North America in North America in 17501750

North America in North America in 17501750

CAUSES OF WAR• Continuous rivalry between British

and French over North American empires– King William’s War, War of Jenkins Ear,

King George’s War

• Conflicting claims over Ohio River Valley– England?

• fur trade/expansion

– France?• fur trade/link b/w Canada & MS

Valley

Beaver fur has multiple layers of different types of hair.

• France’s Fort Duquesne– Threatened colonial

safety– A barrier to further

British expansion westward

CAUSES…..

1753 1753 Major Major WashingtonWashington

• VA Gov. Dinwiddie learns FR troops moved into Ohio River Valley & building forts

• Major Washington, 21, sent by Gov. to deliver message to FR to get out– FR interpreter with him

• Return trip to VA is brutal– Winter, horses dying, so hike through

snow– Indian who offered to show them a

hortcut and then shot at him (poor aim!)

– Pursued by Hurons (FR allies)– Falls off raft into ice-choked Allegheny

River– Spends freezing night on island, guide

suffers frostbite but GWash unhurt

• Gov. publishes account of Washington’s arduous 900 mi. journey in both Williamsburg & London– Washington gains international reputation by

age 22….

» - THE LEGEND BEGINS!

BritishBritish FrenchFrench

The The Ohio ValleyOhio Valley

1754 1754 The Spark The Spark1754 1754 The Spark The Spark

CONFLICTBEGINS AT FORT DUQUESNE

Will spark Will spark global war!global war!

Ft. Duquesne, #1Ft. Duquesne, #1• Colonel GW & 150 VA militia

dispatched by Gov. Dinwiddie• Skirmish w/FR & kill 10,

including their commander– BIG MISTAKE militarily– “I heard the bullets whistle, and believe

me, there is something charming in the sound.” George Washington

• GW retreats to makeshift fort, Ft. Necessity…what happens there?

• Forced to surrender when surrounded by FR (on July 4th)– GW humiliated,,,, resigns, but

will later return• Sparks global war!

Reconstructed model of the hastily built Fort Necessity.

A young George Washington surrenders to the French.

Depiction of George Washington at age 22.

Meeting called by BR for purpose Meeting called by BR for purpose of keeping Iroquois loyal to them of keeping Iroquois loyal to them – – Covenant ChainCovenant Chain

Franklin proposes a “Plan of Franklin proposes a “Plan of Union” to achieve greater colonial Union” to achieve greater colonial unity and provide for better unity and provide for better defense against FRdefense against FR

Would provide for one colonial Would provide for one colonial assembly to manage trade, Indian assembly to manage trade, Indian policy & defensepolicy & defense

Representatives from only 7 Representatives from only 7 colonies come; plan rejected by colonies come; plan rejected by colonies & Londoncolonies & London

So, So, Albany Congress Albany Congress failed BUT... failed BUT... a first attempt at colonial a first attempt at colonial cooperationcooperation

1754 1754 Albany Plan of Albany Plan of UnionUnion

1754 1754 Albany Plan of Albany Plan of UnionUnion

by Benjamin Franklin - Cartoon in the Pennsylvania Gazette, May 9, 1754

• British Gen. Edward Braddock

• George Washington & Daniel Boone Attack Fort Duquesne and Attack Fort Duquesne and are are severely defeated – severely defeated – why?why?• 1500 French and Indian forces – 1500 French and Indian forces – over 900 of 1100 BR, including over 900 of 1100 BR, including Braddock, killedBraddock, killed

• GW becomes legend!GW becomes legend!

• 4 bullets pierced coat, 2 horses shot4 bullets pierced coat, 2 horses shot

from under him, Indian belief…from under him, Indian belief…

• BR then fail in Canada… too many BR then fail in Canada… too many small attacks; no concentrated effort on small attacks; no concentrated effort on Quebec…Quebec…

1755 1755 Ft. Ft.Duquesne #2Duquesne #21755 1755 Ft. Ft.Duquesne #2Duquesne #2

Native American tribes exploited both sides!Native American tribes exploited both sides!

A global war is in effect:A global war is in effect:

““The Great War for Empire”The Great War for Empire”

Lord Lord LoudouLoudou

nn

Marquis Marquis de Montcalmde Montcalm

1756 1756 War Is War Is Formally Formally

Declared! Declared!

1756 1756 War Is War Is Formally Formally

Declared! Declared!

BritishBritish

• March in formation or March in formation or bayonet charge. bayonet charge.

• Br. officers wanted toBr. officers wanted to take charge of colonials. take charge of colonials.

• Prima Donna BR Prima Donna BR officers with servants officers with servants & tea settings. & tea settings.

• Drills & toughDrills & tough discipline. discipline.

• Colonists should payColonists should pay for their own defense. for their own defense.

• Indian-style guerillaIndian-style guerilla tactics. tactics.

• Col. militias servedCol. militias served under own captains. under own captains.

• No mil. No mil. deferencedeference or or protocols observed. protocols observed.

• Resistance to risingResistance to rising taxes. taxes.

• Casual, Casual, non-professionals. non-professionals.

Methods ofMethods ofFighting:Fighting:

MilitaryMilitaryOrganization:Organization:

MilitaryMilitaryDiscipline:Discipline:

Finances:Finances:

Demeanor:Demeanor:

British-American British-American Colonial TensionsColonial TensionsBritish-American British-American Colonial TensionsColonial Tensions

ColonialsColonials

20,000 colonials serve – myth of BR invincibility shattered.

He understood colonial concerns & He understood colonial concerns & offered them a compromise:offered them a compromise:

For colonial loyalty & mil. For colonial loyalty & mil. cooperation- cooperation- British would British would reimburse colonies reimburse colonies for much of for much of their troops/supplies.their troops/supplies.

TURNING POINT IN WAR!!TURNING POINT IN WAR!!

Puts younger BR officers in Puts younger BR officers in place;place;

““The enemy of my The enemy of my enemy…..” Aids FR’s enemy…..” Aids FR’s enemies elsewhere around enemies elsewhere around world & thus forces FR to world & thus forces FR to withdraw some troops from withdraw some troops from AMAM

1757 1757 William Pitt William Pitt Becomes Foreign Becomes Foreign

MinisterMinister

1757 1757 William Pitt William Pitt Becomes Foreign Becomes Foreign

MinisterMinister

RESULTS?RESULTS? Colonial morale up by Colonial morale up by 17581758

Battle at Ft. William HenryBattle at Ft. William Henry“Last of the Mohicans”“Last of the Mohicans”• Lake George, NY• BR Col. Munro vs. FR Montcalm• BR, unable to get

reinforcements, surrender the fort Aug. 1757

• FR Indian allies massacre BR on their exit from the fort

** By 1761, SP has become an ally of FRBy 1761, SP has become an ally of FR

1758-1761 1758-1761 The Tide The Tide Turns for EnglandTurns for England

1758-1761 1758-1761 The Tide The Tide Turns for EnglandTurns for England

1758 – First majorBR victory:LOUISBURG,the gatewayto New France,St. Lawrence River

Battle of Quebec - Battle of Quebec - 17591759

•James Wolfe vs. Montcalm•BR couldn’t get Quebec because …•Wolfe comes up with a new plan….

Battle of Quebec - Battle of Quebec - 17591759

•The End for France!

•Montcalm & Wolfe both die

•Montreal then taken in 1760

France --> lost allFrance --> lost all Canadian Canadian possessions, most of her empire in possessions, most of her empire in India, and claims India, and claims to lands east of the Mississippi to lands east of the Mississippi River; only keeps W Indies sugar River; only keeps W Indies sugar islands - islands - HaitiHaitiSpain -->Spain --> got got all lands west all lands west of the of the Mississippi River & New Orleans Mississippi River & New Orleans from FR; but from FR; but cedescedes Florida Florida to to England in exchange for Cuba.England in exchange for Cuba.

England -->England --> got all French lands in got all French lands in Canada, exclusive rights to Canada, exclusive rights to Caribbean slave trade, and Caribbean slave trade, and commercial dominance commercial dominance in India; owns in India; owns all lands east of MS all lands east of MS RiverRiver

1763 1763 Treaty of Treaty of ParisParis

1763 1763 Treaty of Treaty of ParisParis

North America in North America in 17631763

North America in North America in 17631763

North North America America in 1763in 1763

North North America America in 1763in 1763

North North America America in 1750in 1750

North North America America in 1750in 1750

1.1. It increased her colonial It increased her colonial empireempire in the Americas. in the Americas.

2.2. It greatly enlarged It greatly enlarged England’s England’s debt – heavy debt – heavy taxation of the coloniestaxation of the colonies begins!begins!

3.3. Britain’s Britain’s contemptcontempt for the for the colonials created bitter colonials created bitter feelings.feelings.

Effects of the War Effects of the War on Britain?on Britain?

Effects of the War Effects of the War on Britain?on Britain?

1.1. It united them against a commonIt united them against a common

enemy for the 1enemy for the 1stst time! time!

2.2. It created bitter feelings towards It created bitter feelings towards

the British that would only the British that would only intensify.intensify.3. Military experience for officers & 3. Military experience for officers & men.men.

Effects of the War on Effects of the War on the American the American

ColonialsColonials

Effects of the War on Effects of the War on the American the American

ColonialsColonials

4.4. Shattered myth of BR Shattered myth of BR invincibility!invincibility!5.5. Encourages colonial expansion.Encourages colonial expansion.

6.6. Hostility towards Native Hostility towards Native Americans.Americans.

17631763 Pontiac’s Pontiac’s RebellionRebellion

Fort DetroitFort Detroit

The Aftermath: The Aftermath: Tensions Along the Tensions Along the

FrontierFrontier

The Aftermath: The Aftermath: Tensions Along the Tensions Along the

FrontierFrontier

• Ottawa Chief / FR Indian allies attack BR & AM

• Destroy 3 BR outposts / kill 2,000 colonists in PA, MD, VA

• Biological warfare used by BR in Detroit– Distribute “gifts” of smallpox-infected “gifts” of smallpox-infected

blankets to Indians.blankets to Indians.

Pontiac’s Rebellion Pontiac’s Rebellion (1763)(1763)

Pontiac’s Rebellion Pontiac’s Rebellion (1763)(1763)

RESULT? BR realize need to stabilize Indian relations & keep troops stationed

along the frontier.

Colonists see Pontiac’s defeat as free ticket to populate the OH Valley.

British British ProclamationProclamation Line of 1763. Line of 1763.

Reaction of Colonials?Reaction of Colonials?

BACKLASH!BACKLASH!BACKLASH!BACKLASH!

Goal of the BR?

General Colonial Reaction to General Colonial Reaction to Proclamation of 1763Proclamation of 1763

• Colonists see it as an attack on their liberty, an attempt to control them

• Ignore it and continued to move West• DANIEL BOONE helped lead the way!

Deeper Unrest: The Paxton Boys & The

Regulators• The PA frontier area populated by many rough-

and-tumble Scots-Irish immigrants - weary of the colonial assembly’s inattention to Indian attacks and requests for soldiers, guns, powder and lead. Many in the assembly were pacifist Quakers.

• A group of Paxton men took matters into their own hands in Dec. 1763 - raided a small settle-ment of peaceful, co-existing Conestoga Indians in Lancaster County, PA. 6 Indians killed in the attack & 14 taken captive; all later murdered.

• PA Gov. issued warrants for arrest, but sympathetic frontiersmen refused to assist in bringing the Paxton Boys to justice.

• Paxton Boys later marched on Philly in 1764 to protest the Quakers’ lenient Indian policies.

• Franklin himself negotiated resolution• Similar “Regulator Movement” in Carolinas.

– Regulators were backcountry farmers.– Called for more courts on frontier, fairer taxation, and

greater representation in colonial assemblies.

Collaboration of Susan Pojer and Pamela Montague