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THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR

1756-1763

We’ll Hit This 3 Ways!

� Causes� French Expansion into the New World

� European Power Struggles (World Wars)

� Events� Fort Necessity� Braddock and Duquesne

� Wolfe and Quebec� Treaty of Paris 1763

� Effects� Beginning of colonial unification

� Elimination of French threat in N.A.� Seeds of rebellion/tension between colonies and Great Britain

� Britain rethinks its empire!

French Expansion into the

New World� Edict of Nantes (1598)

� Champlain

� La Salle

� New France

� Louisiana

� Quebec (1608) and Montreal (1642)

� New Orleans (1718)

� Fur traders/trappers

� Jesuit Missionaries (black robes)

Causes

� European Power Struggles:

� England, France, and Spain are all competing with each other for NAVAL power (why?)

� Several World Wars in Europe lead to skirmishes in

the new world:

� 1688-1697 : War of the League of Augsburg King William’s War (1689-1697)

� 1701-1713: War of Spanish Succession Queen Anne’s War

� 1740-1748: War of Austrian Succession King George’s War (including War of Jenkins’s Ear)

War of Jenkins’s Ear:

Queen Anne’s War:

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The Wars in North America

� Jenkins’s Ear:� Spain vs. Britain� Fought mainly in Caribbean

and Georgia

� After merging and turning into King George’s War:� New Englanders captured

Louisbourg (important because of St. Lawrence R)

� It’s given back to France during peace time in exchange for land in Europe

� I SEE TENSION!

� Queen Anne’s War:� Britain vs. France� Spain allies with France

� Colonials capture Nova Scotia

� Treaty of Utrecht in 1713:� Britain receives Nova Scotia,

New Foundland, and Hudson Bay

� Limited trading rights with Spain will lead to

After the Wars and Territorial Expansion… This is the

New World in 1750… Do we see potential conflict?

The French and Indian War: A

Beginning� Unlike other world wars: this conflict STARTS

in the New World. (Guess who starts it?)

George Washington:

Rich Virginia PlanterStatus monger

What better way to become more important!

WeSurrender

RUN

AWAY

French and Indian soon

becomes “7 Years War” (1756)Formal war is not declared until 1756.

2 years of War in North America!

So What happened in those 2 years:

Braddock and Duquesne!

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Braddock: Britain’s Mistake

� British decide to let General Braddock lead an

army to wipe out the French threat in N.A. (1755)

� Braddock assembles 2000 men and trudges

through the forest

� French and Indians use guerrilla warfare to destroy Braddock’s army and kill Braddock.

AA He understood colonial concerns.He understood colonial concerns.

AA He offered them a compromise:He offered them a compromise:

-- col. loyalty & mil. cooperationcol. loyalty & mil. cooperation---->Br. >Br. would reimburse col. assemblies forwould reimburse col. assemblies fortheir costs.their costs.

-- Lord Loudoun would be removedLord Loudoun would be removed..

RESULTS?RESULTS? �������� Colonial moraleColonial moraleincreased by 1758.increased by 1758.

1757 1757 ��������William Pitt William Pitt

Becomes Foreign MinisterBecomes Foreign Minister

1757 1757 ��������William Pitt William Pitt

Becomes Foreign MinisterBecomes Foreign Minister

William Pitt :

Leader of British Government

“The Great Commoner”

Helps turn the tide in N.A. by focusing on Quebec and

Montreal.

James Wolfe:

General designated by

Pitt to lead the attack on Quebec

Died on the Plains of

Abraham, but was victorious!

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France France ----> > lost her Canadian possessions, lost her Canadian possessions, most of her empire in India, and claims most of her empire in India, and claims to lands east of the Mississippi River.to lands east of the Mississippi River.

Spain Spain ---->> got all French lands west of got all French lands west of the Mississippi River, New Orleans, but the Mississippi River, New Orleans, but lost Florida to England.lost Florida to England.

England England ---->> got all French lands in got all French lands in Canada, exclusive rights to Caribbean Canada, exclusive rights to Caribbean slave trade, and commercial dominance slave trade, and commercial dominance in India.in India.

1763 1763 ��������Treaty of ParisTreaty of Paris1763 1763 ��������Treaty of ParisTreaty of Paris

Beginning of Colonial UnificationBeginning of Colonial Unification

1754 1754 ��������Albany Plan of UnionAlbany Plan of Union

� Two part plan

� Keep Iroquois on English side. (partially successful)

� Create a combined NE government (Total Failure, as Eng saw it as too independent, and colonies as too weak)

Breaking Bread with Other

Colonies� French and Indian War also allowed

militiamen to break bread with other colonials…

� Why is this important?

Elimination of the French

Threat! (Why is that of Importance?)

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17631763 �������� Pontiac’s RebellionPontiac’s Rebellion

Fort DetroitFort Detroit

British “gifts” of smallpoxBritish “gifts” of smallpox--infected infected blankets from Fort Pitt.blankets from Fort Pitt.

Tensions Tensions Along the Along the

FrontierFrontier

Tensions Tensions Along the Along the

FrontierFrontier

Thousands of

colonists are killed by

Pontiac and his Natives.

Pontiac dies in

1769.

Why was this rebellion

important? (Give at least 2

reasons)

Who were the Paxton Boys?

Why were they

important?

BritishBritish

• March in formation or March in formation or

bayonet charge.bayonet charge.

• Br. officers wanted toBr. officers wanted to

take charge of colonials.take charge of colonials.

• Prima Donna Br. Prima Donna Br.

officers with servantsofficers with servants& tea settings.& tea settings.

• Drills & toughDrills & tough

discipline.discipline.

• Colonists should payColonists should pay

for their own defense.for their own defense.

• IndianIndian--style guerillastyle guerilla

tactics.tactics.

• Col. militias servedCol. militias served

under own captains.under own captains.

• No mil. deference orNo mil. deference or

protocols observed.protocols observed.

• Resistance to risingResistance to rising

taxes.taxes.

• Casual, Casual,

nonnon--professionals.professionals.

Methods ofMethods of

Fighting:Fighting:

MilitaryMilitary

Organization:Organization:

MilitaryMilitary

Discipline:Discipline:

Finances:Finances:

Demeanor:Demeanor:

BritishBritish--American American

Colonial TensionsColonial Tensions

BritishBritish--American American

Colonial TensionsColonial Tensions

ColonialsColonials

Br. Gvt. measures to prevent Br. Gvt. measures to prevent smuggling:smuggling:

�� James Otis’James Otis’ casecase

�� Protection of a citizen’sProtection of a citizen’sprivate property must beprivate property must beheld in higher regardheld in higher regardthan a parliamentary than a parliamentary statute.statute.

AA 1761 1761 �������� writs of assistancewrits of assistance

�� He lost He lost �������� parliamentary parliamentary law and custom had equallaw and custom had equalweight.weight.

Rethinking Their EmpireRethinking Their EmpireRethinking Their EmpireRethinking Their Empire

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1.1. Sugar Sugar Act Act –– 176417641.1. Revenue act aimed at helping Revenue act aimed at helping defencedefence

costscosts

2.2. Currency Currency Act Act –– 176417642.2. Forbid colonies from issuing paper moneyForbid colonies from issuing paper money

4.4. Stamp Stamp Act Act –– 17651765

3.3. Quartering Quartering Act Act –– 176517653.3. Colonial government would house troops in areaColonial government would house troops in area

George Grenville’s George Grenville’s

Program, 1763Program, 1763--17651765

George Grenville’s George Grenville’s

Program, 1763Program, 1763--17651765 Loyal NineLoyal Nine -- 17651765

Sons of LibertySons of Liberty –– began in began in NYC:NYC:Samuel Samuel AdamsAdams

Stamp Act CongressStamp Act Congress –– 17651765** Stamp Act ResolvesStamp Act Resolves

Declaratory ActDeclaratory Act –– 17661766

Stamp Act CrisisStamp Act CrisisStamp Act CrisisStamp Act Crisis

17671767 �������� William Pitt, P. M. & Charles William Pitt, P. M. & Charles Townshend, Secretary ofTownshend, Secretary ofthe Exchequer.the Exchequer.

AA Shift from paying taxes for Br. war Shift from paying taxes for Br. war debts & quartering of troops debts & quartering of troops ��������paying col. govt. salaries.paying col. govt. salaries.

AA He diverted revenue collection from He diverted revenue collection from internal to external trade.internal to external trade.

AA Tax these imports Tax these imports �������� paper, paint,paper, paint,lead, glass, tea.lead, glass, tea.

AA Increase custom officials at Increase custom officials at American ports American ports �������� established a established a Board of Customs in Boston.Board of Customs in Boston.

Townshend Duties Townshend Duties

Crisis: 1767Crisis: 1767--17701770

Townshend Duties Townshend Duties

Crisis: 1767Crisis: 1767--17701770

1.1. John Dickinson John Dickinson �������� 17681768** Letters from a Farmer inLetters from a Farmer inPennsylvaniaPennsylvania..

2.2. 1768 1768 �������� 22ndnd nonnon--importation importation movement:movement:

** “Daughters of Liberty”“Daughters of Liberty”** spinning beesspinning bees

3.3. Riots against customs agents:Riots against customs agents:** John Hancock’s ship, the John Hancock’s ship, the LibertyLiberty..

** 4000 British troops sent 4000 British troops sent to Boston.to Boston.

Colonial Response to Colonial Response to

the Townshend Dutiesthe Townshend Duties

Colonial Response to Colonial Response to

the Townshend Dutiesthe Townshend Duties