the formation of wales

8/7/2019 The Formation of Wales

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The formation of Wales



Brut y Tywysogion

[1240] One thousand two hundred and forty was

the year of Christ when Llywelyn ab Iorwerth,

prince of Wales, a man whose deeds it were

difficult to relate, died . And he was buried at

Aberconwy after assuming the habit of the

[Cistercian] Order. And after him ruled Dafydd ,

his son by Joan, his mother , daughter of kingJohn.



Brut y Tywysogion

[1241] [] the king gathered a host and came tosubdue the princes of Wales.

[] And he took hostages for Gwynedd from

Dafydd ap Llywelyn, his nephew , against Dafydds restoring to Gruffudd apGwenwynwyn all his rights in Powys and to thesons of Maredudd ap Cynan all their rights inMeirionnydd , and therewith summoningDafydd to London to the council and that hebring along with him Gruffudd , his brother



Matthew Paris, Chronica majora

[1247] Wales at this time experienced a

cessation of arable and dairy farming and of

commerce, and the inhabitants suffered from

want. They accepted English rule unwillingly ;

their time honoured aristocratic pride fell into

decline; and the harps even of the churchmen

turned to mourning and lamentation.



Matthew Paris, Chronica majora

[1250] Wales, having lost its prince

Llywelyn [ab Iorwerth] and his two

sons [Dafydd , d.1246, and Gruffudd , d.1244], who succumbed to

premature death, inclined towards

the laws of England and the rule of

its king.



Brut y Tywysogion

[1256] The following year Edward , son of kingHenry , earl of Chester , came to survey hiscastles and his lands in Gwynedd. And then

the magnates of Wales, despoiled of their liberty and reduced to bondage, came toLlywelyn ap Gruffudd and mournfully madeknown to him that they preferred to be slain in

battle for their liberty than to suffer themselves to be trampled upon in bondageby men alien to them.



Close Rolls, 1259-61, 4-5, no.475, October

1259

Letter , in which Llywelyn, in order to obtain peace withthe king and to hold the lands and homages of Walesas his grandfather Llywelyn [ab Iorwerth] had held them, offers to do homage to the king for them and

willingly marry a certain niece of the king. Or hewould pay the king 11,000 marks, his queen 2,000 marks, and his son Edward 3,000 marks, to be paid over eighty years at £200 per annum, and would givethe king two commotes, namely Prestatyn and

Creuddyn, within which the castles of Degannwy and Diserth were built , and would restore to theMarchers lands in Wales occupied by him and hismen. Or he would pay £7 00 for a seven-year truce, namely £100 per annum.



Treaty of Montgomery(September 1267)

Gwynedd, Llywelyn ap Gruffudd's

principality (green)

Territories conquered by Llywelyn apGruffudd (purple)

Territories of Llywelyn's vassals (blue)

Lordships of the Marcher barons (orange)

Lordships of the King of England (yellow)



Treaty of Aberconwy9 November 1277



the Treaty of Aberconwy

(9 November 1277)

( 13) Disputes between the prince and others

shall be settled according to the laws of theMarch concerning matters in the March and

according to the laws of Wales [Hywel Dda]

concerning those in Wales



Calendar of Welsh Rolls

[11 Edward I]

the king proposes, by the counsel of the proceres and magnates of the realm and of the whole community thereof , to put an end finally to the matter that hehas now commenced of putting down the malice of

the Welsh, as Llywelyn son of Gruffudd and other Welshmen, his accomplices, have so many timesdisturbed the peace of the realm in the kings timeand in the times of his progenitors, and they persist in their resumed rebellion, and the king conceives it

to be more convenient and suitable that he and theinhabitants of his realm should be burdened uponthis occasion with labours and expenses in order toput down wholly their malice for the common good



Brenhinedd y Saesson

[1282] And then Roger Mortimer and Gruffudd ap Gwenwynwyn, and withthem the kings host , came without

warning upon Llywelyn ap Gruffudd and slew him and many of his host on thefeast day of Pope Damasus, the eleventhday of the month of December , a Friday.

And then all Wales was cast to theground .



Brenhinedd y Saesson

� Anno Domini MCCLXXXIII. The building of the

castle of Aberconwy and Beaumaris and

Caernarfon and Harlech was begun. On the

fifth day from the end of the month of April

there was born to the king a son who was

called Edward of Caernarvon. And the

summer next after that Edward gained possession of all Gwynedd.



Edward Is Welsh castles



Harlech Castle



Caernarfon Castle



Beaumaris Castle



Owain Glyn Dr

the formation of wales

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