the future of searching for scholarly...

Erik Nemeth www.culturalsecurity.org 1

The Future of Searching for Scholarly Literature

Discipline-Specific Research Databases in Web 2.0 and the Semantic Web

or

Leveraging the “Prescience of Artists and the Art of Science”

Cross-Disciplinary Research in Neuroaesthetics

Erik Nemeth

Getty Research Institute, Los Angeles, California

ICIC – 20th Anniversary Meeting19-22 October 2008

Nice, France


Leveraging the “Prescience of Artists and the Art of Science”

Cross-Disciplinary Research in Neuroaesthetics

visual information as incident on the

retina

2D 3D

discrete processing of color, form, and motion

Renaissance

Impressionism

Modernism


Outline – Modern Development of Neuroaesthetics

quantitative-qualitativedivide

specialized metadatavs.

generalized full-text searching

neuroaesthetics

ontology

metadata

discipline-specific research databases

historical perspective

art historyvision science

humanitiessciences thesaurus visionartists


Prescience of Artists

and

the Art of Science

Outline – Preexistence of “Neuroaesthetics”

quantitative-qualitativedivide

specialized metadatavs.

generalized full-text searching

neuroaesthetics

metadata

discipline-specific research databases

historical perspective

thesaurus


increasing divergence of the sciences

Historical basis for reestablishing an art-science grammar visualaesthetics

Sciences

Arts

Modernism

perspectiveLeon Battista Alberti

NaturalPhilosophers

(pre-Socratics)

“capturing the actual visual sensation”Claude Monet

“eliminated color in his mobiles”Alexander Calder

Impressionism

Renaissance

mid-1500s

1400s

mid-1800s

2100s

mid-1800s early 1900s mid-1900s

early 1900s

chiaroscuroDutch Masters

1600s Baroque

quantitativeanalysis

grammar for communicating across the art-science divide

ScientificRevolution

Logical PositivismPositivism

Psychologyperception

Neuroscienceresponse patterns

qualitativeanalysis

Art Historyresearch databases Vision Science

research databases


Art History Discipline-Specific Knowledge Base

2006demand for

specialized metadata

Survey Results facilitate interdisciplinarity

selected monographs

journal lists

2008demand for

specialized databases

What is it?

Why create it?

filtered material

increases relevanceof search results

customizedabstracting and indexing

thesaurusspecialized metadata

Actively Leverage Technology

Draw on user interaction to create content.

maintain an editorial role

search interface

enables fosters

Forge connections across research databases in the sciences.

Web 2.0 Semantic Web


World Wide Web(“Web 1.0”)

Web 2.0 and the Semantic Web

Semantic Web

Web 2.0

Users

openarchitecture

openaccess

Internet

automatedlinking ontology

machinereadable

opencollaboration


Participation of Scholars in the Evolving Infrastructure

searching forscholarly literature

publishingfindings

“Black Box”

How are publications selected?

What is the indexing scheme?

Who is creating the metadata and managing the thesaurus?

editorial oversight

discipline-specificresearch database

publishing findings

creating metadata

submitting citations

editorial policy

editorial staff

“tagging”

searching forscholarly literature

thesaurus

ontology

“Web 1.0” and prior

Web 2.0

opencollaboration open

access

openarchitecture


Applications in the Semantic Web to Enable Interdisciplinarity

cross-disciplinary searches for scholarly literature

cross-disciplinary correlation of datasets

metadata

ontology

raw dataneural

measurements

psychologicalassessments

linguists

art historians

psychologists

neuroscientists

publishedfindings

analog / digitaldivide

?

publishedfindings

discipline-specificresearch databases

concepts

discipline-specificresearch databases

concepts

metadata

literature

searchDSRDB

humanistsDSRDB

thesaurus thesaurus

perception

neural tissue

literature

artworks

life

visual world

qualitative / quantitativedivide

?

concepts

theories

information

analyses

scientists

scholars scholars

searchengine


Developing a Cross-Disciplinary OntologyKnowledge Domains

Art Historythesaurus

Neuroaestheticsontology

Vision Sciencethesaurus

properties

Art Historye.g. Art & Architecture Thesaurus (Getty)

Vision Science(optics, visual neuroscience, psychophysics)

e.g. http://www.liden.cc/Visionary/

explains

identifiesfunction of visiontheory

raw data

analysis

concept

correlates with

observation discovery

quantitative assessments experimental data

supports

predicts

correlates with


Towards an Ontology for Neuroaesthetics

What are the relationships between art history and vision science?

visionscience

“qualitative” analysis

“quantitative” analysis

psychophysics

arthistory

visualneuroscienceconnoisseurship

art theory

artworks visual system

learnedassociations

artisticmovements

artistictechniques

innatefunctions


depthperception

visionscience

perspective



psychophysics

arthistory

visioncenters

visualneurosciencekinetic artconnoisseurship

art theory


predict

support

identify

explain

predicted

supported

identified

explained

learnedassociations

artisticmovements

artistictechniques

innatefunctions

Piero della FrancescaFlagellation of Christlate 1450s

psychophysicsmid 1800s

linear size and perspectivesprevious familiarity

interposition

Artists showed prescience in understanding the visual system.


Towards an Ontology for Neuroaesthetics

depthperception

visionscience

perspective



psychophysics

arthistory

visioncenters


art theory


predict

support

identify

explain

predicted

supported

identified

explained

learnedassociations

artisticmovements

Marcel DuchampNude Descending a Staircase, No. 2c. 1910

Newsome, Movshon, Brittenmotion selective neurons in monkeys

1990s

fMRI shows selective response to motion in the Middle Temporal area (V5)

artistictechniques

innatefunctions


Eventually, vision science will influence artists.

depthperception

visionscience

perspective



psychophysics

arthistory

visioncenters


art theory

discoveriesanticipateinformartworks visual

system

predict

support

identify

explain

predicted

supported

identified

explained

learnedassociations

artisticmovements

artistictechniques

innatefunctions

Erik Nemeth www.culturalsecurity.org 15Erik Nemeth J. Paul Getty Trust © 2009 15

Towards an Ontology for Cultural Security

politicalscience

“qualitative” assessments

“predictive” analyses

organizedcrime

archaeology

politicalviolence

culturalhistory

excavations

intelligenceanalysis

culturalartifacts

internationalsecurity

antiquitiestrafficking

sourcenations

religiousmonuments

politicaltargets



markettrends

politicalscience

archaeologicaldiscoveries



organizedcrime

archaeology

destruction of the Bamiyan Buddhas

politicalviolence

religioussignificance

culturalhistory

excavations


mitigateculturalartifacts


influence

exploit

inform

capitalizes

influenced

exploited

informed

capitalized


sourcenations

religiousmonuments

politicaltargets

rediscovery of Machu Picchu and pre-Columbian Inca artifactsby Hiram Bingham in 1911



markettrends

politicalscience




organizedcrime

archaeology


politicalviolence


culturalhistory

excavations




influence

exploit

inform

capitalizes

influenced

exploited

informed

capitalized


sourcenations

religiousmonuments

politicaltargets

destruction of the giant Buddhas of the Bamiyan Valley (2001)



markettrends

politicalscience




organizedcrime

archaeology


politicalviolence


culturalhistory

excavations




influence

exploit

inform

capitalizes

influenced

exploited

informed

capitalized


sourcenations

religiousmonuments

politicaltargets


time

valu

e to

sch

olar

ly re

sear

ch

The role DSRDBs will become less overtbut will continue to add value throughWeb 2.0 and the Semantic Web.

Conclusion – Push vs. Pull

Will technology undermine or sustain the role of DSRDBs?

Does open access to full text obviate the need for discipline-specific research databases?

Pull: automated production of full textthrough large-scale scanning with OCR

Push: web-enabled production environment will allow for increased coveragewhile editorial oversight will continue to provide specialized metadata.

Push: create ontology that link disciplinesacross the humanities and the sciences.

Push: knowledge bases that connectthe sciences and the humanitieswill enable interdisciplinarity.

Pull: automatic creation of metadata throughmachine-assisted summarization of abstracts and indexing

the future of searching for scholarly...

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