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Volcano question (1)

Referring to a case study describe and explain the effects of a volcano eruption (6)

Mt St Helens1980EarthquakeLandslidePyroclastic flowSun blocked outRuined cropsSuffocation57 died

Referring to a case study describe and explain the effects of a volcano eruption (6)

In 1980, Mt St Helens had an earthquake which caused a landslide of mud and ice.

This was followed by a pyroclastic flow of dust and ash.

This caused the sun to blocked out, crops were ruined, animals and people suffocated.

As a result, 57 people died.

Volcano question (2)

Why do people live near volcanoes? (6)

• Fertile soil

• Tourism

• Valuable materials

• Geothermal energy

Why do people live near volcanoes? (6)

• Mt Vesuvius• Fertile soils are created by broken down volcanic

rock which help peaches and lemons grow• Tourism creates a lot of money and people visit

Herculaneum and Pompeii• Pumice is hardened volcanic dust which is used

for cosmetics• Geothermal heat is found in Iceland which

generates heat and energy

Development (aid) question (1)

Referring to a case study give an example of a country that needed relief aid (6)

• Ethiopia

• 1984

• Drought

• Famine

• War

• ½ million died

• Live Aid raised £110m

Referring to a case study give an example of a country that needed relief aid (6)

• In 1984 there was a drought in Ethopia which was made worse by the war. ½ million people died and Live Aid raised £110m.

Earthquake question (1)

Referring to a case study describe the effects of an earthquake (6)

• Kobe 1995• Landslides• Kobe destroyed• 1000 houses collapsed• Electricity & gas• Schools• 5,500 died• No emergency services

Referring to a case study describe the effects of an earthquake (6)

• In January, 1995 an earthquake struck Kobe. It caused landslides and the port of Kobe was destroyed.

• 1000 houses collapsed

• Electricity and gas systems were destroyed and so were many schools.

• 5,500 people died and there were no emergency services available.

Earthquake question (2)

Referring to an earthquake you have studied describe the response (5)

• Kobe 1995

• Emergency

• Fires

• Unsafe buildings

• Roads

• Stress & shock

Referring to an earthquake you have studied describe the response (5)

• In Kobe, 1995 the emergency action was to help those trapped and injured and to put out the fires.

• Bulldozers were used to demolish unsafe buildings.

• Roads and railways were had to be cleared.

• People were given help to cope with stress and shockfs

Coast (1)

Referring to a place you have studied describe the problems the problems that have arisen due to

coastal erosion (3)

• Mappleton, East of England

• 1990

• Soft clay

Referring to a place you have studied describe the problems the problems that have arisen due to

coastal erosion (3)

• Mappleton is on the east coast of England. It suffers from erosion from the waves. In 1990, Mappleton was at serious threat of disappearing.

• The area is made of soft clay.

Coast (2)

Referring to a case study describe the attempts to reduce the problems of coastal erosion (5)

• Mappleton

• E of England

• 1990

• £2m coastal protection

• Boulders

• 2 groynes

Referring to a case study describe the attempts to reduce the problems of coastal erosion (5)

• In Mappleton, East of England by 1990 there was a real threat that it would be lost to the sea due to erosion.

• £2m was spent on coastal protection.

• Boulders were put at the bottom of the cliff.

• Two rock groynes were built to trap beach material.

Settlement

Referring to a place you have studied describe what has been done to improve a shanty town (6)

• Rio de Janeiro• Brazil• Self-help• Plot• Government• Improvements• Basic services• Community spirit

Referring to a place you have studied describe what has been done to improve a shanty town (6)

• In Rio de Janeiro, Brazil the government has tried to improve the shanty towns by creating self-help schemes.

• People are allowed to keep their plot of land (so they are no longer illegal)

• The government gives money so people can make improvements to their homes and basic services such as sewerage systems and water tanks.

• People help each other with improvements which creates a good community spirit.

Agriculture question (1)

Referring to a case study describe a type of farming in an MEDC (6)

• East Anglia• London market• Roads• EU Grants• Intensive• Commercial• Mechanized• Profit

Referring to a case study describe a type of farming in an MEDC (6)

• In East Anglia, there is a good road link which connects to their main market in London.

• Farmers are given EU grants. • This farming is intensive which means a large

area of land is used compared to amount of inputs.

• It is commercial farming which is for profit and it is highly mechanized which means machines are mainly used instead of people.

Agriculture question 2

Referring to a case study, describe the main features of an intensive, commercial arable farm (6)

• East Anglia• Intensive• Amalgamation• One crop• Hedgerows• Machinery• Fertilisers• Agribusiness

Referring to a case study, describe the main features of an intensive, commercial arable farm (6)

• In East Anglia, arable farms are intensive so there is a low input into a relatively large area.

• Farms are amalgamated, i.e. when hedgerows are removed so there is one large farm that grows one crop. It makes it easier for machinery to move around.

• Chemical fertilisers are used.• Crops are sold for profit

Agriculture question 3

Describe the main features of the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) (4)

• Productivity

• Fair

• Stable prices

• Food supplies

Describe the main features of the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) (4)

• Increase productivity

• Give farm workers a fair standard of living

• Keep prices of agricultural products stable

• Maintain food supplies

• Reasonable prices for customer

Agricultural question 4

Describe how a region has benefitted from the CAP (4)

• East Anglia

• Good prices

• Subsidies

• Self-sufficient

Describe how a region has benefitted from the CAP (4)

• In East Anglia

• If the market price for farm products falls too low then CAP buys it so farmers still get a good price

• Farmers were given subsidies (money) to increase production. This helped East Anglia to be more self-sufficient (not having to rely on other countries)

Agriculture question 5

What problems resulted from CAP? (5)

• Overproduction

• Environmental damage

• Hedgerows

• Monotonous

What problems resulted from CAP? (5)

• Because farmers were receiving subsidies for whatever they produced, they ended up producing too much (e.g. butter mountains)

• The removal of hedgerows to make bigger farms lead to the loss of wildlife habitats

• The landscape became too monotonous (looking the same/boring)

Agriculture question 6

Describe the physical features of hill sheep farming (4)

• Steep

• Thin soils

• Rain

• Cool

• Difficult access

Describe the physical features of hill sheep farming (4)

• Sheep tend to be farmed on steep slopes where the soil is thin and acid which are not good for crops.

• Temperatures are cool 14-15°c and rainfall is high.

• The steepness and narrow roads mean it is difficult to reach.

Agriculture question 7

Referring to a case study, describe the physical and human characteristics of hill farming (6)

• Lake District• Pastoral• Extensive• Large area• Hardy breed• Meat• Wool• Little machinery

Referring to a case study, describe the physical and human characteristics of hill farming (6)

• In the Lake District, the pastoral farming is hill sheep farming and it is extensive (i.e. large area of land). Hardy breeds are used as they can survive the cold and harsh weather).

• They are bred for meat and wool. Little machinery is used.

Agriculture question 8

Describe the three zones of land use on a hill sheep farm? (5)

• Open fell: summer

• Intake: stone walls

• In bye: winter, lambs

Describe the three zones of land use on a hill sheep farm? (5)

• The open fell is the highest land and sheep graze here in the summer.

• The intake (lower down) is enclosed by stone walls.

• The inbye is closes to the farm buildings and is sheltered. It is used in winter and lambing season.

Agriculture question 9

Describe the problems with hill sheep farms (5)

• Fuel

• Harsh winters

• Subsidies

• Foot and mouth

• Price of lamb

Describe the problems with hill sheep farms (5)

• In recent years, profits have fallen due to:

• Rising costs of fuel and machinery

• Harsh winters kill many animals

• Reduced EU subsidies

• Disease such as foot and mouth

• The fall in the price of lamb

Agriculture question 10

Name an area you have studies and describe the main features of shifting cultivation (6)

• Amazon

• Cleared forest

• Burned vegetation

• Yams

• Shift

• 50 years

Name an area you have studies and describe the main features of shifting cultivation (6)

• In the Amazon Basin, a small patch of land is cleared.

• The vegetation is burned and the ash fertilises the soil. Crops such as yams are grown.

• The farmers ‘shift’ to another part of the forest and clear another area when the soil loses fertility.

• The cleared patch of land needs 50 years for the soil to recover

Agriculture question 11

What kinds of problems have arisen from shifting cultivation? (4)

• Sustainable

• Developments

• Force

• Damage

• Diseases

What kinds of problems have arisen from shifting cultivation? (4)

• Shifting cultivation is a sustainable type of farming (this means the forest does not get destroyed)

• However, developments such as plantations and mining have forced the Indians to use land that has not recovered properly. This causes permanent damage.

• Large numbers of Indians have died from western diseases brought by developers

Agriculture question 12

What are the main characteristics of plantation agriculture? (4)

• Intensive

• Commercial

• Monoculture

• MEDCs

• TNCs

What are the main characteristics of plantation agriculture? (4)

• These are intensive and commercial farms on large areas of land

• There are high inputs of labour and money

• They only grow one crop (monoculture). These cash crops are mostly exported to MEDCs. They are owned by powerful transnational corporations (TNCs)

Agriculture question 13

What are the advantages and disadvantages of plantation agriculture? (6)

• Ads:• Money• Jobs• Schools• Clinics• Disads:• Soils • Profits• Exploitation• Disease

What are the advantages and disadvantages of plantation agriculture? (6)

• The advantages are:• Exports earn foreign money. • TNCs (Transnational Corporations) teach locals new skills. • Jobs are provided. • Plantations provide services such as houses, schools, clinic, water

and electricity which improves the standard of living.• The disadvantages are:• Plantations often occupy the most fertile soil which would be better

to grow crops for local people• TNCs take back most of the profits• Local people are exploited as cheap labour• Growing a single crop means disease can kill the whole crop

Agriculture question 14

For an area you have studied, describe the characteristics of plantation agriculture and the effects on the environment (4)

• Rubber

• Malaysia

• Climate

• Ecosystem

• Soils

For an area you have studied, describe the characteristics of plantation agriculture and the effects on the environment (4)

• Rubber is one of Malaysia’s main cash crops. The climate is hot and wet which are good growing conditions.

• The heavy rains wash out the nutrients in the soil.

• The plantations destroy the natural ecosystem of the area

Agriculture question 15

For an area you have studied, describe the main features and problems of subsistence farming (6)

• Rice

• South Asia

• Monsoon

• Labour

• Floods

• Land

For an area you have studied, describe the main features and problems of subsistence farming (6)

• Rice is the staple diet of South Asia• It needs as lot of rain which is brought by the

Monsoon season• It is labour intensive• If floods are too severe the rice crop is

destroyed and there is a major loss of life• Many farmers do not have land because as land

is passed down through generations the plots are divided up and now too small to support a family

Agriculture question 16

What are the main characteristics of the Green Revolution? (4)

• HYV

• Fertilisers

• Tractors

• Grants

• Irrigation

What are the main characteristics of the Green Revolution? (4)

• Production can more than double because of the HYV (High Yield Varieties)

• Fertilisers and machinery such as tractors are used.

• Grants are given to buy seeds and equipment

• Irrigations ensures sufficient water supplies

Agriculture question 17

Describe the successes and failures of the Green Revolution (6)

• Successes• Yields• Varieties• Income• Failures• Expensive• Debts• Salt

Describe the successes and failures of the Green Revolution (6)

• The successes of the Green Revolution are higher yields (from HYVs).

• Farmers can grow a variety of crops, e.g. wheat and maize as well as rice.

• Any surplus is sold in the cities and creates income.

• However, HYVs are very expensive. • Some farmers borrow money and not able to

pay back• Irrigation has deposited salt in the soil and the

land has had to be abandoned

Agriculture question 18

Describe what is meant by appropriate technology (4)

• Cheap labour

• Tools

• Low cost

• Sustainable

Describe what is meant by appropriate technology (4)

• Use cheap labour rather than expensive and hi-tech machines

• Use tools and techniques to suit local skills

• Low cost schemes that are affordable

• Developing projects that are sustainable and in harmony with the environment