The Foundations of Engineering and Architecture001*PREHISTORY *

Author Aleš Student, Klára Frolíková Palánová

translation Klára Frolíková Palánová

Time periode

500 000-1 000 000 years BC – 3000-1000 years BC

• Old Paleolithic 500 000 to 150 000 years b.c.

• Middle Palaeolithic 150 000 – 40 000 years b.c.

• Mesolithic 40 000 – 10 000 years b.c.

• Neolithic 10 000 – 4 000 years b.c.

• Bronze-copper age period

TYPES OF BUILDINGS

Primary schelter

Cave, shelter, tents and huts, prehistoric Houses

THE FORTIFICATIONS

Clay walls, Stake Palisades

CULT CONSTRUCTIONS

Menhir, trilith, dolmen

CAVE

SHELTER

SHELTER IN THE CAVE OR NEAR THE CAVE

TENT

HUT

IGLOO

HOUSE

HOUSE TIPE MEGARO IN JERICHO 7 000 BC

THE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE PREHISTORIC ARCHITECTURE

The absolute beginnings of buildings mainly for shelter and meals

Building types for the use and basic function

Natural unworked materials

The discovery of rhythm, landmarks and scaling (first houses and megaro)

BUILDING MATERIALS

BONES

CLAY

BRANCHES

STONES

CONSTRUCTION

Masonry – from small stones for dry Masonry

Megalithic masonry – large unworked or hacked stones

Trilit — two menhirs and a horizontal stone — the first example of architrave system

Stake construction – the vertical wooden poles

Saddle roof

SIGNIFICANT BUILDINGS

(the selection of certain foreign as well as domestic buildings)

001 * menhir line in CARNAC (Francie)several thousand menhir statues lined in parallel rows

002 * cave MENGA (Malaga, Španělsko) cca 3.000 years b.c.

003 * Shrine in STONEHENGE (Salisbury, Anglie) The most beautiful prehistoric sanctuary

004 * shrine in STONEHENGE (Salisbury, Anglie) Megalithic building (Cromlech) –

the outside circle has a diameter of 100 m

005 * shrine in STONEHENGE (Salisbury, Anglie) The rocks are high over 4 m and weighs 40-50 t

006 * shrine in TALATÍ de DALT (Mahon, Menorca) Stone plate 3x4 m backed by perpendicular stove– T

and a sloping reinforced by buttress

007 * dolmen PEDRA GENTIL (Barcelona, Spain) Megalithic building, in Catalonia there are more smaller dimensions

(mostly from the bronze age)

Longitudinal early dolmen

Central early dolmen

Late dolmen (Denmark)

One ore two chamber