Plenary TalkSPIE

Prague, Czech Republic g pMonday April 18, 2011

The Frontier of High Field ScienceToshiki Tajima

The Frontier of High Field ScienceToshiki Tajima

Faculty of Physics, LMU,

G. Mourou,

y yand MPQ, Garching

Acknowledgments for Collaboration and advice: G. Mourou, F. Krausz, E. Goulielmakis, G.Tsakiris, R. Hoerlein,

1

D. Habs, K. Homma, T. Esirkepov, S. Bulanov, M. Kando, M. Teshima, W. Sandner, X. Q. Yan, S. Karsch, F. Gruener, M. Zepf, N. Naumova, H. Gies, C. Cohen-Tannoudji, C. Labaune, M. Downer, P. Corkum, Y. Kato, P. Bolton ,C. Barty, A. Zayakin, D. Payne, J. Nilsson, N. Zamfir, E. Moses, K. Witte, A. Suzuki, A. Iso, R. Hajima, M. Uesaka, W. Leemans, A. Penzias, E. Elsen, V. Yakovlev, D. Jaroszynski, S. Svanberg, K. Svanberg

To Fukushima: With sympathy and camaraderie

f l h ld h i f f l

Excerpt from ‘Greetings from Chair: Epochal Lasers, Epochal Year’ in ICUIL Newsletter Toshiki Tajima, ICUIL Chair

‘………….As Professor S. Gales has told us, the impact of progress of nuclearphysics will be felt on the way to make progress in nuclear engineering such as thenuclear waste monitoring and management. Even though Fermi has made an impressivebeginning of nuclear energy and engineering, few breakthroughs that rival his havehappened. This is why I have been advocating the importance of what I called ‘toiletscience’ as opposed to the predominant conventional efforts in ‘kitchen science’, wherepp p ,the latter focuses on the upstream side of energy and matter while the former on thedownstream. In other words, the former tries to understand the science how best wecan clean up what the nuclear energy production brings outcan clean up what the nuclear energy production brings out. …………..

In retrospect of the recent nuclear reactor catastrophe after the most powerfulearthquake in the recorded history of Japan, I believe that it is even more urgent tomake further progress in ‘toilet science’ of nuclear energy We are fortunate and proudmake further progress in toilet science of nuclear energy. We are fortunate and proudthat the ELI research and the intense laser research around ICUIL (and SPIE*) as awhole can make such a contribution to the society in its urgent problems.’

[1] ELI S i ifi Ad i C i R li h i f[1] ELI Scientific Advisory Committee Report: www.extreme-light-infrastructure.eu(March 18, 2011)* I acknowledge Prof. Katarina Svanberg, President of SPIE, for her message toward this crisis.

High energy gammas and notch-detectors for nuclear resonance fluorescence

Narrow beam-ray

beam d mpNarrow beamIsotope sample isotope

second scatterer

beam dump

Hole burning,ultra-highultra highresolution

NRF (Bertozzi, Hajima, H b )

• Tomography

Habs, ..)

change inscattering rate

g y

• 235U/238U ratio

Gamma beam di t d ifi b illi t l C t ( B t H b )Gamma beam: directed, energy-specific, brilliant ← laser Compton (see Barty, Habs)May be employed for Fukushima reactors upon cleanup

Extreme Light

-Photons with extremely high energyexample already mentioned and laterexample already mentioned and later

(see also Barty 8080B, Habs)

-Photons with extremely high fields-Photons with extremely high fields(and coherence)

main topic today here (see also 8075,8079A 8079B 8080A 8080B)8079A, 8079B, 8080A, 8080B)

Extreme LightInfrastructureInfrastructure

CzechCzech

Hungary

Romania

…….

(G. Mourou, L. Giesen)

Content

1. Ever higher intensity lasersg y2. Ultrafast optics toward attosecond science3 How can we reduce the pulse length?3. How can we reduce the pulse length?

Answer---- intensity!4 ‘Intensity Pulse Duration Conjecture’4. Intensity - Pulse Duration Conjecture5. Examples of attosecond pulses and beyond6 C fl f lt f t ti6. Confluence of ultrafast optics

and high field science7. Atom streaking in as → vacuum streaking in zs8. Attosecond metrology of8. Attosecond metrology of

γ signals at the energy frontier

Energy frontier ← High field science, high intensity laser

relativistic optics: relativistic coherencecf quantum optics: quantum coherencecf. quantum optics: quantum coherence

Quantum optics

ldRelativistic 

iCold AtomsfeV‐neV

opticsGeV‐TeV1eV

2010 20101960

Relativistic Optics, RMP, Mourou(2006)

Cohen-Tannoudji,Chu,Ketterle,…↓

(see also Session 8072B)

High energy

(see also Session 8072B)

High field science

g gyPhysics

(fundamental h i )physics)

boiled vacuum

←Schwinger field

relativisticrelativisticions

relativisticelectrons

plasma

←Keldysh field

atoms

(ICUIL, Barty)

Intensification of Laser

I= J/τI= J/τ2 paths:

#1 : increase the laser energy (or fluence J); the larger the better(or fluence J); the larger, the better

#2 : decrease the laser pulse length τ; th h t th b ttthe shorter, the better

Does τ = J/I hold?

To reduce τTo reduce τFrom trivial statement of I = J / τ

↓↓

The nontrivial assertion:“In order to compress the pulse further, p p f ,we need to increase the intensity of laser”

Is this true?

The Conjecture(← physics: “Matter is nonlinear”(← physics: Matter is nonlinear

“The more rigid nonlinearity, the more intense to manipulate it” )

P

(

Pulse du (M

ourou /

uration

Tajima,

202011)

12Pulse intensity →

Nonlinearities in atom, plasma, and vacuum

Atomicnonlinear potential

Plasma electron nonlinear Vacuum nonlinearity

nonlinear potentialrelativistic motion

vsvs.

Keldysh field forlaser atomic

Schwinger field forvacuum breakdownlaser atomic

ionizationvacuum breakdown

Relativistic nonlinearity under intense laser

Plasma free of binding potential , but its electron responses:

a) a) ClassicalClassical optics : optics : v<<c, v<<c, b) b) RelativisticRelativistic optics: optics: v~cv~caa00<<1:<<1: δδxx onlyonly aa >>1:>>1: δδz >>z >> δδxxaa00<<1: <<1: δδx x onlyonly aa00>>1: >>1: δδz >> z >> δδxx

eA0 eE0a0 eA0

mc2 eE0mc 2

nonlinearnonlinear δδz~az~aoo22

linearlinear δδx~ax~aoo

Pulse Progress from fs to asgCorkum and Krausz (2007)

The Coherent Wake Emission

(R. Hoerlein, 2010)

Plexiglass Target (Density 1.3 g/cm^3):Glass Target (Density 2.6 g/cm^3): g g ( y g )g ( y g )

1113 121417 1516 1113 121415

attosecond pulse generation

Effi i f tt d

• compress the reflected

Efficiency of attosecond phenomena: ~15% converted to attosecond pulses, ~15% to p

radiation into attosecond pulses and Attosecond

electron bunches.

• inherit a peaked density distribution.

e. m. pulses

• Complete modulation of e.m. field occurs. This is relativistic engineering

25÷30 M Vrelativistic engineering Attosecond

e- bunchesMeV

a=10, 15fs, f/1, n=25ncr

Naumova et al.(2004)

Isolated attosecond EM pulses 3D simulation3D simulation

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Relativistic oscillating mirror of solid surface

a0=3, =5fs, f/1, n=1.5ncrNees (2005)

g

Bulanov (1994)

Relativistic flying mirror and shorter pulses

Esirkepov (2009) --- Einstein’s flying mirror made of LWFA

Driver pulse0 Driver pulse0

Flying Mirror (LWFA)Laser Piston

g cvPlasma

Source pulse

g cvPlasma

Source pulse

19

(see also Tajima, Wednesday)

Ultrafast science ← High field science, Large-energy laser

Ult f t!High field science

Ultrafast science

( tt d )

!ELI pillars:science (attosecond,...)ELI pillars:

attosecond sciencehigh energy beamsphotonuclear physics

!

photonuclear physicshigh field science

!

Large-energy laser

(NIF/LMJ...)

Streaking of atomic electrongKeldysh field and beyond

E. Goulielmakis et al (2008)

Self-focusing in air / vacuum

Critical power for self-focusing in matter /plasma / vacuum:p g pχ3 (air) nonlinearity

P = λ2/(2πn0n2) ~ GWPcr λ /(2πn0n2) GW

relativistic plasma nonlinearity

Pcr = mc5/e2(ω/ωp)2 ~ 17 (ω/ωp)2 GW

vacuum nonlinearityvacuum nonlinearity

Pcr = (90/28) c ES2λ2/α ~ 1015 (λ/λ1μ)2 GW

e.g. X-ray of 10keV, Pcr ~ 10PW

‘ELI Long-term Ambition’ =

Studying the Atomic Structure to the y gVacuum Structure

(Mourou)( )

(see also 8080B)

Keldysh field

S h i i i / K ld h i i 6 1014Srchwinger intensity / Keldysh intensity = α-6 ~ 1014

Vacuum self-focusing /χ3 self-focusing power ~ α-6 ~ 1015

Vacuum structure Schwinger field

Does the atomic worldrepeat itself in vacuum?

Streaking vacuum (1)(from atomic physics to vacuum physics)

vacuumGamma photon ‘ionization’XUV streakingUiberacker et al. (2007)

atom

size↔aB

XUV streaking→zeptosecond dynamics

( )

↔λC = α aB

depth of potentialΦ 2WΦ = α-2WB

Nikishov(1964)Nonperturbative:

XUV photon ionizationMultiphoton:

XUV photon ionizationLaser streaking → attosecond dynamics

Streaking vacuum 2 (learning from atoms)

Atoms:Keldysh field EK = WB/aB

Vacuum:Schwinger/Nishikov field

E = E (m c2/ћω)Keldysh field EK WB/aB ESN = ESσ (mσc2/ћω)Scwinger field

ESe = α-3 EK

Goulielmakis(2008)

Keldysh parameter γK γVσ = mσωc /eE = 1/a0where σ = e, or q (quark)

Streaking resolving power (Itatani2002; Kienberger 2004):∆t = √(ħωm/eA0p0) ~ √[(ħω/ε0)/a0] /ω ~ zs

real spacetime mapping (instead of spectroscopy) of structure/dynamics of vacuum (QED and perhaps QCD)

Gluon Plasma, Nuclear Wake, String Theory

• Monojet (or jet suppression) inPHENIX

0-12%Au+Au 0-5%J. Ulery (2007)

Monojet (or jet suppression) in BNL and CERN heavy ion collision.

• Superstring theory (MaldacenaConjecture) on heavy ion collisions

near near

collisionsQuantum Gluon Plasma (QGP) shock (and wake) Medium

away a aMedium

Maldacena method: QCD wake awayDeflected Jets

awayConical

Emission

Maldacena method: QCD wake(Chesler/Yaffe 2008)

• Monojet could be caused by:Collective deceleration of quark

26

Collective deceleration of quarkin the nuclear wakefield

(Homma, BNL collab2010)

String theory sees wakefield(!?)

Kelvin wake

All particles in the medium participate = collective phenomenon

Wave breaks at v＜cNo wave breaks and wake peaks at v≈c

← relativity← relativityregularizes

(The density cusps.Cusp singularity) (see 8079A)

(Plasma physics vs.superstring theory?)

Challenge Posed by DG Suzuki

Frontier science driven by advanced accelerator

compact ultrastrong a atto-, zeptosecondcompact, ultrastrong a , p(I have tried to show this)

Can we meet the challenge?A. Suzuki @KEK(2008)

Theory of wakefield toward extreme energy

2 2 2 2 20 0 0 02 2 ,cr

phnE m c a m c a

(when 1D theory applies)

0 0 0 0 ,phen

In order to avoid wavebreak,106

107

V) 1 TeV In order to avoid wavebreak,

a0 < γph1/2 ,

where104

105

nerg

y (M

eV

whereγph = (ncr / ne )1/2

101

102

103

Ele

ctro

n en 1 GeV

←experimet l

←theoretical

100

10E

1017 1018 1019 1020

(-3) Adopt:ntal

20

2 ,crd p

nL a

0

1 ,crnL a

Plasma density (cm-3) Adopt:NIF laser (3MJ)

0 7P V0 ,d pen

0 ,3p p

e

L an

dephasing length pump depletion length

→ 0.7PeV(with Kando, Teshima)

γ-ray signal from primordial GRB

(Abdo,

Energy-dependent photon speed ?Observation of primordial

et al,

2009 Observation of primordial

Gamma Ray Bursts (GRB)(limit is pushed up

09)

←low (limit is pushed up

close to Planck mass)

wer energ

Lab PeV γ (from e-)

gy

can explore thiswith control

higheer→

Feel vacuum texture: PeV energy γ

Laser acceleration → controlled laboratory test to see quantum gravity textureon photon propagation (Special Theory of Relativity: c0)on photon propagation (Special Theory of Relativity: c0)

Coarser,llower energytexture

Finer,higher energy

c < c0

← (0 1P V)

g gytexture

PeV γ (converted from e- )←(1PeV : fs behind)

← (0.1PeV)

1km

Attosecond Metrology of PeV γ Arrivals

(Tajima, Kando,PTP, 2011)

High energy γ- induced Schwinger breakdown (Narozhny, 1968)

[γ-assisted Schwinger process--see p.27]High energy γ induced Schwinger breakdown (Narozhny, 1968)CEP phase sensitive electron-positron accelerationAttosecond electron streakingγ energy tagging possibleγ- energy tagging possible

Goulielmakis(2008)

Conclusions

1. Extreme Light: γ-beams; high field lasers2 Quantum Optics Relativistic Optics (rel coherence)2. Quantum Optics ↔ Relativistic Optics (rel. coherence)2. To reduce the pulse length,

need to increase the intensityneed to increase the intensity3. Ultrafast Optics ↔ High Field Science4 Highest energy laser → Shortest pulses4. Highest energy laser → Shortest pulses5. Attosecond → Zeptosecond6 Vacuum physics can learn from Atomic physics6. Vacuum physics can learn from Atomic physics

e.g. laser streaking of atom7 Vacuum physics ↔ Atomic physics7. Vacuum physics ↔ Atomic physics8. High energy LWFA toward PeV with highest energy

laser → examine Einstein’s relativity Quantum gravitylaser → examine Einstein s relativity, Quantum gravity w/ γ-assisted attosecond Schwinger process

Thank you!Thank you!

(Mourou, 2010)