The Formation of New IdentitiesWho are we?Colonial Legacies 2:

The Nation-State and Global CapitalismSecures private propertyOrganizes and disciplines working classProvides and maintains economic infrastructure (transportation, communication, judiciary, education)Regulates conflict (at home and abroad)Eric Wolf, Europe and the People Without History

The Tasks of the Nation StateMonopolize ForceControl Economic LifeMobilize Spiritual Values

The NationNatural?Constructed?

Nationalism: Some explanations of causesThe drive to be close to others of shared blood or cultureThe formulation of national ideologiesFostered by dominant classes to obscure structural contradictionsExternal PressuresInternal PressuresErnst Gellner

Cultivating NationalismReconfigure social relations to focus upon the stateDeep, horizontal comradeshipSelf-sacrificing loveSelf against the Other

Propagation of Nationalism through Interconnected SystemsLanguageBureaucracyEducation

American Anthropological AssociationStatement on "Race"

Early in the 19th century the growing fields of science began to be reflected in public consciousness about human differences. Differences among the "racial" categories were projected to their greatest extreme when the argument was posed that Africans, Indians, and Europeans were separate species

Sources of Knowledge of Colonized Peoples

New Sciences classified populations and territories and made them visible in particular ways:

-- Archaeology, Geography, Cartography, Philology, Ethnology, Demography, Anthropology

ethnicity is natural -- tribal primordial differences primitivism -- hierarchy of peoples races of man

Social Darwinism-- and the Races of Man

Social Darwinism-- and the fear of the masses

Assimilation? e.g., Latin America

What do we mean by Latin America?

Spanish and Portuguese speakingMexico to the southern tip of S. America

33 states13 Caribbean20 Mainland

Spanish colonial architecture, Quito, EcuadorSchoolchildren, Cartagena, ColumbiaBanana processing, EcuadorColonial landscapes in Latin America

16 "racial" categories based on the percent of one's ancestry from different groups:

Bermejos 100% European Indios100% Native American Negros 100% African MulatosEuropean and African mixture (7 categories) MestizosEuropean and Native American mixture (5 categories) 17th century Spanish colonial America

9 categories of African and European mixture based on the assumption that people have 128 parts of inheritance:

Blanc European (128 parts European ancestry)NgreAfrican (128 parts African ancestry)Multre64 parts European and 64 parts AfricanSacatra8 to 32 parts EuropeanGriffe24 to 39 parts European Marabou40 to 48 parts EuropeanQuateron71 to 100 parts EuropeanMtif101 to 112 parts EuropeanMamelouc113 to 120 parts European Quateronn 121 to 124 parts EuropeanSang-ml125 to 127 parts European18th century French colonial Haiti

Segregation: e.g., Southern Africa

-- Race Classification-- Work permit-- Territories-- Group Areas-- Policing e.g., laws, passes

Stallard Commission of 1922: the native shall only be allowed to enter urban areas, which are essentially the white mans creation, when he is willing to enter and to minister to the need of the white man, and should depart therefore when he ceases so to minister Racialized landscapes

Complex IdentitiesNationRaceEthnicityClass

From Ryukyu to Japan

Destruction of Ryukyu: 1879

Denial of China-Ethnic Purification

Intellectual Complicity?Iha FuyuAssistant to Torii RyuzoMentor to Yanagita KunioHistorian, Linguist,Ethnographer

Exemplary Proletarians

Devoted Imperial Subjects

Into the abyss

1.To secure obedience and gain a monopoly on force with legitimate violence2.To exert control over economic life to ensure the orderly circulation of goods, and to take for itself a share of the national income for its own expenditure, luxury, administration & wars.3. To participate in spiritual or religious life and derive additional strength by using religious values or establishing a state religionExternal Pressures: During the course of economic development, that is during the diffusion of industrialism, disadvantaged actors are incorporated into the uneven system. In order to protect themselves from other states, these political units must also become states.Internal Pressures: When communities are no longer contiguous, survival requires the shared ability to communicate. The sophisticated and changeable division of labor can no longer be entrusted to