THE FRENCH REVOLUTIONAND ITS AFTERMATH

A new period of revolution helped open the Iong nlncteenth century with involvementson both sides of the Atlantic. The French Rerolution, st.rrting in 1789, was the center-piece of the whole movement. lt lasted for ten rcars ancl nas follor,ved by consolidationsand conquests under Napoleon's empire. Napoleon's cleieat in 1815 led to a rollbackof some of the revolutionary measures, but nranr oi these returned during subsequentpolitical changes in the nineteenth centlrr\. The Revolution provided something of a

blueprint for the constitutions of a mocJern state,

The Revolution was guided bv nranr oi the philosophical ideas developed in theeighteenth-century Enlightenment. The \nrerlcan Revolution and the constitution itengendered were direct inspirations.r-s \\c , The French Revolution r,vas also a massive

social protest, as peasants and w'orker.s .rri cLr iatr:cl the grievances they had developedduring the Old Regime.

The Revolution happened in France, bir: t hacl European and, soon, r'r,orlcl impact.French conquests spread many of the princ ip es oi il,.e Revolution to most oi \,Vestern Eu rope.

Wars of independence in Latin Arnerica rrere ::.soirecl in ;tart ltv Frcnch rcrolutionari ltrin-ciples. So was liberal-nationalist agitation rr Ea:ierr ELrropc, for er.rrnple, in the Balkans

againstthe Ottoman Empire. Revolutionarr iclea.',.olr lcl shorr up n other rerolr:tions in thetwentieth century and in proclam.ltions oi hr-rnr...r' . gr'ls :uch as ihe L nitecl \ations charter.

There were vital disagrecments \\ithjn lire Re,,o ui or-r. .'rs in all cornplex events-quite apart from the outright resistance the Rcro,-;i or-r 3e:er.rted among conservatives.The first three years of the Revolution enrphas zecl rlreral principles, br-rt then theRevolution turned more radical, for exanrple, rr':iitiriirq irnivcrsal suffrage for all adultmales for the first tinre, although brieflv.

Four documents follow. The first three.rrc classics from the Revolution. TheDeclaration of Rights and the abolition of fer-rcla isrn enrerqed quickly in August 1789, as

the revolutionary Iegislature attempted to define b.r-<ic political and social principles. The

Declaration sought to guide a new political structr-rre, u,hile the attacks on feudalism,responding to massive popular protest, r-rnse.rtecl the old guard order. The thirddocument, the first two verses ol La Marseillaise the French national anthem, the world'sfirst), represents the more radical phase bv 1,92, rvhen revolutionary Ieaders wereguiding armies to fight opposition at home ancl .rbroad.

Selections I, II. and Y fiorn.lames Flarr-ev Robirtson, ecl., Pteadi.ngs irt. Euroltean Hirlo4, \bl. ll(Neru York: (iinn :rnd (lompanv, l90ti), 405-41 I irrrcl 5.17-551; Sclcction III frorn http://rr.lr.l'.elvscc.lil:rng/instit/s1'rr.rbl.htrn (lebsite of the Republic of Flance). Seleclion I!- is fiorn The Fntrufi,

Retolution attd Hu,nt.an Rl,gl1.s. Ed. and trans. Lrv l-r'r'ur Hunt. C)opvrieht O 1!)96 trr, Beclibrd/St. Nlartin's.

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Chapter l6 / The French Revolution and ltsAftermath

5. Lalv can onl1, prcihibit such actions 21s are hurtful to society,. Nothins may bellre\,ented u,hich is not fbrbidcien by lan, and no one malr be forced to clo anvthingnot pro',.ided for bv larv.

6. Lan,is the expression of the general will. El.erT citizen has a right to participatellersonallt', or through his representatir-e, in is fc1'nration. It rnust be the sarne for all,rr'hether it protects or punishes. ,{1l citizens, beinu equal in thc e1,s5 of the lar,v, aree cluallv eligible to all dignities ancl t, all ptrblic p.rriti,rn, arrcl occupatiops, accorcling totheir abilities, and without clistinction except that of tireir vir-tues and tirlents.

7' No person shall be accused, arrestecl, or irnprisonecl except in the casesancl according to the fcrrms prescribed bl. larv. Anv one soliciting, transmittinu,erecuting, or causins to be executecl, anv arbitrarr. orcler, shall be punishcd. ButerI'citizetl srtmntoned or arrestecl in vir-rue of the lin shall submitlrlir.r.", a.i"1, .,lesisl.ancc constitl-ltes iln ofI'ense.8' The lalv sl-rall provicle fbr such punishrnents onlv as are str.icilr, ancl obvio,sl'

llecessar\'/, and tro one shall sr.rffer punishmenr except ii bc lcgirilr.inflictecl ir, "i.t#,f a lan'passed and promr-rlgatecl before the comrnissio. of the ofr.e,se.9. As all persons are helcl innocent until the1, shirll haye been clecl2red guilty,,if arrest shall be cleemed indispensable, all harshness not essential to the seclrringof the prisoner's person shall be sel,erely repressed bv liur,..10' No one shall be disquietecl

.on account of his opinions, includi,g hisrclisious vielt's, prrlriclcd theil rnanifestation does not disturb the public orderestablished bv lal,r,.

11' The fir:e comrnunication of idcas ancl opinions is one ot the most precious,{' 1he rights of tnart. Everv citizen mav" accordingly, 5ps.p, u,rite, ancl prilt lvithtlcedom, but shall be rcsponsible for such abuses oi this fieedou as shall beclefir-red bt. lar,r,.

.:{E DECREE ABOLISHING THE FEUDAL SYSTEM\r'ticle I. The National Assembh. herebl. cornpletelt,abolishes the fer-rdal systeln.It decrees that, amoug the cxistins rights and clltes, ... all those orieinating in orrepresenting real or- pcrsonal ser-fdorti shail be :rbolishecl *.ithout inclernr.rific:ttion.

-ul other dues are cleclarecl redeemable-', the terms :rncl morlc of reclernptioll to belired by the National Assemblv. Those of the saicl rlues rr-hich :rre lrot extinguishe(lllr this clecree shall continne to be collectcd,,rr,ii i,,.i",rr,r,n..",,,r,r shall take place.III' The exclusive risht to hunt and to rnaint:rin unenclosecl \\'arrells is likervise'itlolishcd, ancl ever)'lanclorvner shall have the risht t. kill. ,r. r, ha'c clcstror-ed onhis,$', lar-rcl, all kincls,f garne,.bsening, h,rrr,"i1"r, strch polic" ,".f,i",i.,rrr';;;be established r-ith a lierr.io the safety of the public

'\Jl hunting. [pleserves] inclucling the rcival fcrrests, ancl all huntinu rightsrrtlder tfhatel'er denomination, are likervise abolished. prorisio, shall be macle.]ror'e'er" i, a ma,ner compatibre rvith theregarcl d.e to p."p.r-r. l"i ril."l,,'i".nraintaining the personal pleasures of the kin[.l\r' Nl manorial courts are herebv suppressed r,vithout inclemlilication. But theItlaQ'istrates of these courts shall continue to perlonn their functions gntil s,ch tirne

as the Nzitional Assembl,v shall pror,icle for the establishment of a nerv. judicial sl,stem.

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Chapter l6 / The French Revolution and ltsAftermath

rights :rncl duties; so that bv being liable at e\rer), nlonlent to comparison rvith theaim of anv atrd;rll political institutions the acts of rvornen's:rncl men's po\{ers maybe the nrore lirllr.'respected; and so that bv beirrg fburrclecl herncefor-.,"o..1 ,,r-, sirnpleancl incontcsturlrle principles the de-uri,l. oith" cvtogeneses mar, alr,vavs tendtou,ard maintzrining the ccinstitution, goocl morals, ar-rd the general nelfare. Incoltsequence, the sex that is srrpcrior in bearrtr as itr courage, needecl in maternalsufferings, recosnizes and declerres, in the pl'esence ancl uncler ther agspices of theSuprcme Bei.u, the lirllo*,i,e rights of rvoman .ncl the citizencss.

1. \\bnran is born liee ztnci remains equ:rl to man in riehts. Social clistilc-tions rnar.be based only on conlnton utilit\,.

2. The ptlrpose of all political association is the presenation o{'the naturalarlcl imprescriptiblc rights of \ron)alr and man. Thcse rig|ts are liberry',propertl,, secrrrity,, and cspeciallv rcsistancc to opprcssion.

3. The principlc' of all sovcreisntv rests cssentialh,iri the nation, .rvhich is buttlte leriniting of u,oman atrd nian. No bocl1. :rncl no inflividlal mayexer-cise arrthoritv rl'hich does n()t emanate expressh,fiom the nation. . . .

6. The lalr. should be the cxprcssion of the seneral rr,ill. All citizenesses aldcitizeus shoulcl tilke part, in pcrson or b,v thcir rcpresenurtives, i1 itsformation. It mtrst be the sarne fbr e\reryone. All citizenesses an<I citizens,beinu equal in its e,ves, should be cqualh, admissible to all public cligni-tics, offices, :rncl emplovments, according to their abilitr,, i16 y,ith noothet' distinction than that of their t.irtues atrd talents. . . .

11. The fi'ee cornmttnication of thouqhts ancl opinions is one of the rnostprecious of the rishts of r,loman, since this liberfi,assures the rccognition ofchilclrerl b,v their fltthels. Evern' citizeness nlav therefore s:rv freeh'. I arl themother of vour chilcl: a barbarous prejudice against rurrnar.riecl \\.onrel]hirving chilclrett shoulcl not forcc her to hidc the tnrtlr. so long as r.esponsi-bilin' is accepteci frrr au' abtrse of this libertr. in c:ases cleternrinecl 6r t5e larv(\\r)lllel):llr Itr)l ltll,,trt'rl lo lie:rlloul llrr Irlrtt.r'rtin ,,1 tlrcit , ltii,lrt.tt ...

-

13. For thc rn:li.terurce ,f Prrblic auth()rit\- arcr lirr- e\Pe.scs .f achnir-ristra-tion, tzrxatiort ol trrrttren:rncl nrc'rr is equul: shc t:rkc-s plut in all forcedIabor sen'ice, in all painlirl ta:ks: shc nrust rhercforc haye the sameprclprlrtion in the clistlibution of pluc'r's. t'ntplovrnents, offices, clignities,ancl in industrt.. . . .

17. Propertvbelor-rsstoltothsercsrrhethc.rLiniteclorseparatcd; itisfcrreachof thern anrl it-n'iolable ancl sircrecl right, anrl no one ma,v be cleprivcd of itas a true p2ltrim()nv of nature. e\cept u'hen public necessity certified b1,la$', obviortslv requires it, zrrrcl thcrt on conclition of ajust cornpensatiol iiradvancc.

Postscript\\brncn, It'ake up; the tocsin of reason sounds throughout the uniyerse; rccggnize-r'our rights' The prtlverful ernpire of nature is no longer surrouncled by prejridice,fanaticisrl, suPerstit'ion, and lies. The torch of tnrth has clispersed all the clqlcls offoll1, ancl rrsurpatior-r.

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