the future of agriculture and the growing of malting barley...the future of agriculture and the...
TRANSCRIPT
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Leading the way in Agriculture and Rural Research, Education and Consulting
The Future of Agriculture
and the Growing of
Malting Barley
MAGB Malting Symposium
Diageo, Moray House, Elgin
8th and 9th October 2018
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2 2
Innovation and sustainable development in agriculture, land and the rural sector
SRUC - Introduction
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3 3
SRUC Research
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4 4
• Research and technical innovation
• Crop breeding and variety evaluation
• Crop growth and development
• Nutrient management
• Crop health
• Barley grain quality
• Advanced technologies e.g. crop sensing
• Knowledge exchange and training
Agricultural practices for the growing of malting barley
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5
An upswing in the whisky cycle is expected
in 2018
Source: Scotch Whisky Industry Review 2017, SAC Consulting
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Malting barley Grain (wheat / maize)
- malting barley + 34kt in 2018? - grain (wheat and maize) + 30kt in 2018? (wheat more)
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6 6
Grain quality characteristics
Physical:
Weight/specific gravity
Purity
Damage
Foreign matter
Moisture content
Intrinsic:
Appearance (size, colour)
Composition (protein, starch)
Germination efficiency
Texture (soft/hard)
Processability
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7 7 Encyl. Grain Science, Figure 1 p. 69
Components of a barley grain
[from James Bryce presentation 2017]
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8 8
Section of barley grain
17-20% Insoluble Husk, cell walls
80-83%
75-85% Fermentable Maltose, maltotriose, glucose …
15-25% Non-
fermentable
Glucans and proteins
[from James Bryce presentation 2017]
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9 9
Crop and variety testing
S
• National and Recommended Lists
• Technical information
• Crop and industry committees
• Industry meetings
• Industry funded trials
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10 10
What influences variety choice?
Communication with growers …
• Specific market requirements
• Economic yield
• Pest and disease resistance
• Time of maturity
• Resistance to lodging
• Resistance to cold or drought
• Ease of harvest or storage
10
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11 11
Criteria for Malting
• Malting Barley is an example of a crop where
specific varieties are used. It is vital that when
selecting a variety that you consider the market
criteria.
• Does the variety have approval from the Malting
Barley Committee?
• Follow the Link which explains these criteria-
The Maltsters Association of Great Britain
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12 12
Choosing a variety– Spring Barley
• Decide on the market e.g. malting or feed
• Identify parameters essential for the site where variety is to be grown:
– Earliness of maturity (days +/- average)
– Straw strength (1-9, 9 = strongest)
– Disease resistance (1-9, 9 = most resistant)
– Pest resistance (1-9)
• Are you growing with reduced or high inputs, such as fungicides – refer to results with and without fungicides
• Eliminate unsuitable varieties and look for high yield from those that remain.
12
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13 13
AHDB Recommended List Trials
• In the UK, most market leading cereal varieties are found on the AHDB and SRUC Recommended Lists
• In order to be on the RL, varieties must perform better in trials compared with a number of established varieties
• Yield and agronomic features are assessed
• Other countries have similar trials for new varieties
13
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14 14
AHDB Recommended List Explained
• Yield – Yield compared with standard Varieties
(measured as a % of standard varieties – 107%
means 7% more than the standards)
• Market – is the variety Fully or Provisionally
Approved for your chosen market. For malting
purposes a variety has approval of the MBC
• Agronomic feature and disease resistance. Use of a
1-9 scale (where 9 is good or resistant, 1 is poor or
susceptible)
14
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15 15
Barley – Expected quality and markets
AHDB Spring Barley RL 2018/19
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19 19
Use of AHDB Recommended Lists
19
Follow the Link to AHDB Recommended Lists
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20 20
AHDB – Variety selection tool
20
An interactive system that helps you select a variety
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21 21
Innovations from crop research
Crop growth stages Crop physiology
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22 22
Why are growth stages important?
GS GS GS GS
25-30 31-32 49-59 59-65
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23 23
GS21-26 - barley GS22 – wheat
2 Tillering
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24 24
3 Stem extension
24
GS31 – Barley
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25 25
4 Booting – Barley
GS41 GS43 GS47
Boot just visibly swollen
Flag leaf sheath extending
Flag leaf sheath opening
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26 26
6 Flowering - Barley
GS60 GS64 GS68
Beginning of anthesis Anthesis half way Anthesis complete
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27 27
7 – 9 Grain fill and ripening
• GS70-79
– Milk development
• GS80-89
– Dough development
• GS90-99
– Ripening
• Pre-harvest glyphosate
once grain moisture is below
30% (check with end user) 27
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28 28
Barley yield and quality
• Yield potential, Growth Guides, Crop Improvement
Source: SRUC and AHDB
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29 29
Barley: Grain quality specifications
0
200
400
600
800
Spring
Scotland
Spring
England
Winter
Scotland
Winter
England
To
nn
es (
1000's
)
Under 1.55% 1.55-1.65%
1.65-1.85% Above 1.85%
Malting barley grain nitrogen
Source: MAGB
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30 30
Crop responses to nitrogen fertiliser
Range of yield and grain N% responses to N fertiliser
0
2
4
6
8
10
0 30 60 90 120 150
Nitrogen fertiliser (kg/ha)
Yie
ld (
t/h
a)
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2
2.2
0 30 60 90 120 150
Nitrogen fertiliser (kg/ha)
Gra
in n
itro
ge
n (
%)
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31 31
Spring barley: Response to nitrogen
AHDB Project Report No. 484 (2012)The relationship between soil mineral nitrogen, applied nitrogen and yields in Scottish soils
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32 32
Grain with high starch content and low protein e.g. distilling wheat
Data from the GREEN Grain project. Figure from Smith et al. (2006) in AHDB (HGCA) Research Review No. 61.
Relationship of alcohol yield to starch and protein content in grain (across varieties, sites and agronomy treatments)
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33 33
Estimating nitrogen requirement
Crop N Demand
Leaching
Mineralisation Immobilisation
Soil N Supply
Grain yield Grain nitrogen%
Crop N Requirement Fertiliser & Manure N
Crop N required e.g. 130 kg N
Predict soil N e.g. 60 kg N
Predict uptake e.g.60%
Calculate: 130 – 60 = 115
60%
Strategy .. revise gradually for the whole
farm over years
Tactics Change field by field each
year. Adapted from AHDB SNS Project and Roger Sylvester-Bradley
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34 34
Success in achieving the malting spec
Source: SAC Consulting and SRUC
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35 35
Research on barley grain quality
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36 36
Grain skinning: background
• Partial or complete loss of the husk at harvest
• Decreases malting efficiency by influencing the rate, vigour and
evenness of germination, the key step in malting
• Grain skinning negatively impacts on the whole malting supply
chain: Breeders, growers, maltsters, brewers and distillers
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37 37
• Skinning has been reported to be caused by
• “Careless or improper harvesting methods” –
http://ukmalt.com
• Likely factors are the
drum speed and the
distance between the
concave and the drum
Harvesting and handling
Threshing drum
Concave
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38 38
Harvesting - drum speed
2
12
22
32
42
52
% S
kin
ne
d g
rain
s
Combine speed (rpm)
800 1000 1200 1400 1600
Propino (susceptible)
Westminster (Less susceptible)
Source: AHDB grain skinning project, SRUC and Scottish Agronomy
Harvest 2015
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39 39
Harvesting - concave
2
12
22
32
42
52
% S
kin
ned
gra
ins
Concave setting (5 = less clearance)
1 2 3 4 5
Source: AHDB grain skinning project, SRUC and Scottish Agronomy
Propino (susceptible)
Westminster (Less susceptible)
Harvest 2015
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40 40
96.8 97.1 98.6
91.1
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
265
275
285
295
305
315
325
intact field skinned severely skinned
Friabili
ty (
%)
Hot
Wate
r E
xtr
act
(L
o/k
g)
HWE Adjusted HWE Friability
Grain skinning and malting • Micro-malting study of skinned barley grains
(focus on hot water extract)
Source: Paulina Okoro, SRUC
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41 41
Barley health
• Host pathogen-interactions
• Ramularia Genome
• Disease risk forecasts to inform
management decisions
• Integrated Pest management
(reducing risk to crops)
• Crop Protection Reports
• Crop Advisory Activity
• Crop Health Monitoring
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42 42
Research on Ramularia leaf spot
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• Base broadening
• Barley collection
• Development of multi-
parent populations
Barley diversity and crop systems
• Links to research on: novel crops, cover crop “greening” trials, energy from biomass, cereals and grasses for anaerobic digestion, intercropping, nutrient use efficiency across the rotation
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45 45
Yield mapping
Too much information Too little information
Source: AHDB BePRECiSE
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46 46
Yield mapping
About the right level of information
Source: AHDB BePRECiSE
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47 47
Creating application map
Yield / Offtake map
+
= ?
P Nutrient
Application map Source: AHDB BePRECiSE
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48 48
Soil texture map
Increasing conductivity
Electrical Conductivity
Profile: 0-120 cm
< 12
> 51
Source: AHDB BePRECiSE
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49 49
Soil texture map
1) = sandy loam over open clay subsoil
5) = med sandy clay loam over sandy clay
8) = heavy clay loam over clay
1 8
5
Source: AHDB BePRECiSE
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50 50
Establishment map
75
90 60
Source: AHDB BePRECiSE
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51 51
Seed rate map
165
135
110
Tramline direction
Source: AHDB BePRECiSE
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Transformational Technology
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Sensors, robotics and automation
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Software
Sensors -
field / crop
data
Precision
farming
software
Digital maps
Application
maps
Understand
cause of
variation
Action to
correct
variation
On-the-
move control
of field
machinery Digital record of application
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Crop sensing e.g. use of NDVI
• Normalised Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI)
• Plants absorb red light and reflect infrared and green light
• NDVI =
• NDVI increases with crop canopy (LAI) and declines with senescence
• N application automatically adjusted
Near IR - Red
Near IR + Red
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56 56 Berry, J K. Applying map analysis techniques to site-specific management
http://www.innovativegis.com/basis/pfprimer/Appendix_E/PF_3hour_2.ppt#511,1,Slide 1
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Advanced Technologies for Efficient Crop Management
To develop and couple observational and analysis technologies and evaluate these against field measures To understand how, and under what circumstances advanced technologies can be deployed to determine and diagnose crop yield limits
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Crop sensing and mapping
• Remote sensing in agriculture is a rapidly
expanding field both commercially and in research
• Challenge in determining what information is
gathered, how it is processed and when to use this
information
• Targeted early intervention
Source: ATEC Project
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UAV mounted sensors
• RGB camera
• Multispectral sensors
• Development of novel hyper-spectral and
fluorescence system
• Thermal camera
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60 60 Source: ATEC Project
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Satellites
Source: Copernicus - ESA
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Continuous ground measures
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63 63
Impacts: Research and Knowledge Exchange
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Impacts: Research and KE
S
• Breeders decision making
• Market success or failure of new varieties
• Farmer and end-use engagement
• Value for Cultivation and Use
• Contribution to resistance ratings
• Protocols for industry
• Advisory activity
• Events and meetings
1) Intact
2) Intact
3) Intact
4) Intact
5) Intact
6) Skinned
7) Skinned
8) Skinned
9) Skinned
10) Skinned
11) Skinned
12) Skinned
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Education, training and CPD
• FE and HE
• Agriculture, Rural Business Management, Environmental
Science and Plant Sciences
• MSc and Post-grad Diploma
• PhD studentships
• FACTS and BASIS e.g.
• Open Days and Workshops
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Acknowledgements Maree Brennan, Fiona Burnett, Joanna Cloy, Anna Florence, Andrew Gilchrist, Linda Glacken, Douglas
Goodall, Kathryn Grant, Clement Gravouil, Paloma Heras, Gareth Hughes, Francis Jack, Neil Havis,
Pete Hedley, Steve Hoad, Peter Hoebe, Shane Kennedy, David Lawson, Graham McGrann,
Steven Miller, Eamon Nolan, Paulina Okoro, Marta Piotrowska, Luke Ramsay, Bob Rees, Tom
Shepherd, Davide Tarsitano, Bill Thomas, Kairsty Topp, Robin Walker, Christine Watson.
SRUC LEEG, SRUC FFS, SAC Consulting, SRUC Education, JHI, AHDB, Scottish Agronomy Ltd,
University of Edinburgh, SWRI, MAGB.
Thank you
Any questions?