The following information was generated from the Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB), a database of the National Library of Medicine's TOXNET system (http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov) on December 20, 2004. Query: The chemical name chromium was identified. The following terms were added from ChemIDplus: chrome CAS Registry Number: 7440-47-3 3 NAME: CHROMIC TRIOXIDE HSN: 518 RN: 1333-82-0 NO: This record contains information specific to the title compound. Users with an interest in this substance are strongly encouraged to retrieve the Chromium Compounds record, which has additional information on toxicity and environmental fate of chromium ions and compounds. The title chemical is a hexavalent chromium compound. HUMAN HEALTH EFFECTS: EVIDENCE FOR CARCINOGENICITY: A1; Confirmed human carcinogen. /Water soluble Cr(VI) compounds, as Cr/ [American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. TLVs & BEIs: Threshold limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biological Exposure Indices for 2002. Cincinnati, OH. 2002.23]**PEER REVIEWED** HUMAN TOXICITY EXCERPTS: DERMAL CONTACT CAN CAUSE PRIMARY IRRITATION AND ULCERATION AS WELL AS ALLERGIC ECZEMA. INHALATION CAN CAUSE NASAL IRRITATION AND SEPTAL PERFORATION. PULMONARY IRRITATION, BRONCHOGENIC CARCINOMA MAY RESULT FROM BREATHING CHROMATE DUST. INGESTION CAUSES VIOLENT GI IRRITATION, VOMITING, DIARRHEA. [The Merck Index. 10th ed. Rahway, New Jersey: Merck Co., Inc., 1983.318]**PEER REVIEWED** ... ADULT MALE CONSUMED 15 G AS CHROME PLATING SOLN (300 G/L, PH 0.5) & SURVIVED SUBSEQUENT ... HEMORRHAGIC DIATHESIS, & ACUTE RENAL FAILURE. [Gosselin, R.E., R.P. Smith, H.C. Hodge. Clinical Toxicology of Commercial Products. 5th ed. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1984.II-108]**PEER REVIEWED** CHRONIC INDUSTRIAL EXPOSURES HAVE ... LED TO SEVERE LIVER DAMAGE, CNS INVOLVEMENT & PERHAPS LUNG CANCER. ALLERGIC REACTIONS ARE COMMON. [Gosselin, R.E., R.P. Smith, H.C. Hodge. Clinical Toxicology of Commercial Products. 5th ed. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1984.II-109]**PEER REVIEWED**

... ULCERS OF NASAL SEPTUM, IRRITATION OF MUCOUS MEMBRANES OF LARYNX, PHARYNX & CONJUNCTIVA, & ... ASTHMATIC BRONCHITIS IN GROUP ... ALLEGEDLY EXPOSED TO CHROMATES OR CHROMIC ACID ... 0.11 TO 0.15 MG/CU M. ... 3-YR FOLLOW-UP PERIOD ONE CANCER OF NASAL SEPTUM & ONE LUNG CANCER ... DISCOVERED. [American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values for Substances in Workroom Air. Third Edition, 1971. Cincinnati, Ohio: American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 1971. (Plus supplements to 1979)55]**PEER REVIEWED** Contact causes severe injury characterized by infiltration, vascularization, and opacification of the cornea. Chronic exposure to fine droplets in the air from electroplating baths or transfer to the eyes on the fingers causes chronic conjunctival inflammation and in rare instances a brown band in the superficial layers of the cornea. [Grant, W.M. Toxicology of the Eye. 3rd ed. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas Publisher, 1986.234]**PEER REVIEWED** CHROMOSOME ABERRATION RATE WAS SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASED IN CULTURED HUMAN LEUKOCYTES TREATED WITH (2 & 4 UG/ML) OF CHROMIUM TRIOXIDE HEXAHYDRATE (400 & 600 UG/ML). [KANEKO T; SANGYO IGAKU 18 (2): 136 (1976)]**PEER REVIEWED** ... /IN/ AN OTORHINOLARYNGOLOGICAL EXAMINATION SURVEY OF 77 WORKERS FROM 8 CHROMIUM-PLATING FACTORIES ... WORKERS WERE EXPOSED TO A HEXAVALENT CHROMIUM TRIOXIDE AEROSOL AT LEVELS RANGING FROM 23-681 UG/CU M. SIXTEEN PAPILLOMAS OF THE UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT WERE FOUND IN 14 OF THE 77 WORKERS. THE AUTHORS COMPARED THIS PREVALENCE OF PAPILLOMAS OF THE ORAL CAVITY WITH THAT OF OTHER WORKERS SURVEYED (10/208) AND WITH THAT OF CLINICAL PATIENTS (1/40). [IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work).V23 287 (1980)]**PEER REVIEWED** ... ULCERS IN 4 OF 9 WORKERS EXPOSED TO CHROMIC TRIOXIDE MIST VARYING FROM 0.18 TO 1.4 MG/CU M IN BREATHING ZONE. IN ONE OF THE CASES, PERFORATION OCCURRED AFTER ONE MONTH OF EXPOSURE. [Friberg, L., Nordberg, G.F., Kessler, E. and Vouk, V.B. (eds). Handbook of the Toxicology of Metals. 2nd ed. Vols I, II.: Amsterdam: Elsevier Science Publishers B.V., 1986.V2 197]**PEER REVIEWED** Acute chromium poisoning from chromium trioxide ... if ingested, is characterized by fulminant gastroenteritis, shock, and toxic nephritis. ... Chromium trioxide causes local burns ... . [Haddad, L.M. and Winchester, J.F. Clinical Management of Poisoning and Drug Overdosage. Philadelphia, PA: W.B. Saunders Co., 1983.660]**PEER REVIEWED** ... LESIONS OF THE SKIN CAUSED BY THE CAUSTIC ACTION OF THE ACID ... HEAL WITH DIFFICULTY BUT WITH LITTLE PAIN & DO NOT SPREAD. [Hamilton, A., and H. L. Hardy. Industrial Toxicology. 3rd ed. Acton, Mass.: Publishing Sciences Group, Inc., 1974.71]**PEER REVIEWED** SOLID CHROMIUM TRIOXIDE OR CONCENTRATED SOLUTIONS CAN DESTROY TISSUE. CONTACT WITH EYES MAY RESULT IN LOSS OF SIGHT. [National Fire Protection Association. Fire Protection Guide on Hazardous Materials. 9th ed. Boston, MA: National Fire Protection Association, 1986.49-32]**PEER REVIEWED**

Levels of Cr(6+) in the form of chromium trioxide, were capable of giving rise to nose irritation at concn as low as 0.06 mg/cu m. [American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, Inc. Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values and Biological Exposure Indices. 6th ed. Volumes I, II, III. Cincinnati, OH: ACGIH, 1991.313]**PEER REVIEWED** A case of delayed anaphylactoid reaction /was reported/ in a male worker occupationally exposed to chromium vapors from chromium(VI) trioxide baths and chromium fumes from steel welding. Exposure levels were not reported. An inhalation challenge with sodium chromate at 1.2 ug/cu m for 5 min did not result in a reaction, while a challenge at 29 ug/cu m for 25 min resulted in a reaction (late onset uticaria, angioedema, and bronchospasm accompanied by a tripling of plasma histamine levels). [Moller DR et al; J Allergy Clin Immunol 77 (3): 451-6 (1986) as cited in DHHS/ATSDR; Toxicological Profile for Chromium (Draft) p.91 (10/87)]**PEER REVIEWED** This report summarizes and evaluates toxicologic information relevant to an occupational hazard assessment of chromic acid. The wood preservation industry currently consumes about 20 percent of chromic acid production. It is well known for producing skin ulceration, irritation, nasal septal perforation, and dermatitis. In chrome plating processes and anodizing by the electrolysis process, air concentrations are typically less than 50 ug/cu m. In air at chromated copper arsenate production facilities surveys show air levels below 22 ug/cu m, and inside a building where wood preservatives are applied levels were at 0.3 ug/cu m. Case reports and epidemiology stuides have linked haxavalent chromium and increased cancer risk in humans. In the chromate production industry, increased lung cancer risk is well documented. [Santodonato J et al; Center Chem Haz Assess 1-40 (1985) Rep No. SRC-TR-84-674]**PEER REVIEWED** Occupational exposure to chromium among stainless steel welders was evaluated through environmental and biological sampling. Blood and urine samples obtained from 103 male welders, aged 20 to 55 yr, who performed manual metal arc welding, metal inert gas welding, or both were analyzed for chromium levels in erythrocytes, plasma and urine. Airborne concn of hexavalent chromium cmpd in the breathing zone of the welders were determined by personal air monitoring. Concn of chromium trioxide detected in the breathing zone during manual metal arc welding ranged from less than 1 to 50 ug/cu m, with a median of 4 ug/cu m. Air concn of chromium trioxide during metal inert gas welding were slightly higher, ranging from less than 1 to 80 ug/cu m, with a median of 10 ug/cu m. The mean concn of chromium in erythrocytes were 1.18, 1.44 and 2.51 ug/l in welders performing manual metal arc welding, metal inert gas welding, or both, respectively. Mean plasma levels of chromium were significantly higher among the metal inert gas welding welders and welders performing both manual metal arc welding and metal inert gas welding, with values of 14.70 and 13.56 ug/l, than among manual metal arc welding welders in which the mean value was 9.00 ug/l. The highest plasma chromium level among the welders, 68.5 ug/l, was 50 times greater than that of the general population. Urinary chromium levels among the welders ranged from 5.40 to 229.4 ug/l, and were 5 to 200 times higher than average levels in unexposed persons. Levels of chromium in erythrocytes, plasma and urine were highly significantly correlated. [Angerer J et al; Int Arch Occup Environ Health 59 (5): 503-12 (1987)]**PEER REVIEWED** Dyspnea, cough, and wheezing were reported in two cases in which the subjects inhaled "massive amounts" of chromium (VI) trioxide. Marked

hyperemia of the nasal mucosa without nasal septum perforation was found in both subjects upon physical exam ... . In a chrome plating plant where poor exhaust resulted in excessively high concn of chromium trioxide fumes, workers experienced symptoms of sneezing, rhinorrhea, labored breathing, and a choking sensation when they were working over the chromate tanks. All five of the subjects had thick nasal and postnasal discharge and nasal septum ulceration or perforamtion after 2-3 mo of exposure ... . [DHHS/ATSDR; Toxicological Profile for Chromium p. 17 (2000)]**PEER REVIEWED** Occupational exposure /via inhalation/ to chromium (VI) as chromium trioxide in the electroplating industry caused upper respiratory problems. A case history of nine men in a chrome plting facility reported seven cases of nasal septum ulceration. signs and symptoms incl rhinorrhea, nasal itching and soreness, and epistaxis. The men were exposed from 0.5 to 12 mo to chromium trioxide at concn ranging from 0.09 to 0.73 mg chromium(VI)/m3 ... . Electroplating workers in Sao Paulo, Brazil, exposed to chromium trioxide vapors while working with hot chromium trioxide soln had frequent incidences of coughing, expectoration, nasal irritation, sneezing rhinorrhea, and nose-bleed and developed nasal septum ulceration and perforation. The workers had been employed for < 1 yr and most of the workers had been exposed to concn > 0.1 mg chromium(VI)/m3 ... . Nose and throat irritation, rhinorrhea, and nose-bleed also occurred at higher incidence in chrome platers in Singapore than in controls .. . [DHHS/ATSDR; Toxicological Profile for Chromium p. 32 (2000)]**PEER REVIEWED** Workers at an electroplating facility exposed /via inhalation/ to 0.0001-0.0071 mg chromium(VI)/m3 as chromium trioxide for an avg of 26.9 mo complained of excessive sneezing, rhinorrhea, and epistaxis. Many of the workers had ulcerations and/or perforations of the nasal mucosa ... . [DHHS/ATSDR; Toxicological Profile for Chromium p. 32 (2000)]**PEER REVIEWED** A study of respiratory effects, lung function, and changes in the nasal mucosa in 43 chrome plating workers in Sweden exposed /via inhalation/ to chromium(VI) as chromium trioxide for 0.2-23.6 yr (median=2.5 yr) reported respiratory effects at occupational exposure levels of 0.002 mg chromium(VI)/cu m. Signs and symptoms of adverse nasal effects were observed and reported at mean exposure levels of 0.002-0.2 mg chromium(VI)/cu m. Effects noted at 0.002 mg chromium(VI)/cu m or less incl a smeary and crusty septal mucosa and atrophied mucosa. Nasal mucosal ulceration and septal perforation occurred in individuals exposed at peak levels of 0.02-0.046 mg chromium(VI)/cu m; nasal mucosal atrophy and irritation occurred in individuals exposed at peak levels of 0.0025-0.011 mg chromium(VI)/cu m; and no significant nasal effects were observed in individuals exposed at peak levels of 0.002-0.001 mg chromium(VI)/cu m. Workers exposed to mean concn of 0.002-0.02 mg chromium(VI)/cu m had slight, transient decr in forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expired volume in 1 second (FEV1), and forced mid-expiratory flow during the workday. [DHHS/ATSDR; Toxicological Profile for Chromium p. 33 (2000)]**PEER REVIEWED** Chromium(VI) has been repored to cause severe liver effects in four of five workers exposed to chromium trioxide in the chrome plating industry. Derangement of the cells in the liver, necrosis, lymphocytic and histiocytic infiltration, and incr in Kupffer cells were reported.

Abnormalities in tests for hepatic dysfunction incl incr in sulfobromophthalein retention, gamma globulin, icterus, cephalin cholesterol flocculation, and thymol turbidity ... . [DHHS/ATSDR; Toxicological Profile for Chromium p. 44 (2000)]**PEER REVIEWED** A similar study was conducted in 43 male workers in the chromate and dichromate production industry, where occupational exposures were between 0.05 and 1.0 mg chromium(VI)/cu m as chromium trioxide, and mean employment duration was 7 yr. workers with > 15 ug chromium/g creatinine in the urine had incr levels of retinol binding protein and tubular antigens in the urine ... . These investigators believe that the presence of low molecular weight proteins like retinol binding protein or antigens in the urine are believed to be early indicators of kidney damage. [DHHS/ATSDR; Toxicological Profile for Chromium p. 45 (2000)]**PEER REVIEWED** A 29-yr-old welder exposed to chromium vapors from chromium trioxide baths and to chromium and nickel fumes from steel welding for 10 yr complained of frequent skin eruptions, dyspnea, and chest tightness. Chromium sensitivity in the individual was measured by a sequence of exposures, via nebulizer, to chromium(VI) as sodium chromate. Exposure to 0.029 mg chromium(VI)/ml as sodium chromate caused an anaphylactoid reaction, characterized by dermatitis, facial angioedema, bronchospasms accompanied by a tripling of plasma histamine levels, and urticaria ... . [DHHS/ATSDR; Toxicological Profile for Chromium p. 49 (2000)]**PEER REVIEWED** Significantly incr incidences of chromosomal aberrations in peripheral lymphocytes were found in workers exposed to chromium(VI) as chromium trioxide in two of four electroplating plants. Of the two plants where the increases were significant, one was a "bright" plating plant, where exposure involved nickel as well as chromium, and one was a "hard" plating plant, where exposure involved only chromium. However, the incr in chromosomal aberrations correlated poorly with urinary chromium levels, and only the incr in the "bright" platers showed a significant correlation with duration of exposure. A significantly incr incidence of sister chromatid exchanges was found in "hard" platers compared with controls (sister chromatid exchange was not evaluated in "bright" platers), and smoking appeared to enhance the incr (7 of 8 smokers and 7 of 11 nonsmokers had incidences significantly higher than controls). Moreover, the incr incidence of sister chromatid exchange showed a positive correlation with urinary chromium levels ... . [DHHS/ATSDR; Toxicological Profile for Chromium p. 54 (2000)]**PEER REVIEWED** Anemia following severe hemorrhaging developed in a chrome plating worker who had accidentally swallowed an unreported volume of a plating fluid containing 300 g chromium trioxide/l. He was treated by hemodialysis, which saved his life ... . [DHHS/ATSDR; Toxicological Profile for Chromium p. 94 (2000)]**PEER REVIEWED** Liver damage, evidenced by the development of jaundice, incr bilirubin, and incr serum lactic dehydrogenase, was described in a case of a chrome plating worker who had accidentally swallowed an unreported volume of a plating fluid containing 300 g chromium trioxide/l ... . [DHHS/ATSDR; Toxicological Profile for Chromium p. 95 (2000)]**PEER REVIEWED** Acute renal failure, characterized by proteinuria, hematuria, followed by anuria, developed in a chrome plating worker who had accidentally

swallowed an unreported volume of a plating fluid containing 300 g chromium trioxide/l. [DHHS/ATSDR; Toxicological Profile for Chromium p. 96 (2000)]**PEER REVIEWED** Among 258 electroplating workers exposed to chromium trioxide fumes at 0.1 mg chromium(VI)/m3 for < 1 yr, 5% developed dental lesions, consisting of yellowing and wearing down of the teeth ... . ... Irritation and ulceration of the buccal cavity, as well as chrome holes on the skin, were also observed in workers in a chrome plating plant where poor exhaust resulted in excessively high concn of chromium trioxide fumes ... . [DHHS/ATSDR; Toxicological Profile for Chromium p. 117 (2000)]**PEER REVIEWED** In a study of 303 electroplating workers in Brazil, whose jobs involve working with cold chromium trioxide soln, > 50% had ulcerous scars on the hands, arms, and feet. Air monitoring revealed that most workers were exposed to > or = 0.1 mg chromium(VI)/m3, but even those exposed to < 0.1 mg ... developed lesions ... . [DHHS/ATSDR; Toxicological Profile for Chromium p. 118 (2000)]**PEER REVIEWED** Some chromium(VI) cmpds, such as chromium trioxide (chromic acid), potassium dichromate, potassium chromate, sodium dichromate, and sodium chromate, are very caustic and can cause burns upon dermal contact. These burns can facilitate the absorption of the cmpd and lead to systemic toxicity. /Chromium(VI) cmpds/ [DHHS/ATSDR; Toxicological Profile for Chromium p. 108 (2000)]**PEER REVIEWED** HUMAN TOXICITY VALUES: LOAEL respiratory effects 0.002 mg chromium(VI)/cu m /as chromium trioxide/ [DHHS/ATSDR; Toxicological Profile for Chromium p. 34 (2000)]**PEER REVIEWED** MRL /(minimal risk level)/ intermediate-duration exposure to chromium(VI) 0.000005 mg chromium(VI)/cu m /as chromium trioxide mists/ [DHHS/ATSDR; Toxicological Profile for Chromium p. 34 (2000)]**PEER REVIEWED** Minimum oral lethal dose male 4.1 mg/kg/day /From table/ [DHHS/ATSDR; Toxicological Profile for Chromium p. 75 (2000)]**PEER REVIEWED** SKIN, EYE AND RESPIRATORY IRRITATIONS: Very irritating to eyes and respiratory tract. [U.S. Coast Guard, Department of Transportation. CHRIS - Hazardous Chemical Data. Volume II. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1984-5.]**PEER REVIEWED** Probably a severe eye, skin, &amp; mucous membrane irritant. [Lewis, R.J. Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 9th ed. Volumes 1-3. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1996.856]**PEER REVIEWED** DRUG WARNINGS: Soln of chromium trioxide are corrosive, acting by oxidation, and soln stronger than 5% should not be applied to mucous membranes. [Reynolds, J.E.F., Prasad, A.B. (eds.) Martindale-The Extra Pharmacopoeia. 28th ed. London: The Pharmaceutical Press, 1982.285]**PEER REVIEWED** MEDICAL SURVEILLANCE: A similar study was conducted in 43 male workers in the chromate and

dichromate production industry, where occupational exposures were between 0.05 and 1.0 mg chromium(VI)/cu m as chromium trioxide, and mean employment duration was 7 yr. workers with > 15 ug chromium/g creatinine in the urine had incr levels of retinol binding protein and tubular antigens in the urine ... . These investigators believe that the presence of low molecular weight proteins like retinol binding protein or antigens in the urine are believed to be early indicators of kidney damage. [DHHS/ATSDR; Toxicological Profile for Chromium p. 45 (2000)]**PEER REVIEWED** PROBABLE ROUTES OF HUMAN EXPOSURE: Chrome platers are exposed to chromium trioxide (CrO3) and its aqueous solution, chromic acid (H2CrO4). There is no convincing evidence that these highly corrosive soluble chromates pose a lung cancer risk among chrome plater, although the suggestion of an increased risk has been reported. Today, however, there are additives that reduce the escape of mist by reducing bubbling at electrodes, and newer plating methods, including electrolysis plating, and other control measures have greatly reduced exposures to these chromates. [Zenz, C. Occupational Medicine-Principles and Practical Applications. 2nd ed. St. Louis, MO: Mosby-Yearbook, Inc, 1988.536]**PEER REVIEWED** EMERGENCY MEDICAL TREATMENT: EMERGENCY MEDICAL TREATMENT: EMT COPYRIGHT DISCLAIMER: Portions of the POISINDEX(R) and MEDITEXT(R) database have been provided here for general reference. THE COMPLETE POISINDEX(R) DATABASE OR MEDITEXT(R) DATABASE SHOULD BE CONSULTED FOR ASSISTANCE IN THE DIAGNOSIS OR TREATMENT OF SPECIFIC CASES. The use of the POISINDEX(R) and MEDITEXT(R) databases is at your sole risk. The POISINDEX(R) and MEDITEXT(R) databases are provided "AS IS" and "as available" for use, without warranties of any kind, either expressed or implied. Micromedex makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy, reliability, timeliness, usefulness or completeness of any of the information contained in the POISINDEX(R) and MEDITEXT(R) databases. ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE OR USE ARE HEREBY EXCLUDED. Micromedex does not assume any responsibility or risk for your use of the POISINDEX(R) or MEDITEXT(R) databases. Copyright 1974-2004 Thomson MICROMEDEX. All Rights Reserved. Any duplication, replication, "downloading," sale, redistribution or other use for commercial purposes is a violation of Micromedex' rights and is strictly prohibited.<p>The following Overview, *** CHROMIUM HEXAVALENT SALTS ***, is relevant for this HSDB record chemical. LIFE SUPPORT: o This overview assumes that basic life support measures have been instituted. CLINICAL EFFECTS: 0.2.1 SUMMARY OF EXPOSURE 0.2.1.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE A) Acute poisoning is likely to occur through the oral route, where as chronic poisoning is mainly from inhalation or skin contact. B) Oral intake of hexavalent chromium may cause intense gastrointestinal irritation or ulceration and corrosion, epigastric pain, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea,

vertigo, fever, muscle cramps, hemorrhagic diathesis, toxic nephritis, renal failure, intravascular hemolysis, circulatory collapse, peripheral vascular collapse, liver damage, acute multisystem shock, coma, and even death, depending on the dose. C) Acute poisoning by soluble hexavalent salts usually results in local tissue necrosis and may cause severe kidney damage. Acute toxicity after ingestion is a result of GI bleed more so than of systemic poisoning. D) Following ingestion or external application, kidney lesions can occur. Large doses of chromates may induce albuminuria with desquamated cells, hyperemia, fatty degeneration, and necrosis in the kidney. 0.2.1.2 CHRONIC EXPOSURE A) Although rare, systemic effects on blood, liver, and kidneys from industrial exposure have been reported. Principal toxic effects of chromates from an occupational point of view are exerted on skin, nasal mucous, eyes, larynx, and lungs. 1) Signs and symptoms may include lacrimation, dermatitis, penetrating ulcers, perforation of nasal septum, congestion, chronic rhinitis, polyps of the upper respiratory tract, inflammation of the lung, emphysema, tracheitis, bronchitis, pharyngitis, adhesions of the diaphragm, inflammation of larynx, conjunctivitis, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, inflammation of liver or even acute hepatitis with jaundice, respiratory irritations, leukocytosis, leukopenia, monocytosis, and eosinophilia. 0.2.3 VITAL SIGNS 0.2.4 HEENT 0.2.4.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE A) Oral burns and severe corneal injury may result from acute exposure. Chronic inhalation produces deep perforating nasal ulcers (chrome holes). 0.2.5 CARDIOVASCULAR 0.2.5.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE A) Circulatory collapse and shock are frequently reported following overdose. 0.2.6 RESPIRATORY 0.2.6.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE A) Pulmonary edema, pneumoconiosis, metal fume fever, and bronchial asthma may occur. 0.2.6.2 CHRONIC EXPOSURE A) Prolonged inhalation of hexavalent chromium dust may result in: 1. adhesions of the diaphragm 2. alveolar scarring 3. bronchopneumonia 4. chronic bronchitis 5. chronic catarrh 6. chronic inflammation of the lung 7. chronic pharyngitis 8. chronic rhinitis 9. congestion and hyperemia 10. congestion of the larynx 11. emphysema

12. enlargement of hilar region and lymph nodes 13. generalized bronchiospasm 14. peribronchial and perivascular lung markings 15. pneumoconiosis with impairment of function (from insoluble compounds) 16. polyps of the upper respiratory tract 17. respiratory sensitization 18. rhinorrhea 19. tracheitis 20. ulceration or perforation of the nasal septum accompanied by foul nasal discharge B) Chronic exposure to drinking water contaminated with low levels of hexavalent chromium may cause periodic nausea. 0.2.7 NEUROLOGIC 0.2.7.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE A) Hepatic encephalopathy, cerebral edema, and coma may occur. 0.2.8 GASTROINTESTINAL 0.2.8.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE A) Gastroenteritis and hemorrhage frequently occur immediately following oral ingestion. 0.2.8.2 CHRONIC EXPOSURE A) Chromium is poorly absorbed in the stomach, better absorbed in the intestines. Chronic exposure to drinking water contaminated with low levels of hexavalent chromium has been shown to cause periodic nausea. 0.2.9 HEPATIC 0.2.9.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE A) Acute hepatitis may be a late manifestation. 0.2.9.2 CHRONIC EXPOSURE A) Acute hepatitis with jaundice may occur after prolonged overexposure to hexavalent chromium. Signs and symptoms include nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, and an enlarged tender liver. 0.2.10 GENITOURINARY 0.2.10.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE A) Renal failure is commonly observed during the first few days after ingestion. B) Acute renal tubule damage has been reported after acute chromium exposure in humans. C) Chronic renal effects are less well-defined. Available evidence indicates that chronic chromium exposure may cause nephrotoxicity. D) Chromium is nephrotoxic in experimental animals. 0.2.13 HEMATOLOGIC 0.2.13.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE A) Thrombocytopenia, and anemia usually occur after 3 to 7 days. Methemoglobinemia has been reported. 0.2.14 DERMATOLOGIC 0.2.14.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE A) Deep perforating ulcers and hypersensitivity dermatitis may be noted. Systemic toxicity has resulted from minimal dermal exposure. 0.2.14.2 CHRONIC EXPOSURE A) Hexavalent chromium compounds are corrosive on tissue,

resulting in ulcers and dermatitis upon chronic exposure. 1) Occupational exposure to hexavalent chromium may cause ulceration in the nailroot areas, over the knuckles, on the finger webs, over the back of the hands, or on the forearms. These ulcers are usually painless, can penetrate to joints, and heal slowly. 2) Unrelated to ulcer generation, eczematous dermatitis (with edema) occurs to certain sensitive individuals. 0.2.19 IMMUNOLOGIC 0.2.19.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE A) Exposure to chromium vapors may result in an anaphylactoid reaction. 0.2.19.2 CHRONIC EXPOSURE A) Increase in chromosomal aberrations in peripheral blood lymphocytes / leukocytes can be found in workers exposed to hexavalent salts by inhalation of aerosols when handling different compounds. 0.2.20 REPRODUCTIVE HAZARDS A) A review of the literature found no reports of reproductive or developmental effects of chromium in humans (Eizaguirre-Garcia et al, 2000)(Clarkson et al, 1985). B) Both trivalent and hexavalent chromium have been found to cross the placental barrier in hamsters and mice. Both were shown to enter the fetus during mid to late gestation. Developmental effects caused by both differed between hamster and mice. Fetal uptake of hexavalent chromium was much greater than that of the trivalent form. Effects on placental tissue could have also affected the fetus. 0.2.21 CARCINOGENICITY 0.2.21.1 IARC CATEGORY A) IARC Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS18540-29-9 (IARC, 2004): 1) Not Listed 0.2.21.2 HUMAN OVERVIEW A) Air concentration of 1 microgram per cubic meter of hexavalent salts causes an estimated lifetime cancer risk of 1.2 X 10 (-2). 1) Dose-response relationships have been established for pulmonary cancer and occupational exposure to mixture of hexavalent and trivalent chromium. Such occupational exposure can occur in chromate production plants or in industries using chrome pigment. a) Lung cancers, in particular small cell carcinomas, occur at a higher incidence in individuals exposed to chromates. Latent period can be about 10 to 15 years. The relative risk for workers is about 20 times greater than that of the general population. 2) Increased risk of nasal, pharyngeal, and gastrointestinal carcinomas and cancer of the sinuses has been reported. Latent period can be about 20 years. 3) Hexavalent chromium is listed by USEPA as a Group A compound by inhalation and as a Group D compound by oral route. It is rapidly reduced intracellularly to

generate reactive oxygen species and intermediates. 4) Langard (1993) reviewed epidemiologic studies on chromium-exposed cohorts and available evidence for human carcinogenicity. The study concluded that it is assumed that all hexavalent chromium compounds are carcinogenic after inhalation exposure. Review analysis suggested that zinc chromate is a highly potent carcinogen and that calcium chromate may also be carcinogenic. Chromates of low water solubility may be less carcinogenic than more water soluble chromates. 0.2.21.3 ANIMAL OVERVIEW A) Data from animal studies suggest that water-insoluble hexavalent chromium compounds are carcinogenic whereas the soluble forms mainly cause severe irritations. 0.2.22 GENOTOXICITY A) Inhibition of cell growth, reduction of cell survival, and induction of chromosome aberrations, and induction of sister chromatid exchanged can be observed in tissue cultured cells when exposed to hexavalent chromium. The trivalent salts are shown to decreased DNA synthesis fidelity (20 times more potent than the hexavalent form) only in vitro experiments. LABORATORY: A) The presence of chromium and chromium complexes in biological specimens can be determined using chromatographic and colorimetric techniques. B) Patch testing and lymphocyte proliferation testing have been used to determine chromium allergies. TREATMENT OVERVIEW: 0.4.2 ORAL EXPOSURE A) DILUTION: Immediately dilute with 4 to 8 ounces (120 to 240 mL) of water or milk (not to exceed 4 ounces/120 mL in a child). B) Do not induce vomiting. C) Administer ascorbic acid (1 g per 0.135 g of elemental chromium). D) Neutralization is NOT indicated. E) Cautious gastric lavage with a small flexible tube is suggested by some authors, bearing in mind the risk of perforation. F) ENDOSCOPY: Perform within 24 hours to evaluate for burns in adults with deliberate ingestion or any signs or symptoms attributable to ingestion, and in children with stridor, vomiting, or drooling. Consider endoscopy in children with dysphagia, refusal to swallow, significant oral burns, or abdominal pain. If burns are found, follow 10 to 20 days later with barium swallow or esophagram. G) PHARMACOLOGIC TREATMENT - The role of corticosteroids is controversial. Consider use in second degree burns no more than 48 hours postingestion in patients without active upper gastrointestinal bleeding or evidence of gastroesophageal rupture. Antibiotics are indicated for definite infection or patients with gastroesophageal perforation. H) Exchange transfusion is recommended in substantial

ingestions. I) FORCED DIURESIS - After initial hydration administer furosemide 1 mg/kg up to 40 mg/dose. J) ACIDOSIS - Administer sodium bicarbonate for severe acidosis (pH < 7.1). To start: Children: 1 mEq/kg IV; Adult: 1 to 2 mEq/kg IV. K) URINE ALKALINIZATION 1) Administer 1 to 2 mEq/kg sodium bicarbonate bolus. Add 132 milliequivalents (3 ampules) sodium bicarbonate and 20 to 40 milliequivalents potassium chloride (as needed) to one liter of dextrose 5 percent in water and infuse at approximately 1.5 times the maintenance fluid rate. Adjust as needed to achieve a urine pH of at least 7.5 and a urine output of 1 to 3 mL/kg/hr. 2) Assure adequate hydration and renal function. Monitor fluid balance, serum electrolytes, and blood pH. Obtain hourly intake/output and urine pH. L) HYPOTENSION: Infuse 10 to 20 mL/kg isotonic fluid. If hypotension persists, administer dopamine (5 to 20 mcg/kg/min) or norepinephrine (ADULT: begin infusion at 0.5 to 1 mcg/min; CHILD: begin infusion at 0.1 mcg/kg/min); titrate to desired response. M) Monitor hematocrit and platelet count. N) ACUTE LUNG INJURY: Maintain ventilation and oxygenation and evaluate with frequent arterial blood gas or pulse oximetry monitoring. Early use of PEEP and mechanical ventilation may be needed. 0.4.3 INHALATION EXPOSURE A) INHALATION: Move patient to fresh air. Monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty breathing develops, evaluate for respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis. Administer oxygen and assist ventilation as required. Treat bronchospasm with inhaled beta2 agonist and oral or parenteral corticosteroids. B) Monitor for respiratory distress. C) Obtain baseline chest x-ray and vital signs. D) ACUTE LUNG INJURY: Maintain ventilation and oxygenation and evaluate with frequent arterial blood gas or pulse oximetry monitoring. Early use of PEEP and mechanical ventilation may be needed. 0.4.4 EYE EXPOSURE A) DECONTAMINATION: Irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature water for at least 15 minutes. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist, the patient should be seen in a health care facility. 0.4.5 DERMAL EXPOSURE A) OVERVIEW 1) Wash the exposed area with water or 10 to 20 percent ascorbic acid solution for 15 minutes. Consult a physician if irritation or pain persists. RANGE OF TOXICITY: A) Serious toxicity has resulted from ingestion of 0.5 g of hexavalent chromium. Dermal involvement of 10 percent of the body surface has been fatal. B) Toxicity of chromium compounds varies according to their solubilities.

C) Individuals with a history of asthma, or allergies to chromium compounds may be at increased risk. D) The average lethal dose of hexavalent chromium in humans is 1 to 3 grams. ANTIDOTE AND EMERGENCY TREATMENT: Preparations containing thiosulfate are used in the immediate treatment of tissues exposed to concn Cr(VI) solutions. [Nat'l Research Council Canada; Effects of Chromium in the Canadian Envir p.115 (1976) NRCC No.15017]**PEER REVIEWED** Anemia following severe hemorrhaging developed in a chrome plating worker who had accidentally swallowed an unreported volume of a plating fluid containing 300 g chromium trioxide/l. He was treated by hemodialysis, which saved his life ... . [DHHS/ATSDR; Toxicological Profile for Chromium p. 94 (2000)]**PEER REVIEWED** Acute chromium poisoning from chromium trioxide or chromate salts, if ingested, is characterized by fulminant gastroenteritis, thrombocytopenia, shock, &amp; toxic nephritis. Treatment of acute toxicity involves gastric lavage, alkaline diuresis, chelation therapy with calcium disodium edetate or BAL, hemodialysis in the event of renal failure, &amp; supportive therapy. /Chromium salts or chromium trioxide/ [Haddad, L.M., Clinical Management of Poisoning and Drug Overdose. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: W.B. Saunders Co., 1990.1030]**PEER REVIEWED** ANIMAL TOXICITY STUDIES: EVIDENCE FOR CARCINOGENICITY: A1; Confirmed human carcinogen. /Water soluble Cr(VI) compounds, as Cr/ [American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. TLVs &amp; BEIs: Threshold limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biological Exposure Indices for 2002. Cincinnati, OH. 2002.23]**PEER REVIEWED** NON-HUMAN TOXICITY EXCERPTS: RENAL INJURY HAS BEEN REPORTED IN EXPERIMENTAL ANIMALS. [The Merck Index. 10th ed. Rahway, New Jersey: Merck Co., Inc., 1983.318]**PEER REVIEWED** CHROMIC TRIOXIDE INDUCED HIGH LEVELS OF CHROMOSOMAL ABERRATIONS IN MAMMALIAN CELLS. RATE OF ABERRATIONS INCR WITH AN INCR IN TREATMENT TIME FROM 24-48 HR, INDICATING TIME-DEPENDENT INCR IN HERITABLE TOXICITY OF CMPD. [UMEDA M, NISHIMURA M; MUTAT RES 67 (3): 221 (1979)]**PEER REVIEWED** SINGLE IV DOSE (8 MG/KG) WAS INJECTED INTO PREGNANT HAMSTERS ON EITHER DAY 7, 8, 9, 10, OR 11 OF GESTATION. ON FETAL EXAM, FREQUENCY OF RESORPTIONS &amp; CLEFT PALATE VARIED WITH TIME OF TREATMENT. IT WAS CONCLUDED THAT TIME OF CMPD INJECTION INFLUENCES EMBRYOTOXICITY. [GALE TF, BUNCH JD; TERATOLOGY 19 (1): 81 (1979)]**PEER REVIEWED** GROUPS OF MICE WERE EXPOSED IN DUST CHAMBERS FOR 4 HOURS PER DAY ON 5 DAYS PER WEEK TO A MIXED CHROMATE(VI) DUST CONTAINING 1-2 MG/CU M SOLUBLE CHROMIUM (AS CHROMIUM(VI) TRIOXIDE) UNTIL THEY DIED OR WERE KILLED (TOTAL DOSE OF CHROMIUM TRIOXIDE INHALED, 272-1330 MG HOURS) ... NO LUNG

CARCINOMAS WERE OBSERVED, AND THE INCIDENCE OF LUNG ADENOMAS DID NOT SIGNIFICANTLY EXCEED THAT IN CONTROL MICE IN ANY STRAIN. THE EXPERIMENT LASTED FOR UP TO 101 WEEKS. (BAETJER ET AL, 1959) [IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work).V23 254 (1980)]**PEER REVIEWED** SARCOMAS (SPINDLE-CELL SARCOMAS AND FIBROSARCOMAS) AT THE IMPLANTATION SITE WERE ... SEEN AFTER 1 YEAR IN ... 15/35 RATS IMPLANTED /INTRAMUSCULARLY/ WITH PELLETS OF 25 MG SINTERED CHROMIUM(VI) TRIOXIDE, ALL IN 50 MG SHEEP FAT. NO IMPLANTATION SITE TUMORS WERE OBTAINED IN ... 35 CONTROLS. (HUEPER &amp; PAYNE, 1959) [IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work).V23 259 (1980)]**PEER REVIEWED** GOLDEN HAMSTERS RECEIVED CHROMIUM(VI) TRIOXIDE IV ON DAY 8 OF PREGNANCY AS ... EITHER 5, 7.5, 10, OR 15 MG/KG BODY WEIGHT. ... 15 MG/KG BODY WEIGHT PROVED TO BE LETHAL TO 3/4 MOTHER ANIMALS ... THE RATE OF RESORPTIONS INCREASED WITH THE HIGHER DOSES (29% WITH 7.5 MG/KG BODY WEIGHT; 41% WITH 10 MG/KG BODY WEIGHT; 2% IN CONTROLS), AS DID THE RATE OF MALFORMATIONS (CLEFT PALATE, 85% AT 7.5 AND 10 MG/KG BODY WEIGHT). WITH THE HIGHER DOSES, 31% (7.5 MG/KG BODY WEIGHT) AND 49% (10 MG/KG BODY WEIGHT) OF THE FETUSES WERE RETARDED. [IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work).V23 276 (1980)]**PEER REVIEWED** CHROMIUM(VI) TRIOXIDE DECREASED THE FIDELITY AND RATE OF DNA SYNTHESIS IN AN IN VITRO SYSTEM CONTAINING AVIAN MYELOBLASTOSIS VIRUS DNA POLYMERASE, A SYNTHETIC TEMPLATE PRIMER AND COMPLEMENTARY AND NONCOMPLEMENTARY NUCLEOSIDE TRIPHOSPHATES. (SIROVER &amp; LOEB, 1976) [IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work).V23 278 (1980)]**PEER REVIEWED** EXPERIMENTS IN MICE, RATS, HAMSTERS, GUINEA-PIGS AND RABBITS TO INVESTIGATE THE CARCINOGENICITY OF CHROMIC(III) ACETATE, CHROMIC(III) OXIDE, ... CHROMIUM(VI) TRIOXIDE, CHROMIUM METAL, ... SODIUM CHROMATE(VI), ... SODIUM DICHROMATE(VI), ... CHROMIUM(III) SULFATE ... WERE INADEQUATE TO EVALUATE THE CARCINOGENICITY OF THESE CHROMIUM COMPOUNDS. [IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work).V23 302 (1980)]**PEER REVIEWED** IN VIVO &amp; IN VITRO SYSTEMS WERE USED TO EVALUATE HEXAVALENT CHROMIUM TOXICITY TO ALVEOLAR MACROPHAGES. RAT ALVEOLAR MACROPHAGES WERE EXPOSED TO 2 UG CALCIUM CHROMATE (CACRO4, INSOLUBLE) OR 2 UG CHROMIUM TRIOXIDE (CRO3, SOLUBLE). IN VIVO EXPOSURE OF THE MACROPHAGE TO EITHER CHROMIUM CMPD SHOWED NO TOXIC EFFECTS AT A 2 UG DOSE. MACROPHAGES EXPOSED IN TISSUE CULTURE, HOWEVER, HAD VALUES SIGNIFICANTLY DIFFERENT FROM CONTROLS. [GALVIN JB, OBERG SG; ENVIRON RES 33 (1): 7-16 (1984)]**PEER REVIEWED** CHROMIUM TRIOXIDE-INDUCED EMBRYOTOXIC EFFECTS ARE COMPARED AMONG 1 NONINBRED (LVG) &amp; 5 INBRED (CB, LHC, LSH, MHA, PD4) STRAINS OF HAMSTERS. A SINGLE DOSE OF CHROMIC TRIOXIDE (8 MG/KG, IV) WAS INJECTED INTO PREGNANT HAMSTERS ON THE MORNING OF GESTATION DAY 8. EMBRYOTOXIC

EFFECTS INCLUDED SIGNIFICANT RATES OF RESORPTIONS, EXTERNAL ABNORMALITIES, CLEFT PALATE &amp; HYDROCEPHALUS. THE MHA, LSH &amp; LVG STRAINS ARE SUSCEPTIBLE, WHILE THE CB, LHC &amp; PD4 STRAINS ARE RESISTANT TO CHROMIC TRIOXIDE-INDUCED EMBRYOTOXICITY. [GALE TF; ENVIRON RES 29 (1): 196-203 (1982)]**PEER REVIEWED** Injection-site sarcomas were produced in rats and mice after intramuscular, intrapleural and subcutaneous injections of ... chromium trioxide ... . [IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work).S7 166 (1987)]**PEER REVIEWED** Lead chromate sintered calcium chromate, zinc chromate, strontium chromate, sintered chromium trioxide, lead chromate oxide and colbalt-chromium alloy produce sarcomas at the sites of their subcutaneous, intramuscular and/or intrapleural administration in rats. [DHHS/NTP; Fourth Annual Report On Carcinogens p.42 (1985) NTP 85-002]**PEER REVIEWED** The carcinogenic effects of chromium compounds (chromic chromate, chromic(III) oxide, chromic(VI) trioxide, calcium chromate(VI), and process residue) /were studied/ by implanting cholesterol pellets containing the cmpd in bronchia of rats. After implantation, the rats were observed for up to 136 weeks. The only cmpd resulting in a carcinogenic effect was calcium chromate; six squamous cell carcinomas and two adenocarcinomas developed in 100 rats, and no tumors developed in 24 controls. [DHHS/ATSDR; Toxicological Profile for Chromium (Draft) p.70 (10/87)]**PEER REVIEWED** METAL COMPOUNDS WERE TESTED FOR THEIR ABILITY TO INDUCE CHROMOSOMAL ABERRATIONS IN CULTURED MAMMALIAN (C3H MOUSE MAMMARY CARCINOMA FM3A) CELLS. AMONG 6 VALENT CHROMIUM COMPOUNDS, POTASSIUM DICHROMATE &amp; CHROMIUM TRIOXIDE INDUCED HIGH LEVELS OF ABERRATIONS, AT RATES WHICH WERE SIMILAR FOR CHROMIUM EQUIVALENT DOSES. [UMEDA M, NISHIMURA M; MUTAT RES 67 (3): 221-30 (1979)]**PEER REVIEWED** Rats exposed to 0.1 mg chromium/cu m as a 3:2 mixture of chromium(VI)trioxide and chromium(III)oxide for 18 months had incr red and white blood cell counts, hemoglobin content, and hematocrit ... . [DHHS/ATSDR; Toxicological Profile for Chromium p. 43 (2000)]**PEER REVIEWED** The carcinogenic effects of male Swiss albino mice fed chromium(VI) trioxide (20 mg/kg body weight) by gavage were studied; after 24 hr, bone marrow cells were isolated and 500 metaphase plates were scored for chromosomal aberrations ... . The treated cells showed a significant incr in aberrations per cell over controls by 4.4-fold. when animals were treated simultaneously with chlorophyll in (1.5 mg/kg) ... numbers of aberrations were reduced to nearly background levels. [DHHS/ATSDR; Toxicological Profile for Chromium p. 107 (2000)]**PEER REVIEWED** A group of 43 female C57B1 mice (age unspecified) was exposed by inhalation to chromic acid (chromium trioxide) mist (85% of particles > 5 um) generated by a miniaturized electroplating system at a chromium concentration of 1.81 mg/cu m for 120 min twice a week for 12 months, at which time 23 mice were killed. The remaining 20 were killed six months

after the last exposure. Nasal perforation was seen in 3/23 and 3/20 mice killed at 12 and 18 months, respectively; 0/23 and 6/20 nasal papillomas occurred in these groups. A single lung adenoma was reported in the group killed at 18 months. No nasal inflammatory change or lung tumor was seen in a group of 20 untreated control mice. [IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work).V49 122 (1990)]**PEER REVIEWED** Chromium trioxide dissolved in saline was injected into the air sacs of embryonated chicken eggs at doses of 0.002-0.05 mg/egg on days 0-4 of incubation. Control eggs were injected with a comparable volume of saline. All embryos were examined on day 8, and malformations, such as short and twisted limbs, microphthalmia, exencephaly, short and twisted neck, everted viscera, edema and reduced body size, were observed in treated eggs. Most embryos showed unilateral or bilateral limb defects. [IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work).V49 151 (1990)]**PEER REVIEWED** CHROMIC (III) OXIDE OBTAINED BY REDN OF CHROMATE @ 600 DEG C WAS INCORPORATED &amp; BAKED IN BREAD WITH OTHER NUTRIENTS @ LEVELS OF 1, 2 &amp; 5%, &amp; BREAD WAS FED TO GROUPS OF 60 MALE &amp; FEMALE INBRED BD RATS ON 5 DAYS/WK FOR 2 YR. ... MAMMARY FIBROADENOMAS ... IN 3 RATS GIVEN 1%, IN 1 GIVEN 2% &amp; IN 3 GIVEN 5%. ... CONTROLS, 1 MAMMARY CARCINOMA &amp; 2 FIBROADENOMAS WERE DETECTED. [IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work).V23 254 (1980)]**PEER REVIEWED** The carcinogenic effects of chromium compounds (chromic chromate, chromic(III) oxide, chromic(VI) trioxide, calcium chromate(VI), and process residue) /were studied/ by implanting cholesterol pellets containing the compounds in bronchia of rats. After implantation, the rats were observed for up to 136 weeks. The only compound resulting in a carcinogenic effect was calcium chromate; six squamous cell carcinomas and two adenocarcinomas developed in 100 rats, and no tumors developed in 24 controls. [DHHS/ATSDR; Toxicological Profile for Chromium (Draft) p.70 (10/87)]**PEER REVIEWED** No effects on reproduction were reported in nine pairs of rats fed up to 5% chromium(III) oxide in a supplemented bread, 5 days/week for 60 days before grossly observable malformations or adverse effects occurred in the pups. [Ivankovic S, Preussman R; Food Cosmet Toxicol 13: 347-51 (1975) as cited in DHHS/ATSDR; Toxicological Profile for Chromium (Draft) p.62 (10/87)]**PEER REVIEWED** Hexavalent anionic chromium is topically corrosive, &amp; oral ingestion is toxic. In rabbits, large doses of chromate cause albuminuria with desquamated cells &amp; renal hyperemia, fatty degeneration &amp; necrosis. Nephritis, anuria &amp; extensive lesions in the kidney, &amp; gastrointestinal ulceration are noticed in humans suffering from chromium(VI) toxicity. Chromate contact dermatitis extends from a dry erythematous condition to eczema on the hands &amp; other exposed parts. Inhalation of chromium(VI) causes inflammation &amp; ulceration of the nasal mucosa. Pulmonary carcinoma in humans 3-4 yrs after initial inhalation exposure is linked to chromium(VI); experimental evidence in

animals is lacking. Intramuscular implantation of chromium trioxide or calcium chromate in rats, however, causes a high percentage of malignant tumors. /Hexavalent anionic chromium/ [Luckey, T.D. and B. Venugopal. Metal Toxicity in Mammals, 1. New York: Plenum Press, 1977.183]**PEER REVIEWED** NON-HUMAN TOXICITY VALUES: LD50 Rat oral 135-177 mg chromic trioxide/kg. [Kobayashi H; Tokyo Toritsu Eisei Kenkyusho Kenkyu Nempo 27: 119-23 (1976) DHHS/ATSDR; Toxicological Profile for Chromium (Draft) p.51 (1987)]**PEER REVIEWED** LD50 mouse oral 80-114 mg chromic trioxide/kg. [Kobayashi H; Tokyo Toritsu Eisei Kenkyusho Kenkyu Nempo 27: 119-23 (1976) as cited in DHHS/ATSDR; Toxicological Profile for Chromium (Draft) p.51 (10/87)]**PEER REVIEWED** LD50 Rat oral 80 mg/kg [Lewis, R.J. Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 9th ed. Volumes 1-3. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1996.856]**PEER REVIEWED** LD50 Mouse ip 14 mg/kg [Lewis, R.J. Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 9th ed. Volumes 1-3. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1996.856]**PEER REVIEWED** LC50 Fischer 344 rat inhalation male 137 mg/m3/4 hr, female 87 mg/m3/4 hr /From table/ [DHHS/ATSDR; Toxicological Profile for Chromium p. 18 (2000)]**PEER REVIEWED** LD50 Fischer 344 rat oral male 29 mg/kg, female 25 mg/kg /From table/ [DHHS/ATSDR; Toxicological Profile for Chromium p. 75 (2000)]**PEER REVIEWED** LD50 Fischer 344 rabbit dermal 30 mg/kg/24 hr /From table/ [DHHS/ATSDR; Toxicological Profile for Chromium p. 110 (2000)]**PEER REVIEWED** ECOTOXICITY VALUES: EC50 Salmo gairdneri (rainbow trout, embryo larva) 190 ug/l as chromium/28 days, with a water hardness of 101 mg/l as calcium carbonate; Toxic Effect: death and deformity. /Conditions of bioassay not specified/ [USEPA; Ambient Water Quality Criteria Doc: Chromium p.59 (1984) EPA 440/5-84-029]**PEER REVIEWED** EC50 Carassius auratus (goldfish embryo larva) 660 ug/l as chromium/7 days, with a water hardness of 195 mg/l as calcium carbonate; Toxic Effect: death and deformity. /Conditions of bioassay not specified/ [USEPA; Ambient Water Quality Criteria Doc: Chromium p.61 (1984) EPA 440/5-84-029]**PEER REVIEWED** LC50 Ophryotrocha diadema (polychaete worm); 7,500 ug/l as chromium and Ctendrilus seratus (polychaete worm) 4,300 ug/l as chromium; static unmeasured method. [Reish DJ, Carr RS; Mar Pollut Bull 9: 24 (1978) as cited in USEPA; Ambient Water Quality Criteria Doc: Chromium p.35 (1984) EPA 440/5-84-029]**PEER REVIEWED** LC50 Capitella captata (polychaete worm) 8,000 ug/l as chromium (larval) and 5,000 ug/l as chromium (adult); static unmeasured method. [Reish DJ et al; Water Res 10: 299 (1976) as cited in USEPA; Ambient Water Quality Criteria Doc: Chromium p.35 (1984) EPA 440/5-84-029]**PEER REVIEWED**

Selected ranked Species Mean Acute Values for saltwater species are as follows: Nassarius obsoletus (mud snail) 105,000 ug/l, Fundulus heteroclitus (mummichog) 74,010 ug/l, Menidia menidia (Atlantic silverside) 15,280 ug/l, Crassostrea gigas (Pacific oyster) 4,538 ug/l, Mytilus edulis (blue mussel) 4,469 ug/l, Mysidopsis bahia (mysid shrimp) 2,030 ug/l, and Nereis virens (polychaete worm) 2,000 ug/l. The saltwater Final Acute Value of 2,158 ug/l for chromium(6+) was calculated from the Genus Mean Acute Values. /Hexavalent chromium/ [USEPA; Ambient Water Quality Criteria Doc: Chromium p.47-49 (1984) EPA 440/5-84-029]**PEER REVIEWED** Toxic threshold, Daphnia magna 0.016-0.7 ppm /Cr(VI)/ [Nat'l Research Council Canada; Effects of Chromium in the Canadian Envir p.15 (1976) NRCC No.15017]**PEER REVIEWED** METABOLISM/PHARMACOKINETICS: ABSORPTION, DISTRIBUTION & EXCRETION: Rats that were exposed for a single inhalation of chromium(VI) trioxide mist from electroplating at a concn of 3.18 mg chromium(VI)/m3 for 30 min rapidly absorbed chromium from the lungs. The content of chromium in the lungs declined from 13.0 mg immediately after exposure to 1.1 mg at 4 wk in a triphasic pattern with an overall half-life of 5 days .. . [DHHS/ATSDR; Toxicological Profile for Chromium p. 124 (2000)]**PEER REVIEWED** BIOLOGICAL HALF-LIFE: 5 days /From lung of rat exposed via inhalation at an equivalent of 3.18 mg chromium(VI)/cu m for 30 minutes/ [DHHS/ATSDR; Toxicological Profile for Chromium p. 124 (2000)]**PEER REVIEWED** PHARMACOLOGY: THERAPEUTIC USES: Indicators and Reagents [National Library of Medicine's Medical Subject Headings online file (MeSH, 1999)]**PEER REVIEWED** FORMERLY TREATMENT FOR WARTS &amp; CAUTERIZATION OF HEMORRHOIDS [Browning, E. Toxicity of Industrial Metals. 2nd ed. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1969.123]**PEER REVIEWED** MEDICATION (VET): FORMERLY IN SOLN AS A TOPICAL ANTISEPTIC &amp; ASTRINGENT [The Merck Index. 10th ed. Rahway, New Jersey: Merck Co., Inc., 1983.318]**PEER REVIEWED** A 25 to 100% soln has been applied on a glass rod for the destruction of warts and indolent ulcers, the surrounding tissure being protected with soft paraffin. A 2 to 5% soln was formerly used in the treatment of Vincent's angina, with the warning that stronger soln were destructive and should not be used. [Reynolds, J.E.F., Prasad, A.B. (eds.) Martindale-The Extra Pharmacopoeia. 28th ed. London: The Pharmaceutical Press, 1982.285]**PEER REVIEWED**

Chromium(VI) oxide has been used as a cauterizing agent, esp to stop nose bleeds. [Seiler, H.G., H. Sigel and A. Sigel (eds.). Handbook on the Toxicity of Inorganic Compounds. New York, NY: Marcel Dekker, Inc. 1988.243]**PEER REVIEWED** DRUG WARNINGS: Soln of chromium trioxide are corrosive, acting by oxidation, and soln stronger than 5% should not be applied to mucous membranes. [Reynolds, J.E.F., Prasad, A.B. (eds.) Martindale-The Extra Pharmacopoeia. 28th ed. London: The Pharmaceutical Press, 1982.285]**PEER REVIEWED** ENVIRONMENTAL FATE & EXPOSURE: PROBABLE ROUTES OF HUMAN EXPOSURE: Chrome platers are exposed to chromium trioxide (CrO3) and its aqueous solution, chromic acid (H2CrO4). There is no convincing evidence that these highly corrosive soluble chromates pose a lung cancer risk among chrome plater, although the suggestion of an increased risk has been reported. Today, however, there are additives that reduce the escape of mist by reducing bubbling at electrodes, and newer plating methods, including electrolysis plating, and other control measures have greatly reduced exposures to these chromates. [Zenz, C. Occupational Medicine-Principles and Practical Applications. 2nd ed. St. Louis, MO: Mosby-Yearbook, Inc, 1988.536]**PEER REVIEWED** ENVIRONMENTAL BIODEGRADATION: Biological oxygen demand (BOD): none [U.S. Coast Guard, Department of Transportation. CHRIS - Hazardous Chemical Data. Volume II. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1984-5.]**PEER REVIEWED** ENVIRONMENTAL BIOCONCENTRATION: Food chain concn potential: none [U.S. Coast Guard, Department of Transportation. CHRIS - Hazardous Chemical Data. Volume II. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1984-5.]**PEER REVIEWED** ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS & REGULATIONS: ACCEPTABLE DAILY INTAKES: Acceptable daily intake (ADI) value of 0.175 mg/day/man for chromium(VI). /Hexavalent chromium/ [USEPA; Health Assessment Document: Chromium p.7-161 (1984) EPA 600/8-83-014F]**PEER REVIEWED** RCRA REQUIREMENTS: D007; A solid waste containing chromium may or may not become characterized as a hazardous waste when subjected to the Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure listed in 40 CFR 261.24, and if so characterized, must be managed as a hazardous waste. /Chromium/ [40 CFR 261.24 (7/1/2001]**PEER REVIEWED** ATMOSPHERIC STANDARDS: Listed as a hazardous air pollutant (HAP) generally known or suspected to cause serious health problems. The Clean Air Act, as amended in 1990,

directs EPA to set standards requiring major sources to sharply reduce routine emissions of toxic pollutants. EPA is required to establish and phase in specific performance based standards for all air emission sources that emit one or more of the listed pollutants. Chromic trioxide is included on this list. [Clean Air Act as amended in 1990, Sect. 112 (b) (1) Public Law 101-549 Nov. 15, 1990]**PEER REVIEWED** Chromium has been designated as a hazardous air pollutant under section 112 of the Clean Air Act. /Total chromium/ [40 CFR 61.01 (7/1/88)]**PEER REVIEWED** CLEAN WATER ACT REQUIREMENTS: Toxic pollutant designated pursuant to section 307(a)(1) of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act and is subject to effluent limitations. /Chromium and compounds/ [40 CFR 401.15 (7/1/2001)]**QC REVIEWED** CHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES: MOLECULAR FORMULA: Cr-O3 **PEER REVIEWED** MOLECULAR WEIGHT: 99.994 [Lide, DR (ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 81st Edition. CRC Press LLC, Boca Raton: FL 20004-54]**PEER REVIEWED** COLOR/FORM: Dark red, bipyramidal prismatic crystals, flakes or granular powder [Budavari, S. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 1996.375]**PEER REVIEWED** BROWN SOLID [Grant, W.M. Toxicology of the Eye. 3rd ed. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas Publisher, 1986.234]**PEER REVIEWED** Flake, ground powder form [Kuney, J.H. and J.N. Nullican (eds.) Chemcyclopedia. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 1988.180]**PEER REVIEWED** Dark-red ... flakes or powder [Note: Often used in an aqueous solution (H2CrO4)].[NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 97-140. Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1997.70]**PEER REVIEWED** ODOR: Odorless [U.S. Coast Guard, Department of Transportation. CHRIS - Hazardous Chemical Data. Volume II. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1984-5.]**PEER REVIEWED** BOILING POINT: Decomposes [Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. 4th ed. Volumes 1: New York, NY. John Wiley and Sons, 1991-Present.V6 (1993) 265]**PEER REVIEWED** MELTING POINT: 197 deg C [Budavari, S. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of

Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 1996.375]**PEER REVIEWED** DENSITY/SPECIFIC GRAVITY: 2.70 [Budavari, S. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 1996.375]**PEER REVIEWED** SOLUBILITIES: SOL IN ETHYL ALCOHOL, ETHYL ETHER, SULFURIC AND NITRIC ACIDS [Weast, R.C. (ed.) Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 68th ed. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press Inc., 1987-1988.B-85]**PEER REVIEWED** 61.7 G SOL IN 100 CC OF WATER @ 0 DEG C [Weast, R.C. (ed.) Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 68th ed. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press Inc., 1987-1988.B-85]**PEER REVIEWED** 67.45 G SOL IN 100 CC OF WATER @ 100 DEG C [Weast, R.C. (ed.) Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 68th ed. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press Inc., 1987-1988.B-85]**PEER REVIEWED** 167.299 lb/100 lb water at 70 deg F [U.S. Coast Guard, Department of Transportation. CHRIS - Hazardous Chemical Data. Volume II. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1984-5.]**PEER REVIEWED** Soluble in acetic acid and acetone [Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. 4th ed. Volumes 1: New York, NY. John Wiley and Sons, 1991-Present.V6 (1993) 265]**PEER REVIEWED** OTHER CHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES: Chromium trioxide, CrO3, contains hexavalent chromium. Its molecular weight is 100.01. It is also known as red oxide of chromium, chromic anhydride, chromic acid anhydride and, erroneously, chromic acid. [Udy MJ; American Chemical Society Monograph Series: Chromium Vol I p.129 (1956)]**PEER REVIEWED** Heat of fusion: 37.7 cal/g [U.S. Coast Guard, Department of Transportation. CHRIS - Hazardous Chemical Data. Volume II. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1984-5.]**PEER REVIEWED** Deliquescent [Weast, R.C. (ed.) Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 68th ed. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press Inc., 1987-1988.B-85]**PEER REVIEWED** Hexavalent chromium is linked to oxygen and is a powerful oxidizer, but it does not form coordination compounds, and is easily reduced to chromium trioxide. /Hexavalent chromium/ [Venugopal, B. and T.D. Luckey. Metal Toxicity in Mammals, 2. New York: Plenum Press, 1978.249]**PEER REVIEWED** Weighs 13.9 lb per gal /Chromic acid soln/ [Association of American Railroads. Emergency Handling of Hazardous Materials in Surface Transportation. Washington, D.C.: Assoc. of American Railroads, Hazardous Materials Systems (BOE), 1987.169]**PEER REVIEWED** Sol in mineral acids /Chromic acid/ [Lewis, R.J., Sr (Ed.). Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary. 13th ed. New York, NY: John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc. 1997. 268]**PEER REVIEWED**

CHEMICAL SAFETY & HANDLING: DOT EMERGENCY GUIDELINES: Fire or explosion: These substances will accelerate burning when involved in a fire. May explode from heat or contamination. Some may burn rapidly. Some will react explosively with hydrocarbons (fuels). May ignite combustibles (wood, paper, oil, clothing, etc.). Containers may explode when heated. Runoff may create fire or explosion hazard. /Chromium trioxide, anhydrous/ [U.S. Department of Transportation. 2000 Emergency Response Guidebook. RSPA P 5800.8 Edition. Washington, D.C: U.S. Government Printing Office, 2000,p. G-141]**QC REVIEWED** Health: Toxic by ingestion. Inhalation of dust is toxic. Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Contact with substance may cause severe burns to skin and eyes. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may cause pollution. /Chromium trioxide, anhydrous/ [U.S. Department of Transportation. 2000 Emergency Response Guidebook. RSPA P 5800.8 Edition. Washington, D.C: U.S. Government Printing Office, 2000,p. G-141]**QC REVIEWED** Public safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number. ... Isolate spill or leak area immediately for at least 10 to 25 meters (30 to 80 feet) in all directions. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Keep out of low areas. Ventilate closed spaces before entering. /Chromium trioxide, anhydrous/ [U.S. Department of Transportation. 2000 Emergency Response Guidebook. RSPA P 5800.8 Edition. Washington, D.C: U.S. Government Printing Office, 2000,p. G-141]**QC REVIEWED** Protective clothing: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Wear chemical protective clothing which is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection. Structural firefighters' protective clothing will only provide limited protection. /Chromium trioxide, anhydrous/ [U.S. Department of Transportation. 2000 Emergency Response Guidebook. RSPA P 5800.8 Edition. Washington, D.C: U.S. Government Printing Office, 2000,p. G-141]**QC REVIEWED** Evacuation: ... Fire: If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. /Chromium trioxide, anhydrous/ [U.S. Department of Transportation. 2000 Emergency Response Guidebook. RSPA P 5800.8 Edition. Washington, D.C: U.S. Government Printing Office, 2000,p. G-141]**QC REVIEWED** Fire: Small fires: Use water. Do not use dry chemicals or foams. CO2, or Halon may provide limited control. Large fires: Flood fire area with water from a distance. Move containers from fire area if you can do it without risk. Do not move cargo or vehicle if cargo has been exposed to heat. Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles. Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out. ALWAYS stay away from tanks engulfed in fire. For massive fire, use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn. /Chromium trioxide, anhydrous/ [U.S. Department of Transportation. 2000 Emergency Response Guidebook. RSPA P 5800.8 Edition. Washington, D.C: U.S. Government

Printing Office, 2000,p. G-141]**QC REVIEWED** Spill or leak: Keep combustibles (wood, paper, oil, etc.) away from spilled material. Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Small dry spills: With clean shovel place material into clean, dry container and cover loosely; move containers from spill area. Large spills: Dike far ahead of spill for later disposal. /Chromium trioxide, anhydrous/ [U.S. Department of Transportation. 2000 Emergency Response Guidebook. RSPA P 5800.8 Edition. Washington, D.C: U.S. Government Printing Office, 2000,p. G-141]**QC REVIEWED** First aid: Move victim to fresh air. Call 911 or emergency medical service. Apply artificial respiration if victim is not breathing. Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult. Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes. In case of contact with substance, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes. Keep victim warm and quiet. Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved, and take precautions to protect themselves. /Chromium trioxide, anhydrous/ [U.S. Department of Transportation. 2000 Emergency Response Guidebook. RSPA P 5800.8 Edition. Washington, D.C: U.S. Government Printing Office, 2000,p. G-141]**QC REVIEWED** SKIN, EYE AND RESPIRATORY IRRITATIONS: Very irritating to eyes and respiratory tract. [U.S. Coast Guard, Department of Transportation. CHRIS - Hazardous Chemical Data. Volume II. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1984-5.]**PEER REVIEWED** Probably a severe eye, skin, &amp; mucous membrane irritant. [Lewis, R.J. Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 9th ed. Volumes 1-3. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1996.856]**PEER REVIEWED** FIRE POTENTIAL: POWERFUL OXIDIZER ... CONTACT WITH COMBUSTIBLE MATERIAL MAY CAUSE FIRE. [The Merck Index. 10th ed. Rahway, New Jersey: Merck Co., Inc., 1983.318]**PEER REVIEWED** Ignites on contact with alcohls, acetic anhydride + tetrahydronaphthalene, acetone, butanol, chromium(II) sulfide, cyclohexanol, dimethyl formamide, ethanol, ethylene glycol, methanol, 2-propanol, pyridine. [Lewis, R.J. Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 9th ed. Volumes 1-3. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1996.856]**PEER REVIEWED** FIRE FIGHTING PROCEDURES: USE WATER; HOWEVER, THE DECOMPOSING MATERIAL WILL FORM A HOT VISCOUS FOAM &amp; CAUTION SHOULD BE EXERCISED AGAINST POSSIBILITY OF STEAM EXPLOSION. [National Fire Protection Association. Fire Protection Guide on Hazardous Materials. 9th ed. Boston, MA: National Fire Protection Association, 1986.49-32]**PEER REVIEWED** PERSONAL PROTECTION: WEAR FULL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING. [National Fire Protection Association. Fire Protection Guide on Hazardous Materials. 9th ed. Boston, MA: National Fire Protection Association, 1986.49-32]**PEER REVIEWED** EXPLOSIVE LIMITS & POTENTIAL:

CONTAINERS MAY EXPLODE WHEN INVOLVED IN FIRE. [National Fire Protection Association. Fire Protection Guide on Hazardous Materials. 9th ed. Boston, MA: National Fire Protection Association, 1986.49-32]**PEER REVIEWED** Explosive reaction with acetaldehyde, acetic acid + heat, acetic anhydride + heat, benzaldehyde, benzene, benzylthylaniline, butyraldehyde, 1,3-dimethylhexahydropyrimidone, diethyl ether, ethylacetate, isopropylacetate, methyl dioxane, pelargonic acid, pentyl acetate, phosphorus + heat, propionaldehyde &amp; other organic materials or solvents. Forms a friction &amp; heat-sensitive explosive mixture with potassium hexacyanoferrate. [Lewis, R.J. Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 9th ed. Volumes 1-3. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1996.856]**PEER REVIEWED** HAZARDOUS REACTIVITIES & INCOMPATIBILITIES: Acetylene is oxidized violently. [Bretherick, L. Handbook of Reactive Chemical Hazards. 4th ed. Boston, MA: Butterworth-Heinemann Ltd., 19901069]**PEER REVIEWED** Stirring chromium trioxide (added in small portions) with unheated /hexamethylphosphoramide/ leads to the formation of a complex useful for oxidizing alcohols to carbonyl derivatives. The trioxide must not be crushed before being added to the solvent, because violent decomposition may then occur. [Bretherick, L. Handbook of Reactive Chemical Hazards. 4th ed. Boston, MA: Butterworth-Heinemann Ltd., 19901071]**PEER REVIEWED** Arsenic reacts with chromium trioxide with incandescence. [Fire Protection Guide to Hazardous Materials. 12 ed. Quincy, MA: National Fire Protection Association, 1997. 491-25]**PEER REVIEWED** Ignition occurs when chromium trioxide comes in contact with a small portion of chromium sulfide. [Fire Protection Guide to Hazardous Materials. 12 ed. Quincy, MA: National Fire Protection Association, 1997. 491-62]**PEER REVIEWED** Reacts violently with diethyl ether at room temperature. [Fire Protection Guide to Hazardous Materials. 12 ed. Quincy, MA: National Fire Protection Association, 1997. 491-62]**PEER REVIEWED** Sodium or potassium reacts with chromium trioxide with incandescence. [Fire Protection Guide to Hazardous Materials. 12 ed. Quincy, MA: National Fire Protection Association, 1997. 491-154]**PEER REVIEWED** Mixed with potassium ferricyanide an explosion occurred when the dust was ignited by a spark. [Fire Protection Guide to Hazardous Materials. 12 ed. Quincy, MA: National Fire Protection Association, 1997. 491-62]**PEER REVIEWED** During the preparation of a chromium trioxide-pyridine complex, the proportion of the trioxide was increased. Since the trioxide dissolves in the pyridine by swelling, then rapidly dissolving with the evolution of heat, the excessive amount of chromium trioxide produced overheating, which resulted in an explosion and fire. [Fire Protection Guide to Hazardous Materials. 12 ed. Quincy, MA: National Fire Protection Association, 1997. 491-62]**PEER REVIEWED** Selenium reacts violently with chromium trioxide. [Fire Protection Guide

to Hazardous Materials. 12 ed. Quincy, MA: National Fire Protection Association, 1997. 491-167]**PEER REVIEWED** INCOMPATIBILITIES: PHARMACEUTICAL INCOMPATIBILITY: ALCOHOL, ETHER, GLYCEROL, SPIRIT NITROUS ETHER, &amp; ALMOST EVERY ORGANIC SUBSTANCE; BROMIDES, CHLORIDES, IODIDES, HYPOPHOSPHITES, SULFITES, &amp; SULFIDES. [The Merck Index. 10th ed. Rahway, New Jersey: Merck Co., Inc., 1983.318]**PEER REVIEWED** AN ATTEMPT TO PREPARE A 10% WT SOLN OF CHROMIC TRIOXIDE IN N,N-DIMETHYLFORMAMIDE PRODUCED AN ALMOST INSTANTANEOUS INFLAMMATION, FOLLOWED BY AN ERUPTION WHICH FORCIBLY EJECTED THE CONTENTS OF THE FLASK ONTO THE INNER WALLS OF THE FUME HOOD. [HEATHCOCK CH; CHEM ENG NEWS 59 (8): 9 (1981)]**PEER REVIEWED** IN THE REPORT OF AN EXPLOSION OF MIXTURES OF POTASSIUM PERMANGANATE &amp; CHROMIC TRIOXIDE BY CH HEATHCOCK (CHEM ENG NEWS 59 (8): 9 (1981)). DAUBEN ET AL (J ORG CHEM (34): 3587 (1969)), &amp; RATCLIFFE &amp; RODEHURST (J ORG CHEM (35): 4000 (1970)) STATE THAT COOLING &amp; STIRRING ARE REQUIRED &amp; THAT CHROMIC TRIOXIDE IS ADDED TO THE PYRIDINE IN CHLOROFORM SOLN. THE PYRIDINE IS NEVER ADDED TO CHROMIC TRIOXIDE. AN ACETONE-ICE BATH, PROPER STIRRING, &amp; PROPER MIXING OF REAGENTS ARE NEEDED FOR SAFE HANDLING OF THESE OXIDATION SYSTEMS. [HADD HE; CHEM ENG NEWS 59 (14): 3 (1981)]**PEER REVIEWED** CAN REACT EXPLOSIVELY WITH ACETIC ANHYDRIDE, ACETIC ACID, ETHYL ACETATE, ISOAMYL ALCOHOL, &amp; BENZALDEHYDE. LESS HAZARDOUS WITH ETHYLENE GLYCOL, FURFURAL, GLYCEROL, &amp; METHANOL. [Association of Official Analytical Chemists. Official Methods of Analysis. 10th ed. and supplements. Washington, DC: Association of Official Analytical Chemists, 1965. New editions through 13th ed. plus supplements, 1982.13/880 51.023]**PEER REVIEWED** CAN REACT VIOLENTLY WITH MOST METAL POWDERS, AMMONIA &amp; AMMONIUM SALTS, PHOSPHORUS, MANY FINELY DIVIDED ORGANIC CMPD, FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS, ACIDS, &amp; SULFUR. [Association of Official Analytical Chemists. Official Methods of Analysis. 10th ed. and supplements. Washington, DC: Association of Official Analytical Chemists, 1965. New editions through 13th ed. plus supplements, 1982.13/883 51.069]**PEER REVIEWED** BENZENE MAY REACT VIGOROUSLY WITH OXIDIZING AGENTS SUCH AS ... CHROMIC ACID ... [National Research Council. Prudent Practices for Handling Hazardous Chemicals in Laboratories. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1981.112]**PEER REVIEWED** Bromine pentafluoride ... contact with /chromium trioxide/ at ambient or slightly elevated temp is violent, ignition often occurring ... . [Bretherick, L. Handbook of Reactive Chemical Hazards. 4th ed. Boston, MA: Butterworth-Heinemann Ltd., 199093]**PEER REVIEWED** Violence of reaction depends on concn of ... /peroxyformic acid/ and scale and proportion of reactants. The following ... /observation was/ made with additions to 2-3 drops of ca 90% acid. ... Impure chromium trioxide ... cause violent decomp, sometimes accelerating to explosion. [Bretherick, L. Handbook of Reactive Chemical Hazards. 4th ed. Boston, MA: Butterworth-Heinemann Ltd., 1990152]**PEER REVIEWED**

In a study of hypergolic ignition of ethylene glycol by oxidants, chromium trioxide ... caused ignition on contact at ambient temp ... . [Bretherick, L. Handbook of Reactive Chemical Hazards. 4th ed. Boston, MA: Butterworth-Heinemann Ltd., 1990304]**PEER REVIEWED** Interaction of the two oxidants /chromium trioxide &amp; chlorine trifluoride/ is incandescent. [Bretherick, L. Handbook of Reactive Chemical Hazards. 4th ed. Boston, MA: Butterworth-Heinemann Ltd., 1990943]**PEER REVIEWED** Presence of nitric acid or nitrates in chromium trioxide may cause oxidation reactions to accelerate out of control ... . [Bretherick, L. Handbook of Reactive Chemical Hazards. 4th ed. Boston, MA: Butterworth-Heinemann Ltd., 19901068]**PEER REVIEWED** A mixture of chromium trioxide and butyric acid became incandescent on heating to 100 deg C. [Bretherick, L. Handbook of Reactive Chemical Hazards. 4th ed. Boston, MA: Butterworth-Heinemann Ltd., 19901070]**PEER REVIEWED** During oxidation of a sec-alcohol to ketone in cold /dimethylformamide/ soln, addition of solid trioxide caused ignition. Addition of lumps of trioxide was later found to cause local ignition on addition to ice-cooled dimethylformamide under nitrogen. Addition of 2 g of chromium trioxide to 18 ml of solvent to form a 10 wt % soln caused immediate ignition and ejection of the flask contents. [Bretherick, L. Handbook of Reactive Chemical Hazards. 4th ed. Boston, MA: Butterworth-Heinemann Ltd., 19901070]**PEER REVIEWED** Contact of the trioxide with the aprotic amide solvent /1,3-dimethylhexahydropyrimidone/ (dimethylpropyleneurea) is always explosive, with fire ... . [Bretherick, L. Handbook of Reactive Chemical Hazards. 4th ed. Boston, MA: Butterworth-Heinemann Ltd., 19901070]**PEER REVIEWED** Hydrogen sulfide ... contact with the heated ... /chromium trioxide/ causes incandescence. [Bretherick, L. Handbook of Reactive Chemical Hazards. 4th ed. Boston, MA: Butterworth-Heinemann Ltd., 19901071]**PEER REVIEWED** Combustible materials may ignite or explode on contact with ... /chromium trioxide/. A few drops of oil which fell into a container of the oxide led to an explosion which produced fatal burns. ... If a few drops of 2-butanone ... contact solid chromium trioxide, a few seconds' delay ensues while some of the oxidant attains the critical temp of 330 deg C. Then combustion occurs with enough vigor to raise a fire-ball several feet, and spattering also occurs. [Bretherick, L. Handbook of Reactive Chemical Hazards. 4th ed. Boston, MA: Butterworth-Heinemann Ltd., 19901071]**PEER REVIEWED** ... Butanol, isobutanol, acetaldehyde, propionaldehyde, butylaldehyde, benzaldehyde, acetic acid, pelargonic acid, ethyl acetate, isopropyl acetate, pentyl acetate, diethylether, methyldioxane, dimethyldioxane, acetone and benzylethlyaniline /cause possible ignition hazards/. [Bretherick, L. Handbook of Reactive Chemical Hazards. 4th ed. Boston, MA: Butterworth-Heinemann Ltd., 19901071]**PEER REVIEWED**

Phosphorus and the molten /chromium/ trioxide react explosively. [Bretherick, L. Handbook of Reactive Chemical Hazards. 4th ed. Boston, MA: Butterworth-Heinemann Ltd., 19901072]**PEER REVIEWED** Mixtures of ... /potassium hexacyanoferrate/ and chromium trioxide explode and inflame when heated above 196 deg C. Friction alone is sufficient to ignite violently the mixture when ground with silver sand. [Bretherick, L. Handbook of Reactive Chemical Hazards. 4th ed. Boston, MA: Butterworth-Heinemann Ltd., 19901072]**PEER REVIEWED** A mixture /sulfur &amp; chromium trioxide/ ignites on warming. [Bretherick, L. Handbook of Reactive Chemical Hazards. 4th ed. Boston, MA: Butterworth-Heinemann Ltd., 19901073]**PEER REVIEWED** POWERFUL OXIDIZER; OXIDIZES ALCOHOL AND MOST OTHER ORGANIC SUBSTANCES, SOMETIMES WITH DANGEROUS VIOLENCE. [The Merck Index. 10th ed. Rahway, New Jersey: Merck Co., Inc., 1983.318]**PEER REVIEWED** HAZARDOUS DECOMPOSITION: Decomp when heated to 250 deg C, liberating oxygen to support combustion. [ITII. Toxic and Hazarous Industrial Chemicals Safety Manual. Tokyo, Japan: The International Technical Information Institute, 1982.131]**PEER REVIEWED** DECOMPOSES AT 250 DEG C TO CHROMIC OXIDE AND OXYGEN [The Merck Index. 10th ed. Rahway, New Jersey: Merck Co., Inc., 1983.318]**PEER REVIEWED** OTHER HAZARDOUS REACTION: Presence of nitrates in chromium trioxide may cause oxidation reactions to accelerate out of control, possibly owing to formation of chromyl nitrate. Samples of the oxide should be tested by melting before use and those which contain nitrogen oxides should be discarded. [Bretherick, L. Handbook of Reactive Chemical Hazards. 4th ed. Boston, MA: Butterworth-Heinemann Ltd., 19901068]**PEER REVIEWED** PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT & CLOTHING: Wear appropriate personal protective clothing to prevent skin contact. [NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 97-140. Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1997.71]**PEER REVIEWED** Wear appropriate eye protection to prevent eye contact. [NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 97-140. Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1997.71]**PEER REVIEWED** Eyewash fountains should be provided in areas where there is any possibility that workers could be exposed to the substance; this is irrespective of the recommendation involving the wearing of eye protection. [NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 97-140. Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1997.71]**PEER REVIEWED** Facilities for quickly drenching the body should be provided within the immediate work area for emergency use where there is a possibility of exposure. [Note: It is intended that these facilities provide a sufficient quantity or flow of water to quickly remove the substance from any body

areas likely to be exposed. The actual determination of what constitutes an adequate quick drench facility depends on the specific circumstances. In certain instances, a deluge shower should be readily available, whereas in others, the availability of water from a sink or hose could be considered adequate.][NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 97-140. Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1997.71]**PEER REVIEWED** Recommendations for respirator selection. Condition: At concentrations above the NIOSH REL, or where there is no REL, at any detectable concentration. Respirator Class(es): Any self-contained breathing apparatus that has a full facepiece and is operated in a pressure-demand or other positive pressure mode. Any supplied-air respirator that has a full facepiece and is operated in pressure-demand or other positive pressure mode in combination with an auxiliary self-contained breathing apparatus operated in pressure-demand or other positive pressure mode. [NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 97-140. Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1997.71]**PEER REVIEWED** Recommendations for respirator selection. Condition: Escape from suddenly occurring respiratory hazards: Respirator Class(es): Any air-purifying, full-facepiece respirator with a high-efficiency particulate filter. Any appropriate escape-type, self-contained breathing apparatus. [NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 97-140. Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1997.71]**PEER REVIEWED** PREVENTIVE MEASURES: Apply petrolatum or paraffin oils to nose before exposure. [ITII. Toxic and Hazarous Industrial Chemicals Safety Manual. Tokyo, Japan: The International Technical Information Institute, 1982.131]**PEER REVIEWED** The worker should immediately wash the skin when it becomes contaminated. [NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 97-140. Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1997.71]**PEER REVIEWED** Contact lenses should not be worn when working with this chemical. [NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 97-140. Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1997.71]**PEER REVIEWED** SRP: Local exhaust ventilation should be applied wherever there is an incidence of point source emissions or dispersion of regulated contaminants in the work area. Ventilation control of the contaminant as close to its point of generation is both the most economical and safest method to minimize personnel exposure to airborne contaminants. **PEER REVIEWED** SRP: Contaminated protective clothing should be segregated in such a manner so that there is no direct personal contact by personnel who handle, dispose, or clean the clothing. Quality assurance to ascertain the completeness of the cleaning procedures should be implemented before the decontaminated protective clothing is returned for reuse by the workers. Contaminated clothing should not be taken home at end of shift, but should remain at employee's place of work for cleaning. **PEER REVIEWED**

SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses in industry is conflicting. The benefit or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place. **PEER REVIEWED** Work clothing that becomes wet or significantly contaminated should be removed and replaced. [NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 97-140. Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1997.71]**PEER REVIEWED** Workers whose clothing may have become contaminated should change into uncontaminated clothing before leaving the work premises. [NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 97-140. Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1997.71]**PEER REVIEWED** STABILITY/SHELF LIFE: Trivalent chromium is the most stable oxidation state and hexavalent chromium is the second most stable state. /Trivalent and hexavalent chromium/ [USEPA; Health Assessment Document: Chromium p.2-2 (1984) EPA 600/8-83-014F]**PEER REVIEWED** SHIPMENT METHODS AND REGULATIONS: No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./ [49 CFR 171.2 (7/1/2000)]**PEER REVIEWED** The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA Resolutions 618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations to be followed by all IATA Member airlines when transporting hazardous materials. [IATA. Dangerous Goods Regulations. 42nd Ed. Montreal, Canada and Geneva, Switzerland: International Air Transport Association, Dangerous Goods Regulations, 2001.138]**PEER REVIEWED** The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any substance or article. [IMDG; International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code; International Maritime Organization p.5145 (1998)]**PEER REVIEWED** STORAGE CONDITIONS: STORAGE: PROTECT AGAINST PHYSICAL DAMAGE. SEPARATE FROM COMBUSTIBLE, ORG

OR OTHER READILY OXIDIZABLE MATERIALS. PROTECT FROM EXCESSIVE MOISTURE TO MINIMIZE RUSTING-OUT OF CONTAINERS. AVOID STORAGE ON WOODEN FLOORS. REMOVE &amp; DISPOSE OF ANY SPILLAGE OF THIS MATERIAL. [National Fire Protection Association. Fire Protection Guide on Hazardous Materials. 9th ed. Boston, MA: National Fire Protection Association, 1986.49-32]**PEER REVIEWED** DISPOSAL METHODS: SRP: At the time of review, criteria for land treatment or burial (sanitary landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant revision. Prior to implementing land disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices. **PEER REVIEWED** Chemical reduction of concentrated materials to Cr (III) and precipitation by pH adjustment. Precipitates are normally disposed in a chemical waste landfill. Recovery and recycle is a viable alternative to disposal for chromium in plating wastes, tannery wastes, cooling tower blowdown and chemical plant wastes. Recommendable methods: Reduction &amp; precipitation. Not recommendable method: Landfill. Peer-review: Cr (VI) can be removed from soln of low acidity by ion exchange. This can allow recovery of Cr (VI), or the resin can be solidified and disposed of to a landfill. Do not landfill chromium trioxide. Contact with combustible material may cause fire. (Peer-review conclusions of an IRPTC expert consultation (May 1985)) [United Nations. Treatment and Disposal Methods for Waste Chemicals (IRPTC File). Data Profile Series No. 5. Geneva, Switzerland: United Nations Environmental Programme, Dec. 1985.140]**PEER REVIEWED** Wastewater treatment sludge from the production of chrome green pigments is a poor candidate for incineration. /Chrome green pigments/ [USEPA; Engineering Handbook for Hazardous Waste Incineration p.3-5 (1981) EPA 68-03-3025]**PEER REVIEWED** OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE STANDARDS: THRESHOLD LIMIT VALUES: 8 Hr Time Weighted Avg (TWA): 0.05 mg/cu m. /Water soluble Cr(VI) compounds, as Cr/ [American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. TLVs &amp; BEIs: Threshold limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biological Exposure Indices for 2002. Cincinnati, OH. 2002.23]**PEER REVIEWED** Excursion Limit Recommendation: Excursions in worker exposure levels may exceed three times the TLV-TWA for no more than a total of 30 min during a work day, and under no circumstances should they exceed five times the TLV-TWA, provided that the TLV-TWA is not exceeded. /Water soluble Cr(VI) compounds, as Cr/ [American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. TLVs &amp; BEIs: Threshold limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biological Exposure Indices for 2002. Cincinnati, OH. 2002.6]**PEER REVIEWED** A1; Confirmed human carcinogen. /Water soluble Cr(VI) compounds, as Cr/ [American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. TLVs &amp; BEIs: Threshold limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biological Exposure Indices for 2002. Cincinnati, OH. 2002.23]**PEER

REVIEWED** Biological Exposure Index (BEI): Determinant: total chromium in urine; Sampling Time: increase during shift; BEI: 10 ug/g creatinine. Determinant: total chromium in urine; Sampling Time: end of shift at end of workweek; BEI: 30 ug/g creatinine. The determinant may be present in biological specimens collected from subjects who have not been occupationally exposed, at a concentration which could affect interpretation of the result. Such background concentrations are incorporated in the BEI value. /Chromium(VI), water soluble fume/ [American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. TLVs &amp; BEIs: Threshold limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biological Exposure Indices for 2002. Cincinnati, OH. 2002.89]**PEER REVIEWED** Notice of Intended Change for 2002: These biological exposure indices (BEIs), with their corresponding values, comprise those for which a limit has been proposed or for which retention on the Notice of Intent to Establish or Change has been proposed. In each case, the proposed indices should be considered trial values that will remain in the listing for the year following ratification by the ACGIH Board of Directors. If, during the year, no evidence comes to light that questions the appropriateness of the values herein, the values will be reconsidered for Adoption. Determinant: total chromium in urine; Sampling Time: increase during shift; BEI: 10 ug/l. Determinant: total chromium in urine; Sampling Time: end of shift at end of workweek; BEI: 25 ug/l. /Chromium(VI), water soluble fume/ [American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. TLVs &amp; BEIs: Threshold limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biological Exposure Indices for 2002. Cincinnati, OH. 2002.95]**PEER REVIEWED** MANUFACTURING/USE INFORMATION: MAJOR USES: MEDICATION (VET) **PEER REVIEWED** TO MODIFY THE PROPERTIES OF BASIC MAGNESITE REFRACTORIES [IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work).V2 105 (1973)]**PEER REVIEWED** METAL FINISHING, EG, CHROME PLATING [SRI]**PEER REVIEWED** CHEM INTERMED FOR CHROMATED COPPER ARSENATE WOOD PRESERVATIVES [SRI]**PEER REVIEWED** CHEM INTERMED FOR CHROMIUM DIOXIDE FOR MAGNETIC TAPES [SRI]**PEER REVIEWED** CORROSION INHIBITOR IN RECIRCULATING WATER SYSTEMS [SRI]**PEER REVIEWED** CHEM INTERMED FOR OTHER CHROMIUM CHEMS, EG, PIGMENTS [SRI]**PEER REVIEWED** MEDICATION **PEER REVIEWED**

Use in calcium purification [Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. 3rd ed., Volumes 1-26. New York, NY: John Wiley and Sons, 1978-1984.4(78) 416]**PEER REVIEWED** Chromium plating, copper stripping, aluminum anodizing, photography; in purifying oil and acetylene, hardening microscopical preparations, oxidant in organic chemistry [Budavari, S. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 1996.375]**PEER REVIEWED** MANUFACTURERS: Elementis Chromium LP, Buddy Lawrence Drive, P.O. Box 9912, Corpus Christi, TX 78469, (800) 531-3188; Production site: Corpus Christi, TX 78469 [SRI International. 2000 Directory of Chemical Producers -- United States. SRI Consulting, Menlo Park: CA 2000527]**PEER REVIEWED** Johnson Matthey, Inc., Alfa Aesar, 460 Swedeford Rd., Wayne, PA 19087, (610) 971-3000; Production site: Ward Hill, MA 01835-8099 [SRI International. 2000 Directory of Chemical Producers -- United States. SRI Consulting, Menlo Park: CA 2000527]**PEER REVIEWED** METHODS OF MANUFACTURING: Produced commercially by the action of concentrated sulfuric acid on a solution of chromate or dichromate: Faith et al, Industrial Chemicals (John Wiley, NY, 4th ed, 1975) pp. 270-4. [Budavari, S. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 1996.375]**PEER REVIEWED** GENERAL MANUFACTURING INFORMATION: /Chromic acid:/ This important acid is known also as chromium trioxide. The technical grade is obtainable from primary producers in an anhydrous form as small dark red flakes containing 99% CrO3. Like all chromates and dichromates, its chromium is in the hexavalent state. It is very soluble and strongly reactive both as an acid and as an oxidizing agent ... . [Udy MJ; American Chemical Society Monograph Series: Chromium Vol I p.287 (1956)]**PEER REVIEWED** ... Sometimes referred to as chromic acid although true chromic acid cannot be isolated from soln. [International Labour Office. Encyclopedia of Occupational Health and Safety. Vols. I&amp;II. Geneva, Switzerland: International Labour Office, 1983.470]**PEER REVIEWED** FORMULATIONS/PREPARATIONS: Technical: technical flake 99.75% [U.S. Coast Guard, Department of Transportation. CHRIS - Hazardous Chemical Data. Volume II. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1984-5.]**PEER REVIEWED** Crystal grade, high purity, less dust [Kuney, J.H. and J.N. Nullican (eds.) Chemcyclopedia. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 1988.180]**PEER REVIEWED** IMPURITIES: USA GOVERNMENT SPECIFICATIONS FOR CHROMIUM TRIOXIDE ARE AS FOLLOWS: PURITY, 99.5% MINIMUM; CHLORIDE, 0.10% MAXIMUM; SULFATE, 0.20% MAXIMUM; WATER INSOLUBLE MATERIALS, 0.10% MAXIMUM; PARTICLE SIZE, 10% MINIMUM PASSES THROUGH -30 MESH (LESS THAN 590 UM US SIEVE). [IARC. Monographs on

the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work).V23 217 (1980)]**PEER REVIEWED** CONSUMPTION PATTERNS: METAL FINISHING, 73%; WOOD PRESERVATIVES, 24%; OTHER (EG, CHEM INTERMED FOR CHROMIUM DIOXIDE), 3% (1981) [SRI]**PEER REVIEWED** CHEMICAL PROFILE: Chromic acid. Wood preserving, 63%; metal finishing, 22%; other, including water treatment, magnetic particles and catalysts, 7%; exports, 8%. [Kavaler AR; Chemical Marketing Reporter 234 (17): 54 (1988)]**PEER REVIEWED** CHEMICAL PROFILE: Chromic acid. Demand: 1987: 57,500 tons; 1988: 62,500 tons; 1992 /projected/: 78,800 tons (Includes exports but not imports, which totaled 2,870 tons in 1987.) [Kavaler AR; Chemical Marketing Reporter 234 (17): 54 (1988)]**PEER REVIEWED** U. S. PRODUCTION: (1977) 3.3X10+10 G [SRI]**PEER REVIEWED** (1981) 2.9X10+10 G [SRI]**PEER REVIEWED** U. S. IMPORTS: (1977) 2.0X10+8 G [SRI]**PEER REVIEWED** (1981) 9.0X10+8 G [SRI]**PEER REVIEWED** U. S. EXPORTS: (1977) 4.1X10+9 G [SRI]**PEER REVIEWED** (1981) 2.4X10+9 G [SRI]**PEER REVIEWED** LABORATORY METHODS: SPECIAL REFERENCES: SYNONYMS AND IDENTIFIERS: RELATED HSDB RECORDS: 6999 [CHROMIUM COMPOUNDS] 6769 [CHROMIC ACID] (Degradation Product) SYNONYMS: ANIDRIDE CROMICA (ITALIAN) **PEER REVIEWED** CHROME (TRIOXYDE DE) (FRENCH) **PEER REVIEWED** CHROMIC ANHYDRIDE **PEER REVIEWED**

CHROMIC OXIDE [Grant, W.M. Toxicology of the Eye. 3rd ed. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas Publisher, 1986.234]**PEER REVIEWED** CHROMIUM OXIDE (CRO3) **PEER REVIEWED** CHROMIUM TRIOXIDE **PEER REVIEWED** CHROMIUM(6+) TRIOXIDE **PEER REVIEWED** CHROMIUM(VI) OXIDE **PEER REVIEWED** CHROMSAEUREANHYDRID (GERMAN) **PEER REVIEWED** CHROMTRIOXID (GERMAN) **PEER REVIEWED** CHROOMTRIOXYDE (DUTCH) **PEER REVIEWED** CHROOMZUURANHYDRIDE (DUTCH) **PEER REVIEWED** CROMO(TRIOSSIDO DI) (ITALIAN) **PEER REVIEWED** MONOCHROMIUM TRIOXIDE **PEER REVIEWED** PURATRONIC CHROMIUM TRIOXIDE **PEER REVIEWED** FORMULATIONS/PREPARATIONS: Technical: technical flake 99.75% [U.S. Coast Guard, Department of Transportation. CHRIS - Hazardous Chemical Data. Volume II. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1984-5.]**PEER REVIEWED** Crystal grade, high purity, less dust [Kuney, J.H. and J.N. Nullican (eds.) Chemcyclopedia. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 1988.180]**PEER REVIEWED** SHIPPING NAME/ NUMBER DOT/UN/NA/IMO: IMO 5.1; Chromic trioxide, anhydrous UN 1463; Chromium trioxide, anhydrous STANDARD TRANSPORTATION NUMBER: 49 185 10; Chromic trioxide EPA HAZARDOUS WASTE NUMBER: D007; A waste containing chromium may or may not be characterized as a hazardous waste following testing by the Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure as prescribed by the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) regulations. /Chromium/ ADMINISTRATIVE INFORMATION: HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES DATABANK NUMBER: 518 LAST REVISION DATE: 20021108 LAST REVIEW DATE: Reviewed by SRP on 1/26/2002

UPDATE HISTORY: Complete Update on 11/08/2002, 1 field added/edited/deleted. Complete Update on 10/16/2002, 1 field added/edited/deleted. Complete Update on 09/16/2002, 83 fields added/edited/deleted. Field Update on 05/13/2002, 1 field added/edited/deleted. Field Update on 02/13/2002, 1 field added/edited/deleted. Field Update on 08/08/2001, 1 field added/edited/deleted. Complete Update on 05/16/2001, 1 field added/edited/deleted. Complete Update on 05/15/2001, 1 field added/edited/deleted. Complete Update on 09/12/2000, 1 field added/edited/deleted. Complete Update on 03/22/2000, 1 field added/edited/deleted. Complete Update on 02/23/2000, 1 field added/edited/deleted. Complete Update on 02/11/2000, 1 field added/edited/deleted. Complete Update on 02/08/2000, 1 field added/edited/deleted. Complete Update on 02/02/2000, 1 field added/edited/deleted. Complete Update on 11/18/1999, 1 field added/edited/deleted. Complete Update on 09/21/1999, 1 field added/edited/deleted. Complete Update on 07/20/1999, 2 fields added/edited/deleted. Complete Update on 06/07/1999, 7 fields added/edited/deleted. Complete Update on 04/02/1999, 2 fields added/edited/deleted. Field Update on 03/19/1999, 1 field added/edited/deleted. Complete Update on 01/27/1999, 1 field added/edited/deleted. Complete Update on 11/12/1998, 11 fields added/edited/deleted. Field Update on 10/28/1998, 1 field added/edited/deleted. Complete Update on 09/11/1998, 1 field added/edited/deleted. Complete Update on 06/02/1998, 1 field added/edited/deleted. Complete Update on 03/16/1998, 5 fields added/edited/deleted. Field Update on 05/01/1997, 2 fields added/edited/deleted. Complete Update on 02/26/1997, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

Complete Update on 01/24/1997, 1 field added/edited/deleted. Complete Update on 06/18/1996, 2 fields added/edited/deleted. Complete Update on 06/03/1996, 2 fields added/edited/deleted. Complete Update on 05/10/1996, 1 field added/edited/deleted. Complete Update on 04/09/1996, 7 fields added/edited/deleted. Field Update on 01/19/1996, 1 field added/edited/deleted. Complete Update on 02/17/1995, 1 field added/edited/deleted. Complete Update on 12/21/1994, 1 field added/edited/deleted. Complete Update on 10/19/1994, 1 field added/edited/deleted. Complete Update on 09/23/1994, 1 field added/edited/deleted. Complete Update on 03/25/1994, 1 field added/edited/deleted. Complete Update on 11/05/1993, 1 field added/edited/deleted. Complete Update on 10/28/1993, 1 field added/edited/deleted. Complete Update on 08/07/1993, 1 field added/edited/deleted. Field update on 12/13/1992, 1 field added/edited/deleted. Complete Update on 11/23/1992, 1 field added/edited/deleted. Complete Update on 08/18/1992, 1 field added/edited/deleted. Complete Update on 08/17/1992, 1 field added/edited/deleted. Complete Update on 04/01/1992, 1 field added/edited/deleted. Complete Update on 01/23/1992, 1 field added/edited/deleted. Complete Update on 05/21/1990, 3 fields added/edited/deleted. Field update on 05/18/1990, 1 field added/edited/deleted. Field Update on 05/04/1990, 1 field added/edited/deleted. Complete Update on 11/09/1989, 86 fields added/edited/deleted. Field Update on 05/05/1989, 1 field added/edited/deleted. Complete Update on 03/08/1988, 50 fields added/edited/deleted. Complete Update on 04/28/1986