the fourth century crisis - university of albertaegarvin/assets/14-fourth...hired clearchus...
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The Fourth CenturyCrisis
The Struggle for Hegemony
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Stasis: 404-3
Lysander’s Settlement:Patrios PoliteiaThe constitution of our ancestorsOligarchy – rule by aristocratic elite
Patron PoliteiaThe constitution of our fathers Literal interpretation: the democracy
of the 450’s
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Theramenes
Friend of SocratesNot a member of a hetaireiaLeader of the Kaloi K’Agathoi from 413Leader of the revolution of 411: Supported the recall of Alcibiades Turned against the Four Hundred Rejoined the Fleet in 410
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Theramenes the tube sock
Prosecuted Arginusae strategoiSupported the democrats in 404Threatened with executionElected one of the ThirtyOpposed the Rule of the ThirtyExecuted in 403
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The Thirty Tyrants
Critias: Leader of the ThirtyOrdered execution of TheramenesAsked Lysander to execute Alcibiades
Proscriptions:Spartan garrisonOver 1500 executedWealthy flee Athens
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Civil War: 403
Sparta: No exiles given sanctuaryArgos and Thebes refuse the order
Thrasybulus: Fortifies Phyle Repels an attack by CritiasMoves to Munychia
Critias Removed the democrats to PeiraeusDefeated and killed in battle
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Munychia
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Cyrus the Pretender
Darius II (423 – 405)Artaxerxes & CyrusCyrus:Satrap of Sardis under Darius (408)Assisted LysanderAt war with TissaphernesHired Clearchus
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Pharnabazus: 404 BC
Alcibiades: learned of Cyrus’ Plot Reported it to Pharnabazus
Pharnabazus: Satrap of PhrygiaArrested and executed Alcibiades Reported the plot to Artaxerxes
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March of the Ten Thousand
Cyrus the PretenderGathered an army of 70,000 13,000 Greek mercenariesWar on Pisidia and CiliciaDefeated at Cunaxa in 401 BC.
XenophonTook command of 10,000 GreeksMarched from Cunaxa to Trapezus
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March of the Ten Thousand
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Sparta and Persia:
Tissaphernes: Chased mercenaries out of AsiaGiven Cyrus’ Satrapy
Sparta: Based at EphesusThibron (400/399)Dercylidas (399/8)Truce with Tissaphernes
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Spartan HegemonyHarmosts installed in Aegean citiesDemocracies dissolvedWar with Persia: 398: Agesilaus succeeds Agis 396: Leads invasion of Asia 395/4: Tissaphernes defeated
Tithraustes Replaced Tissaphernes Financed Boeotian League
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Conon
Exiled after AegospotamiFled to CyprusHired by Pharnabazus in 398Recovers Aegean Islands 394:Defeats Spartan fleet off Cnidus393: Begins to rebuild Long Walls
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The Boeotian War
Thebes – Argos – Athens395/4: Lysander killed at HaliartusAgesilaus recalled from Asia
393 - 91 Corinthian War Lechaeum
387: The King’s Peace
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Ten Thousand Persian Archers
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Second Athenian League383:Sparta takes citadel of Thebes
379:Spartans forced out of Thebes
377Second Athenian League
371 Battle of LeuctraSpartan phalanx beaten
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Theban Hegemony
Pelopidas and EpaminondasSacred BandThe Peloponnese: 370/69Arcadian LeagueMessenia liberatedAthens allies with Sparta
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Mantinea
362 BC:Sparta, Athens, Achaea, Ellis and ArcadiaEpaminondas: Chose MantineaVictorious, but killed in battle
Nothing resolved
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New Geopolitics