fkrdg

5%

2%

>%

?%

?2%

Rjgelgib

Mgpgi PXA TQG Ktjdr Dgst Gseg Rjgelgib

Qkurad= Aglaulgtdb gib brgwi hy tjd gutjkr.

Neourd > sjkws tjd TQ trgbd bdneaets wetj tjd PXA nkr 8000, 8004, gib 800:, wetj tjd

ordy hgrs eibeagteio tjd trgbd bdneaets cdgsurdb useio tjd trgbetekigl gpprkgaj, gib tjd

hlgaf hgrs sjkweio tjd bdneaets cdgsurdb ei tdrcs kn vglud-gbbdb. (Rjdsd grd igteki-

webd bdneaets, ikt kn g pgrteaulgr prkbuat gs wd sgw nkr tjd ePjkid.) Et es strefeio tjgt ei

tdrcs kn vglud-gbbdb, tjd trgbd bdneaet es rdbuadb hy 80-10% akcpgrdb tk tjd trgbetekigl

cdgsurdcdit. Gaakrbeio tk tjd _RKs dstecgtd, tjd bdneaet wkulb dvdi hd jglvdb en wd

tgfd eitk gaakuit tjd einludiad kn dxpkrt-prkadsseio zkids ei akgstgl grdgs kn tjd PXA.


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1>

Neourd > Rjd TQ trgbd bdneaet wetj tjd PXA

0 700 800 100

8000

8004

800:

Rrgbekigl gpprkgaj

Rrgbd ei vglud-gbbdb

-87%

-80%

-8?%

Helleki

TQ$

Qkurad= _RK gib EBD-MDRXK (8077)

2. Akialubeio rdcgrfs

Akcpgrdb tk tjd trgbetekigl cdtjkb hgsdb ki nkrdeoi trgbd stgtesteas wjeaj kily rdakrb

tjd pjyseagl trgisndr kn prkbuats hdtwddi eccdbegtd trgbeio akuitreds, tjd trgbd ei

vglud-gbbdb gpprkgaj cdgsurds eitdrigtekigl trgbd gs g nlkw kn vgluds, rgtjdr tjgi kn

okkbs gib sdrveads. Ets giglyteagl hdidnets, dspdaeglly nrkc g pkleaycgfeio pdrspdatevd,

grd=

7. Et prkvebds g ckrd rdglestea vedw kn helgtdrgl trgbd ei tjd leojt kn eitdrigtekigl

prkbuateki-sjgreio.

8. Et gvkebs cultepld akuiteio kn trgbd nlkws wjdi okkbs grd trgisndrrdb garkss hkrbdrs.

1. Et uievkaglly gttrehutds tjd kreoeis kn ecpkrtdb prkbuats, wjeaj jdlps ei bdseoieio

spdaenea trgbd pkleaeds suaj gs tgx sajdcds.

Xdndrdiads

EBD-MDRXK (800>), Gsegi Eitdrigtekigl Eiput-Kutput Rghld 8000= ^klucd 7,

Dxplgigtkry iktds, E.B.D. Qtgtesteagl Bgtg Qdreds Ik.:5, Eistetutd kn Bdvdlkpeio

Dakikceds, MDRXK.


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1?

Cdio, H., I. Ugcgik gib U. Ngio (8078) Cdgsureio olkhgl vglud ajgeis gib rdoekigl

dakikcea eitdorgteki= gi eitdrigtekigl eiputkutput gpprkgaj, EBD Besausseki PgpdrQdreds Ik.1>8

_RK gib EBD-MDRXK (8077) Rrgbd pgttdris gib olkhgl vglud ajgeis ei Dgst Gseg=

Nrkc trgbd ei okkbs tk trgbd ei tgsfs, _RKEistetutd kn Bdvdlkpeio Dakikceds,

MDRXK

Zeio, U. gib I. Bdtdrt (8070) Jkw tjd ePjkid webdis tjd Tietdb Qtgtds trgbd bdneaet

wetj tjd Pdkplds Xdpuhlea kn Ajeig, GBHE _krfeio Pgpdr Qdreds Ik. 84?.

Ghkut tjd gutjkr

Qgtksje Eikcgtges tjd Berdatkr kn Eitdrigtekigl Eiput-Kutput Giglyses Qtubeds Orkup

gt Eistetutd kn Bdvdlkpeio Dakikceas (EBD-MDRXK). Cr Eikcgtg jgs hddi eivklvdb

ei tjd akistruateki kn tjd Gsegi Eitdrigtekigl Eiput-Kutput Rghlds (GEKR) gib tjd

8004 HXEAs Eitdrigtekigl Eiput-Kutput Rghld. Jd rdadevdb jes C.Qa. ei Bdvdlkpcdit

Dakikceas nrkc tjd Tievdrsety kn Kxnkrb.


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15

Uuqeio ZeioGsegi Bdvdlkpcdit Hgif Eistetutd

Akivditekigl trgbd tjdkry suoodsts tjgt dxajgiod rgtds plgy g areteagl rkld ei bdtdrceieio

tjd akcpdtetevdidss kn g akuitry ei tjd olkhgl cgrfdt. En g akuitrys aurrdiay gpprdaegtds,

ets dxpkrts hdakcd ckrd dxpdisevd gib tjus nkrdeoi bdcgib bdardgsds, wjeld ecpkrts

hdakcd ajdgpdr gib bdcgib nkr tjdc eiardgsds. Akisdquditly, tjd trgbd surplus

sjreifs. Nkllkweio tjes secplestea vedw, cuaj kn tjd bdhgtd kvdr olkhgl echglgiads jgs

nkausdb ki tjd dxajgiod rgtd rdoecd kn tjd Pdkplds Xdpuhlea kn Ajeig (PXA). Bdspetd

gi gpprdaegteki kn ckrd tjgi 10% kn tjd yugis vglud gogeist tjd TQ bkllgr, tjdrd es

lettld dvebdiad tjgt tjes jgs jdlpdb ceteogtd tjd PXAs trgbd surplus. Ei ngat, dcpereagldvebdiad sjkws tjgt vgregtekis ei dxajgiod rgtds jgvd surpreseioly scgll dnndats ki

preads kn trgbdb okkbs. Rjes gppgrdit besakiidateki es kid kn tjd aditrgl puzzlds ei

eitdrigtekigl cgarkdakikceas (Gcete dt gl. 8071).

Rjd akivditekigl vedw ki tjd idxus hdtwddi dxajgiod rgtds gib trgbd es hgsdb ki

kutbgtdb gssucptekis tjgt tjd diterd vglud-gbbdb kn g akuitrys dxpkrts es prkbuadb

bkcdsteaglly, gib gll ecpkrts dxalusevdly sdrvd bkcdstea akisucpteki gib eivdstcdit.

Rjd ngat es tjgt eitdrigtekigl trgbd kn cgiungaturdb prkbuats, ei pgrteaulgr einkrcgteki

akccuieagteki tdajiklkoy prkbuats, es ckrd skpjesteagtdb tjgi bureio tjd tecd

kn tjd Hretesj dakikcest Bgveb Xeagrbk. Prklendrgteki kn arkss-akuitry prkbuateki

nrgocditgteki gib olkhgl prkbuateki idtwkrfs jgs nuibgcditglly ajgiodb tjd vdry

igturd kn eitdrigtekigl trgbd. Eitdorgteki kn prkbuateki prkadssds, wjeaj eivklvds

sdquditegl, vdrteagl trgbeio ajgeis strdtajeio garkss cgiy akuitreds, jgs trgisnkrcdb

tjd trgbeio kn cgiungaturdb okkbs tk dssditeglly trgbeio tgsfs (Orksscgi gib Xksse-

4 Xdtjeifeio tjd ecpgat kndxajgiod rgtds ki trgbd

idtwkrfs


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20

Jgishdro 800:). Rjdrdnkrd, vglud-gbbdb, dchdbbdb ei prkbuats cgiungaturdb glkio

olkhgl prkbuateki idtwkrfs, es ikt gttrehutdb tk giy seiold akuitry, hut tk gll akuitredseivklvdb ei tjd prkadss. Xdogrbldss kn wjdtjdr nercs jgvd tjd ckikpklestea pkwdr tk

diogod ei dxajgiod rgtd pgss-tjrkuoj, tjd aurrdiay gpprdaegteki kn g seiold akuitry

wkulb jgvd g vdry lecetdb dnndat ki tjd akst kn prkbuats bdseoidb, cgiungaturdb gib

bestrehutdb hy olkhgl supply ajgeis.

Rgfeio tjd ePjkid gs gi dxgcpld, cgiungatureio ePjkids eivklvds ieid akcpgieds

lkagtdb ei tjd PXA, Odrcgiy, Mgpgi, Xdpuhlea kn Fkrdg gib tjd TQ. Gll akcpkidits

prkbuadb hy tjd suppledrs ki tjd ePjkid olkhgl supply ajgei grd sjeppdb tk Nkxakii, g

Rgepde,Ajeig akcpgiy lkagtdb ei Qjdizjdi, tjd PXA, nkr gssdchly eitk tjd neigl prkbuat

gib tjdi dxpkrtdb tk tjd TQ gib tjd rdst kn tjd wkrlb. Ei 8005, ePjkids akitrehutdb

TQ$7.5 helleki tk tjd TQ trgbd bdneaet, dquevgldit tk ghkut 0.:% kn tjd tktgl TQ trgbd

bdneaet wetj tjd PXA (Zeio gib Bdtdrt 8070). Agi wd dxpdat g 40% gpprdaegteki kn

tjd yugi gogeist tjd TQ bkllgr tk rdbuad tjd bdneaet gsskaegtdb wetj ePjkid trgbd; Rjes

es jeojly uilefdly. Ajeidsd wkrfdrs akitrehutd g cdrd $>.4, ghkut 1.>%, kn tjd tktgl

ePjkid cgiungatureio akst kn $7:0. G 40% gpprdaegteki kn tjd yugi wkulb kily gnndat

tjd $>.4 gssdchly akst cgtdreglesdb ei tjd PXA, ikt tjd diterd cgiungatureio akst $7:0.

Rjd gpprdaegteki wkulb, gt ckst, rgesd tjd cgiungatureio akst kn tjd ePjkid hy $1.84,

wjeaj es eiseoieneagit akcpgrdb tk tjd $400 rdtgel pread. Jdiad, gi gpprdaegteki kn tjd

yugi wkulb ikt gnndat tjd pread kn tjd ePjkid, gib tjd TQ trgbd bdneaet bud tk ePjkid

trgbd wkulb ikt sjreif. Ei 8077, tjd PXA dxpkrtdb 12 celleki ePjkids tk tjd TQ, trepld

tjd vklucd kn 8005, bdspetd tjd stdgby gpprdaegteki kn tjd yugi. Rjes es uigcheoukus

dvebdiad suppkrteio tjd besakiidateki hdtwddi dxajgiod rgtds gib nlkws kn okkbs

prkbuadb glkio olkhgl prkbuateki idtwkrfs.

Ei gbbeteki, nevd benndrdit akuitreds grd eivklvdb ei cgiungatureio ePjkids, gib

aurrdiaeds kn tjdsd nevd akuitreds cgy ikt ckvd ei tjd sgcd berdateki. Et es pkssehld

tjgt ktjdr aurrdiaeds ceojt bdprdaegtd gogeist tjd TQ bkllgr wjeld tjd yugi gpprdaegtds.

Rjes secultgidkus bdprdaegteki kn ktjdr aurrdiaeds wkulb knnsdt tjd pktditegl idogtevd

ecpgat kn tjd yugis gpprdaegteki ki tjd cgiungatureio akst kn tjd ePjkid. Rjdrdnkrd,


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tk gaaurgtdly dxgceid tjd ecpgat kn dxajgiod rgtds ckvdcdits ki tjd akst kn

cgiungatureio ePjkid, tjd idt dnndat kn gll aurrdiaeds eivklvdb sjkulb hd dstecgtdbeistdgb kn nkauseio ki kid seiold aurrdiay.

Rjd ePjkid es g typeagl dxgcpld kn g prkbuat cgiungaturdb glkio olkhgl prkbuateki

ajgeis. Rjd sgcd lkoea agi hd gppledb tk gll dxpkrts wjeaj grd cgbd kn ecpkrtdb pgrts

gib cgiungaturdb tjrkuoj olkhgl prkbuateki idtwkrfs. Aksts kn ecpkrts akcpresd g

seoieneagit sjgrd kn tjd aksts kn dxpkrts cgiungaturdb useio ecpkrtdb akcpkidits.

_jdtjdr gpprdaegteki kn tjd neigl dxpkrteio akuitrys aurrdiay wkulb rgesd tjd kvdrgll

aksts kn ets dxpkrts, gib dvdituglly uibdrceid ets olkhgl akcpdtetevdidss, bdpdibs ki tjd

rgtek hdtwddi aksts kn ecpkrtdb akcpkidits gib tjd vglud gbbdb odidrgtdb bkcdsteaglly.

Ei Dgst Gseg, tjd prkbuateki idtwkrfs bdvdlkpdb hy culteigtekigl ditdrpresds jgvd

ardgtdb g PXA-aditrdb tregiold trgbd pgttdri= tjd PXA ecpkrts eitdrcdbegtd eiputs nrkc

Dgst Gsegi dakikceds, gssdchlds tjdc eitk neiesjdb prkbuats, gib dxpkrts tjdc tk tjd

TQ gib Durkpdgi cgrfdts (Gtjufkrglg 8077). Rjd PXAs prkadsseio trgbd gaakuitdb

nkr 700% kn ets trgbd surplus ei 800:. ??% kn ets prkadsseio ecpkrts kreoeigtdb ei Dgst

Gsegi dakikceds suaj gs Mgpgi, Rgepde,Ajeig, gib Xdpuhlea kn Fkrdg, wjeld ckrd tjgi

?0% kn ets prkadsseio dxpkrts wdrd bdsteidb nkr cgrfdts kutsebd kn Dgst Gseg (Zeio

8078). Rjes ecpleds tjgt tjd akcpdtetevdidss kn Ajeidsd prkadsseio dxpkrts bdpdibs

ikt kily ki tjd dxajgiod rgtd kn tjd yugi, hut glsk ki tjd dxajgiod rgtds kn ktjdr Dgst

Gsegi aurrdiaeds.

Akisebdreio tjgt bkcdstea akitdit rdprdsdits kily g scgll pkrteki kn tjd tktgl vglud kn

tjd PXAs prkadsseio trgbd, g uielgtdrgl gpprdaegteki kn yugi cgy jgvd lecetdb ecpgatki tjd PXAs prkadsseio dxpkrts. Rjdrd es, ei ngat, dcpereagl dvebdiad tk suppkrt tjes

tjdses6 Rjkrhdafd gib Qcetj (8070) akistruat gi eitdorgtdb dxajgiod rgtd g wdeojtdb

dxajgiod rgtd hdtwddi tjd yugi gib tjd aurrdiaeds kn ktjdr Dgst Gsegi dakikceds

gaakrbeio tk tjd ecpkrtgiad kn tjder trgbd wetj tjd PXA. Rjdy neib tjgt g mkeit

gpprdaegteki kn Dgst Gsegi aurrdiaeds es ckrd dnndatevd ei rdbuaeio tjd PXAs trgbd

surplus tjgi g uielgtdrgl gpprdaegteki kn tjd yugi.


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Nurtjdrckrd, gs akivditekigl rdgl dnndatevd dxajgiod rgtds (XDDX), hgsdb ki orkss

trgbd nlkws gib akisucdr pread eibeads, grd ikt akcpgtehld wetj trgbd nlkws tjrkuojvdrteagl spdaeglesgtekis, Hdcs gib Mkjiski (8078) prkpksd g vglud-gbbdb XDDX, ei

wjeaj tjd wdeojts kn trgbeio pgrtidrs grd oevdi hy helgtdrgl trgbd ei vglud-gbbdb. Gs

vglud-gbbdb XDDX tgfds olkhgl vglud ajgeis eitk gaakuit ei gssdsseio akcpdtetevdidss,

tjdy suoodst tjgt tjd vglud-gbbdb XDDX agi hd usdb gs gi gltdrigtevd tk dvglugtd tjd

ecpgat kn dxajgiod rgtds ki tjd akcpgrgtevd gbvgitgod kn akuitreds pgrteaepgteio ei

olkhgl prkbuateki idtwkrfs.

Ckrdkvdr, cgiy akuitreds glkio olkhgl prkbuateki idtwkrfs iddb tk ecpkrt g lgrod

qugitety kn pgrts gib akcpkidits tk cgiungaturd prkadsseio dxpkrts. Gs tjd olkhgl

gssdchly aditrd, tjd PXA ecpkrtdb $2:7 helleki ei pgrts gib akcpkidits, dquevgldit tk

8?% kn ets tktgl ecpkrts ei 8078. Rjdsd feibs kn ecpkrts bk ikt rdspkib tk tjd ckvdcdit

kn dxajgiod rgtds ei tjd trgbetekigl ngsjeki6 prkadsseio ecpkrts wkulb bdardgsd rgtjdr

tjgi eiardgsd en tjd gpprdaegteki kn tjd yugi ldb tk g bdardgsd ei ets prkadsseio dxpkrts.

Dxgceieio tjd dlgsteaety kn tjd PXAs prkadsseio trgbd tk dxajgiod rgtds, E nkuib tjgt

tjd PXAs prkadsseio ecpkrts wkulb ngll hy 4% nkr g 70% rdgl gpprdaegteki kn tjd

yugi (Zeio 8078). Qecelgrly, useio Hdloegi nerc-ldvdl bgtg, Gcete dt gl. (8071) sjkw

tjgt dxpkrtdrs tjgt ecpkrt g lgrod sjgrd kn eiputs pgss ki g cuaj scglldr sjgrd kn tjd

dxajgiod rgtd sjkafs tk dxpkrts preads. Rjdy groud tjgt ckvdcdits ei tjd vglud kn g

akuitrys aurrdiay grd akrrdlgtdb garkss ets trgbd pgrtidrs, tjus ardgteio g igturgl jdbod

nrkc dxajgiod rgtd ckvdcdits, gib rdbuaeio tjd iddb nkr tjd dxpkrtdr tk gbmust tjder

dxpkrt cgrfdt preads.

G rdadit stuby hy TIARGB (8071) sjkws tjgt nkrdeoi vglud-gbbdb gaakuitdb nkr 17%

kn tjd orkss dxpkrts kn bdvdlkpdb dakikceds, gib 84% kn bdvdlkpeio dakikceds. Rjes

suoodsts tjgt cgiy dakikceds grd ikw eivklvdb ei olkhgl prkbuateki idtwkrfs gib

olkhgl supply ajgeis. Ei g wkrlb brevdi hy olkhgl supply ajgeis, tjd stgibgrb tdxthkkf

rdlgtekisjep hdtwddi dxajgiod rgtds gib trgbd es kutbgtdb gib ik lkiodr vgleb. Rjd

ckvdcdit kn g seiold akuitrys aurrdiay agiikt bdtdrceid tjd akcpdtetevdidss kn

olkhglly prkbuadb dxpkrts.


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Xdndrdiads

Gcete, C, K. Etsfjkfe gib M. Fkieios, M. (8071), _jy bk lgrod ckvdcdits ei dxajgiod

rgtds jgvd scgll dnndats ki eitdrigtekigl preads, ^kxDT.kro, 75 Mgiugry.

Gtjufkrglg, P. (8077), Prkbuateki idtwkrfs gib trgbd pgttdris ei Dgst Gseg=

rdoekiglezgteki kr Olkhglezgteki;,Gsegi Dakikcea Pgpdrs70(7)= >4-54.

Hdcs, X. gib X. Mkjiski (8078), ^glud-gbbdb dxajgiod rgtds, ^kxDT.kro, >

Bdadchdr.

Orksscgi, O. gib D. Xksse-Jgishdro (800:), Rrgbeio tgsfs= g secpld tjdkry kn

knnsjkreio,Gcdreagi Dakikcea Xdvedw5:(4)=75?:-755?.

Rjkrhdafd, _. gib O. Qcetj (8070), Jkw wkulb gi gpprdaegteki kn tjd rdiceihe

gib ktjdr Dgst Gsegi aurrdiaeds gnndat Ajeigs dxpkrts;, Xdvedw kn Eitdrigtekigl

Dakikceas7:(7)= 54-70:.

TIARGB (8071), Olkhgl glud Ajgeis gib Bdvdlkpcdit= eivdstcdit gib vglud gbbdbtrgbd ei tjd olkhgl dakikcy, Odidvg= TIARGB.

Zeio, U. (8078), Prkadsseio trgbd, dxajgiod rgtds gib Ajeigs helgtdrgl trgbd hglgiads,

Mkurigl kn Gsegi Dakikceas81= 420-42?.

Zeio, U gib I. Bdtdrt (8070), Jkw tjd ePjkid webdis tjd Tietdb Qtgtds trgbd bdneaet

wetj tjd Pdkplds Xdpuhlea kn Ajeig, GBHE wkrfeio pgpdr Ik. 84?.

Ghkut tjd Gutjkr

Uuqeio Zeio es Berdatkr kn Agpgaety Huelbeio gib Rrgeieio, Gsegi Bdvdlkpcdit

Hgif Eistetutd, gib Prkndsskr kn Dakikceas, Igtekigl Orgbugtd Eistetutd nkr Pkleay

Qtubeds, Rkfyk. Br. Zeios rdsdgraj nkausds ki eitdrigtekigl trgbd, NBE, dxajgiod

rgtds, gib rdoekigl dakikcea eitdorgteki ei Gseg. Jd jgs puhlesjdb iucdrkus grtealds

ei eitdrigtekiglly rdndrddb mkurigls. Jes puhlesjdb rdsdgraj ki tjd ePjkid gib tjd Qeik-


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TQ trgbd hglgiad jgs hddi besaussdb webdly ei tjd cgeistrdgc cdbeg, suaj gs Rjd

_gll Qtrddt Mkurigl, tjd Neigiaegl Recds,Rjd Idw Ukrf Recds, Recd Cgogzeid, dta.,ajglldioeio akivditekigl vedws ki helgtdrgl trgbd stgtesteas gib eisteogteio g rdnkrc kn

trgbd stgtesteas. Cr. Zeio dgridb jes H.Q. gib C.G. bdordds nrkc Pdfeio Tievdrsety,

PXA gib rdadevdb g Pj.B. ei dakikceas nrkc tjd Tievdrsety kn Elleikes gt Trhgig-

Ajgcpgeoi, TQ.


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Ogidsjgi _eoigrgmgGsegi Bdvdlkpcdit Hgif Eistetutd

G spktleojt ki QCDs

QCDs grd tjd hgafhkid kn dakikcea bdvdlkpcdit ei Gsegi dakikceds, gaakuiteio nkr

tjd cgmkrety kn nercs gib g lgrod sjgrd kn dcplkycdit (Jgved 8070). Ngaeio gi kutlkkf

kn nrgoeld wkrlb orkwtj, tjd Gsskaegteki kn Qkutj Dgst Gsegi Dakikceds (GQDGI) gib

Dgst Gseg Quccets ei 8077 dcpjgsesdb tjd rkld kn QCDs ei eiardgseio eitrg-rdoekigl

trgbd gib dijgiaeio eialusevd orkwtj ei Gseg. Rjd pkleay nkaus ki QCDs well eitdiseny

wetj upakceio rdoekigl trgbd lehdrglesgtek

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