The Formation of Western

Europe800 - 1500

Church Power

• Problems:– Village priests married and had kids– Lay Investiture gave power to ….– Church positions are being sold!

• (Church needs/wants $$$ )

Gothic Architecture

Flying Buttresses

Gargoyles

High Ceilings

Pointed Arches

Stained Glass Windows

Ame

Notre Dame

The Crusades

• 1093 Pope Urban II – Launches “Holy War”

• Causes– Emotional– Economic

The Crusades• Richard the

LionheartedSaladin

Muslims had control of Jerusalem, but Christians could come visit!

Effects of the Crusades

• TRADE between Europe and SW Asia

• Pope loses power

• Kings gain power

• Christians vs. Muslims & Jews

The Crusades

• Crash Course Crusades:

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X0zudTQelzI

Growth & Changes1000 - 1300

• 3 Field System

• Trade

• Financial

Growth & Changes1000 - 1300

• Town Advantages– Social– Economic

• Learning- Geoffrey Chaucer- Thomas Aquinas- Used “vernacular”

England Absorbs Waves of Invaders

• 800’s = England attacked by Danish Vikings• Anglo-Saxons, a Germanic tribe, battled & defeated the

Vikings– “England” came from “the land of the Angles”

• 1066 = Battle of Hastings– Norman conquest

• From Normandy, France• Descendants from old Vikings• Spoke French & practiced French traditions

– William the Conqueror (Norman) claimed all of England

King Henry II & Queen Eleanor of Aquitaine

• Tried to achieve two main goals– 1) wanted to hold and add onto their French lands– 2) wanted to strengthen their own power over the

nobles and the Church

England’s Evolving Government

• Strengthened the royal courts– Sent royal judges to every part of England once a year

• Collect taxes• Settle lawsuits• Punish crimes

• Introduced the jury in English courts– Usually 12 neighbors of the accused

The Time Period of Robin Hood

• King John– Lost all of the British controlled land in

France– Confronted by his nobles– Mean to his subjects

• Highly taxed the people• Robin Hood

• 1215 = nobles forced King John to sign to Magna Carta

– Limits the king’s power– Safeguards the nobles’ rights– Guaranteed the following

• No taxation without representation• Jury trial• Protection of the law

King Edward I• King Edward I

– Starts Parliament in 1295• Legislative group• Included knights, burgesses,

bishops, lords

– Continued to call Parliament anytime he wanted a new tax

– Eventually, it forms the Assembly

– Parliament provides a check on Royal Power

• House of Commons– Knights, burgesses, lords

• House of Lords– Bishops & nobles

Capetian Dynasty Rules France

• Hugh Capet begins the Capetian Dynasty– 987-1328– Controlled a small territory in northern France

(Paris) that dominated trade routes

Philip II

• Most powerful Capetian ruler– 1180-1223

• Known as Philip Augustus– Augustus means “majestic” in Latin

• Main goal– Weaken the power of the English kings in France

• He was crafty, unprincipled, and willing to do whatever necessary to achieve his goal

– He was unsuccessful against Henry II & Richard, but he beat King John

• Seized Normandy in 1204 & other territories later

Philip II

• King Philip II wanted a stronger central government– Established royal

officials called bailiffs• Sent from Paris to

every district in the kingdom

– Preside over the king’s courts

– Collect the king’s taxes

Capetian Dynasty

• Philip IV– 1285-1314– Starts the Third Estate

• Estates General– First Estate

» Church leaders– Second Estate

» Great lords– Third Estate

» Commoners

– Increases royal power against the nobility

Great Schism

• Two popes were elected to please mobs– Pope Urban VI

• Lived in Rome

– Pope Clement VII• Lived in Avignon

• 1417 = the Council of Constance forced both popes to resign– They chose a new pope to end the schism

• Pope Martin I– Lived in Rome

Scholars Challenged the Church Authority

• John Wycliffe & Jan Hus– Believed Jesus Christ was the head of the Church– Believed the Bible was the final authority for

Christians– Believed both, Jesus Christ & the Bible, were higher

than the Church and the Pope

• People grew tired of Popes & Bishops living lives of luxury– Believed the church clergy shouldn’t own land/wealth

The Bubonic Plague Strikes• Bubonic Plague

– Came to Europe from Asia

– Affected most of Asia, North Africa, and Europe

– Symptoms• High fever, chills, & delirium

• Painful swelling of lymph nodes– Mainly in groin & armpits

• Purplish and Black spots on skin– Gave the name “Black Death”

WHY??

• People looked for a scapegoat to blame– Jews were believed to have poisoned the

wells• Massacred & exiled

– Church loses influence• Prayers & penances didn’t stop the plague• Priests abandoned their duties

This Plague is B-U-B-O-N-I-C

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rZy6XilXDZQ

Effects of the Bubonic Plague

• Church lost prestige• Town populations declined

– Within 4 years, 25 million Europeans were killed• Trade declined• Prices rose• Shortage of workers• Serfs unpaid/poorly paid

– Left the manors• Abandoned farmland• Manors crumbled• Peasant revolts• Pessimism rose

– “Eat, Drink, and Be Merry, for Tomorrow You may Die.”• End of the Middle Ages

When the last Capetian King died without an heir, England’s Edward III claimed the French

throne because he was the grandson of Philip IV.

Hundred Years War

• Hundred Years War– 1337-1453 (on and off)– Battle of Crecy = English victory– Battle of Poitiers = English victory– Battle of Agincourt = English victory

• All 3 of these battles were fought & won by British archers

• The success of the longbow put an end to the heavily armored medieval knight

Joan of Arc

• Joan of Arc– French peasant teenager– Believed that God told her

to drive the English out & restore the crown to son of King Charles VI

– Prince Charles believed she was sincere

– She led soldiers to relieve Orleans & France of the blockade

• Successful• Afterwards, Charles VII

was crowned King of France on July 17, 1429

Joan of Arc

• Joan of Arc continued to drive the English out

• She was captured in battle by the Burgundians (English allies)– Turned over to English– Turned over to the Church

• Put on trial & condemned a witch & heretic

– Burned at the stake

• King Charles VII did nothing to rescue her

Impact of the Hundred Years Wars:English left France

England only controlled the port of Calais

• France– Lost lives, property,

and money– Raised power &

prestige for the monarch

– Raised nationalism– King is now the

national leader

• England– Lost lives & money– Raised nationalism– King is now the

national leader

– Goes through the War of the Roses

• 2 noble houses fought for throne which strengthens Parliament

Impact of the Hundred Years Wars

End of the Middle Ages