8/19/2019 The Flow of Foreign Fighters to the Islamic State: Assessing the Challenge and the Response

1/28

The Flow of Foreign Fightersto the Islamic StateAssessing the Challenge and the Response

By Hardin Lang and Muath Al Wari March 2016

  WWW.AMERICANPROGRESS.O

8/19/2019 The Flow of Foreign Fighters to the Islamic State: Assessing the Challenge and the Response

2/28

The Flow of Foreign Fightersto the Islamic StateAssessing the Challenge and the Response

By Hardin Lang and Muath Al Wari March 2016

8/19/2019 The Flow of Foreign Fighters to the Islamic State: Assessing the Challenge and the Response

3/28

  1 Introduction and summary

  3 Background

  6 Country breakdown

  6 Indonesia

  7 Egypt

  8 United Kingdom

  8 Germany

  9 Lebanon

  9 Morocco

  10 France

  11 Turkey

  11 Jordan

  12 Russia

  12 Saudi Arabia

  13 Tunisia

 14 Recommendations

 19 Conclusion

 21 Endnotes

Contents

8/19/2019 The Flow of Foreign Fighters to the Islamic State: Assessing the Challenge and the Response

4/28

1 Center for American Progress |  The Flow of Foreign Fig hters to the I slamic State

Introduction and summary

Foreign fighers have long been a key elemen o ransnaional jihad. In he 1980s,

oreigners flocked o Souh Asia o figh alongside he Aghan mujahedeen. Te

same hing occurred o a lesser exen in Bosnia and Chechnya in he 1990s and

again ollowing he 2003 invasion o Iraq. Bu he Syrian civil war and he subse-

quen rise o he Islamic Saealso known as IS, ISIS, or ISILhave broken new

ground. Never beore have jihadi oreign fighers rallied a he speed and scale as

hey have in he erriory ha IS now conrols. oday, beween 31,000 and 27,000

fighers rom more han 86 counries are esimaed o have made he journey o join he ranks o IS and oher exremis groups, doubling he 2014 numbers.1 

Tese oreign fighers fill leadership roles wihin he organizaion’s hierarchy and

seem o be disproporionaely responsible or he arociies and brualiy or

 which IS has become inamous. IS uses his exreme violence o creae a climae

o impuniy and o inimidae boh civilian populaions and poenial enemies.

In addiion, he recen atacks in Paris vividly demonsraed he inernaional er-

roris hrea ha oreign fighers pose. Finally, hese fighers presen a long-erm

challenge o heir source counries i and when hey reurn.

In response, he U.S.-led Global Coaliion o Couner ISIL has prioriized he flow

o oreign fighers as one o is five major lines o effor. In 2015, Unied Naions

Securiy Council Resoluion 2178, or UNSCR 2178, was adoped wih he

specific aim o addressing he oreign figher hrea.2 Similarly, he coaliion has

esablished a working group o coordinae mulilaeral effors o impede he flow

o oreign fighers o Syria and Iraq and o implemen he UNSCR.3 Bu much

 work remains o be done.

 A key o semming he flow o oreign fighers will be no only o rea he problema is sources bu also o prioriize wihin hese sources. While oreign fighers

come rom across he globe, 12 counries have provided some 75 percen o all

he fighers in Iraq and Syria. Tis repor provides a brie snapsho o he or-

eign figher hrea and he governmen response in each o hese 12 counries.

8/19/2019 The Flow of Foreign Fighters to the Islamic State: Assessing the Challenge and the Response

5/28

2 Center for American Progress |  The Flow of Foreign Fig hters to the I slamic State

Paricular atenion is paid o he legal ramework each o hese counries has

esablished o address he oreign figher challenge. Tese laws, as proscribed by

he U.N. resoluion, empower law enorcemen and inelligence agencies as hey

atemp o conron he hrea.

Te repor concludes by recommending he ollowing five seps ha he UniedSaes can ake wih is allies and parners o sem he flow o oreign fighers:

1. Focus on a lis o core source counries.

2. Esablish and implemen a legal ramework o bes pracices o couner he flow

o oreign fighers.

3. Prioriize measures o curb he use o urkey as a ransi hub.

4. Improve mulilaeral inelligence and inormaion sharing.

5. Focus on gains on he batlefield agains IS.

Many o he findings in his repor are relevan o he developing siuaion inLibya, which now hoss he mos significan IS presence ouside Syria and Iraq.4 

Te Libyan own o Sire, in paricular, has become a op desinaion or oreign

fighers, especially hose coming rom neighboring Norh Arican counries.5 

Effors o comba he flow o oreign fighers should be nesled wihin a wider

sraegy o comba IS in Libya and sabilize he counry, which is beyond he

scope o his repor.

8/19/2019 The Flow of Foreign Fighters to the Islamic State: Assessing the Challenge and the Response

6/28

3 Center for American Progress |  The Flow of Foreign Fig hters to the I slamic State

Background

Over he pas our years, an esimaed 27,000 o 31,000 oreign fighers rom a

leas 86 counries have raveled o Syria and Iraq o figh wih he Islamic Sae

and oher exremis groups.6 Around 4,250 o hese oreign fighers are European,

and a urher 250 are American.7 By comparison, he Sovie war in Aghanisan

saw a mos 20,000 oreign fighers make he journey beween 1980 and 1992.8 As

he Unied Saes assembled an inernaional coaliion o degrade and ulimaely

desroy IS, impeding he flow o oreign fighers became he coaliion’s second

main line o effor.9 Despie he prioriy given o his ask, oreign fighers conin-ued o flow ino Syria and Iraq in increasing numbers over he course o 2015.10 

No one acor can explain he oreign recruimen success o IS and oher exrem-

is groups in Syria and Iraq, bu inormaion echnology cerainly plays a role. Te

rapid spread o propaganda on new media plaorms such as Youube and witer

has srenghened IS’s recruimen capabiliy considerably. For example, IS uses

hese plaorms o recrui worldwide. Early on, IS argeed European audiences

 wih slick, specifically ailored recruimen videos.11 I regularly issues a publica-

ion aimed a English-speaking audiences and recruis.12 Ease o ravel o errio-

ries ha IS holds is anoher acor. urkey, whose border wih Syria is described as

he “Jihadis highway,” has direc flighs ino muliple ciies in a leas 107 coun-

ries.13 Bu he acual exisence o ISis hold on errioryremains he single

mos imporan acor in explaining he appeal o he journey o Syria and Iraq.

 The nature of the threat

Foreign fighers pose a series o challenges or hose opposed o IS. Firs and ore-

mos, oreign fighers play a key role in nearly every componen o he organiza-ion’s operaions14 and an especially ousized one when i comes o is displays

o savagery.15 IS uses oreign fighers and heir procliviy or exreme violence o

inimidae local populaions, where naive fighers may be less willing o brualize

8/19/2019 The Flow of Foreign Fighters to the Islamic State: Assessing the Challenge and the Response

7/28

4 Center for American Progress |  The Flow of Foreign Fig hters to the I slamic State

heir neighbors. Tese arociies help mainain order hrough ear and by projec-

ing an image o impuniy, a macabre exercise in populaion conrol and public

relaions. Tese acs o depraviy also help provoke wider secarian conflic by ar-

geing minoriy groups, allowing IS o assume he role o deender o he Sunnis.16 

Foreign fighers also are used o plo and execue erroris atacks agains arges worldwide, as was he case wih Paris in November.17 American and European

inelligence and law enorcemen officials also are concerned wih he hrea posed

 by reurnees no longer acively fighing or IS. Tese individuals have acquired

comba skills and relaionships wih oher jihadis rom around he world while

fighing or IS and could be persuaded o conduc organized or lone-acor syle

atacks in heir home counries.18 As a recen erroris Trea Assessmen or

he Neherlands noed, reurning fighers “are no only coming back wih radi-

cal ideas; hey are also raumaized and ully prepared o use v iolence.”19 Making

maters worse, oday’s oreign fighers could serve as he oundaion or he nex

generaion o ransnaional jihad. Te neworks hey build can las decades andpose a hrea long afer IS is desroyed.

 Addiionally, IS and oher exremis groups have signaled heir inen o infilrae he

wo main reugee roues hrough urkey and Libya ino Europe. Concerns over IS

infilraion o reugee flows ino Europe became more acue in he wake o he Paris

atacks in November. One o he bombers was ound o have used he urkey reu-

gee roue ino Europe.20 Where possible, measures should be aken o srenghen

regisraion and screening processes or reugees ino he European Union. A he

same ime, raversing he access roues o Europe is a dangerous and complicaed

affair. While he poenial or peneraion o hese roues meris coninued scruiny,

o greaer concern is he risk posed by he sizable number o Europeans fighing or

IS who enjoy ree movemen in he Schengen Areahe 26 European counries

 wih a common visa policy ha allows unresriced ravel beween hem.21 

International response

In response o his hrea, he coaliion has aken seps o impede he flow o

oreign fighers, creaing he Coaliion Working Group on Foreign errorisFighers, or WGFF, Working Group, led by he Neherlands and urkey. One

o he working group’s main objecives is o ensure ha coaliion members

implemen he obligaions and recommendaions se orh in U.N. Securiy

Council Resoluion 2178. Tese include sepped-up inelligence cooperaion,

8/19/2019 The Flow of Foreign Fighters to the Islamic State: Assessing the Challenge and the Response

8/28

5 Center for American Progress |  The Flow of Foreign Fig hters to the I slamic State

sharing bes pracices on border conrols, effecively regulaing he issuance o

ravel documens, sharing ravel maniess, and addressing any gaps ha may

exis in naional criminal codes wih regard o joining oreign erroris groups.22 

o dae, approximaely 45 counries have enaced laws or amendmens o impede

ravel ino Iraq and Syria. Some 35 counries have arresed oreign erroris figh-ers or hose who aspire o figh wih IS, and 12 o hese counries have successully

prosecued oreign erroris fighers.23 Inormaion sharing has improved as well.

 A leas 50 counries now share oreign figher profiles hrough Inerpol’s Couner-

errorism Fusion Cener. Tis marks a 400 percen increase since he emergence

o IS. In addiion, he Unied Saes has bilaeral arrangemens wih 40 separae

counries o share inormaion on erroris ravel.24

8/19/2019 The Flow of Foreign Fighters to the Islamic State: Assessing the Challenge and the Response

9/28

6 Center for American Progress |  The Flow of Foreign Fig hters to the I slamic State

Country breakdown

Origins of foreign fighters

 While Islamic Sae fighers hail rom across he globe, a handul o counries

provide he bulk o he erroris group’s oreign recruis. Fighers rom 12 coun-

ries make up a leas 75 percen o he oal oreign figher coningen.25 Beween

6,000 and 7,000 unisians have gone o figh in Iraq and Syria, well above he nex

highes coningen o 2,500 individuals rom Saudi Arabia. urkey, Jordan, and

Russia have all sen beween 2,000 and 2,500 fighers each, while 1,200 o 1,500Moroccans and 1,700 French naionals have joined IS. Indonesia, Egyp, he

Unied Kingdom, Germany, and Lebanon have all seen beween 500 and 1,000 o

heir ciizens ravel o Iraq and Syria o figh wih IS.26

Tere is no consisen profile among hese 12 counries, nor among he recruis

hey produce. Tese counries include all gradaions o governing sysems. Te

predominan orm o Islam praciced by Muslims differs wihin and beween

counries, while IS recruis come rom all socio-economic backgrounds.

Counererrorism policies and inernal securiy measures in hese 12 naions

range rom robus o lax. Given heir diverse profiles, effors o sem he flow o

oreign fighers rom hese counries will need o be ailored o he condiions o

each local conex o be effecive. Pu simply, here is no one-size-fis-all approach.

Given his backdrop, he ollowing is an examinaion o he acs on he ground in

each o he 12 counries ha looks a he specific hrea and corresponding response.

Indonesia

Threat: In 2014, 60 Indonesians were esimaed o be fighing wih IS.27 As o

 January 2016, he Indonesian governmen pu ha number a 700. Te govern-

men atribues his increase o recruimen rom Indonesian migran workers and

sudens living in he Middle Eas.28 Independen research on Indonesian oreign

8/19/2019 The Flow of Foreign Fighters to the Islamic State: Assessing the Challenge and the Response

10/28

7 Center for American Progress |  The Flow of Foreign Fig hters to the I slamic State

fighers in Syria ound ha several o hese fighers had been sudens in Yemen and

Pakisan.29 Te mos noable o hese fighersRiza Fardireleased a recruimen

 video or Indonesian jihadis known as “Join he Ranks.”30

Response: In Augus 2014, Indonesia banned IS and is online recruimen videos.

 Addiionally, he governmen announced i would ake seps o preven Indonesianciizens rom raveling o Syria or Iraq.31 While Indonesian law does no criminalize

he ac o ravel isel, pledging allegiance o a oreign sae can be grounds or los-

ing ciizenship. Te law also saes ha hose enering ino “oreign miliary service

 wihou he approval o he presiden” can be sripped o heir ciizenship.32

Egypt

Threat: Te number o Egypians fighing in Syria and Iraq is esimaed o be

 beween 600 and 1,000 individuals.33 While significan, hese numbers are rela-ively low or a counry o Egyp’s size and wih is hisory o jihad. Evens since

he 2011 overhrow o ormer Presiden Hosni Mubarak have conribued o his

flow o fighers. Presiden Mubarak’s ouser weakened elemens o Egypian sae

securiy and inelligence, creaing a securiy vacuum ha allowed up o 300 jihadis

o escape Egypian prisons.34 Egyp’s social and poliical climae subsequenly

oscillaed rom almos unlimied olerance or Islamiss o all sripes o an unprec-

edened crackdown, which in urn has led o radicalizaion wih a largely domesic

ocus. Egypian Islamiss end o give prioriy o conronaion wih he Egypian

governmen and o remember he brual ailure o heir urn o violence in he

1990s. Moreover, he rise o a local IS affiliae, Wilaya Sinai, provides a domesic

alernaive o would-be Jihadiss wishing o revisi ha pah.

Response: Egyp has aken a number o seps o crack down on jihad, bu ew

o hese inervenions specifically arge he flow o oreign fighers. In Augus

2015, he governmen released a lis o counries o which ravel would require

prior securiy clearance. Te lis applies o all ciizens beween ages 18 and 45 and

includes ravel o Syria and urkey bu no Iraq.35 In 2015, Egyp passed a sweep-

ing counererrorism law under which individuals ound o have joined erroris

groups overseas are o be punished wih 10 years in prison and hose ound ohave received miliary raining ace up o lie imprisonmen.36 

8/19/2019 The Flow of Foreign Fighters to the Islamic State: Assessing the Challenge and the Response

11/28

8 Center for American Progress |  The Flow of Foreign Fig hters to the I slamic State

United Kingdom

Threat: Like oher counries on his lis, he Unied Kingdom has had a long his-

ory wih ransnaional jihad. According o MI5, he Unied Kingdom’s domesic

securiy agency, over he pas decade, Briish fighers have raveled o Pakisan,

 Yemen, and Somalia. Bu he Syrian conflic has become a paricularly atracivedesinaion, wih an esimaed 760 Briish fighers in ha counry. 37 MI5 suggess

ha “a significan proporion” o Briish oreign fighers have joined IS. While hal

o Briish oreign fighers have reurned o he Unied Kingdom, Briain has no

experienced erroris atacks linked o IS. However, several IS plos have been dis-

ruped,38 including some planned and direced rom IS erriory in Iraq and Syria.39

Response: Briish law criminalizes he ac o raveling abroad or he purposes o

errorism. I also allows he governmen o wihdraw Briish ciizenship on he

grounds o erroris involvemen.40 New counererrorism legislaion passed in

November 2014, expanding governmen powers o wihdraw passpors, allow-ing or emporarily banning Briish oreign fighers rom reurning o he Unied

Kingdom, and requiring more passenger inormaion rom inernaional airlines in

advance o flighs o he Unied Kingdom.41 

Germany

Threat: Some 760 German naionals have gone o figh in Syria and Iraq.42 

German naionals play key leadership roles in IS, mos significanly Reda Seyam,

an imporan aciliaor, financier, and recruier or oreign fighers in Bosnia and

Chechnya. Moreover, Seyam was a member o he “Hamburg cell” ha planned

9/11.43 oday, Seyam serves as IS’s miniser o educaion in Mosul and previously

recruied and rafficked fighers rom Germany o Syria.44 His role and a recen

profile o 378 German oreign fighers suggess ha sel-radicalizaion is a mar-

ginal phenomenon. According o he profiles, “offline social conacs played no

role” in only 3 percen o he cases o oreign figher recruimen.45 

Response: In February 2015, Germany passed a new counererrorism lawone

o he oughes in Europe.46

 Te law was buil on a 2014 measure ha banned ISand gave auhoriies he abiliy o “revoke or reuse o issue a naional ideniy card

or IS supporers.”47 Te 2015 language criminalizes no jus he ac o raveling

or erroris purposes bu also he “inen” o do so. German law already allowed

8/19/2019 The Flow of Foreign Fighters to the Islamic State: Assessing the Challenge and the Response

12/28

9 Center for American Progress |  The Flow of Foreign Fig hters to the I slamic State

or he wihdrawal o passpors rom individuals deemed a hrea o naional

securiy,48 bu he new law goes a sep urher by requiring ha such individuals

 be issued new idenificaion cards ha are no valid or ravel ouside Germany

serving effecively as ravel bans.

Lebanon

Threat: 

Lebanon is poliically divided ino wo main camps: one led by he Shiie

Islamis Hezbollah, which suppored he 30-year Syrian occupaion o Lebanon

and is backed by Iran.49 Te oher is led by he Fuure Movemen, a largely Sunni

 bloc opposed o he occupaion o Lebanon. I blames Syria and Hezbollah or he

assassinaion o is ormer leader, Prime Miniser Rafik Hariri. oday, Hezbollah

is fighing inside Syria alongside Russia, Iran, and he Assad regime agains wha

is largely a Sunni opposiion. As a resul, he Syrian conflic has become as much a

domesic Lebanese mater as a oreign one. In paricular, Lebanon has been unableo elec a new presiden or nearly wo years.50 In his climae, some 900 Lebanese

Sunnis have raveled o Syria o figh wih IS and oher exremis groups.51

Response: I is nearly impossible or he Lebanese poliical sysem o approve and

implemen any kind o measure o address he challenge o oreign fighers, hanks

o he exreme polarizaion o he counry’s poliics. Te work o sopping he

flow o Sunni oreign fighers alls on he oversreched and underarmed Lebanese

armed orces. As a resul, he Unied Saes and France have increased heir assis-

ance o he Lebanese miliary hroughou he conflic in Syria.52

Morocco

Threat: Morocco is one o he main exporers o oreign fighers o Syria, wih

up o 1,500 individuals having made he journey, and i has a long hisory o

naionals joining milian jihadi groups abroad. In he 1980s and 1990s, dozens o

Moroccans raveled o Aghanisan o figh he Sovies and subsequenly joined

he aliban. Afer 2003, some 200 o 300 Moroccans raveled o Iraq o figh wih

exremis groups, including Al Qaeda in Iraq. Following he oubreak o he Syriancivil war, more han 1,000 Moroccans wen o Syria o join various ani-Assad

groups, wih he flow peaking in lae 2013. Following he declaraion o Caliphae

o he Islamic Sae, many Moroccans are believed o have lef oher exremis

groups or IS, which is now he primary address or Moroccan oreign fighers.53

8/19/2019 The Flow of Foreign Fighters to the Islamic State: Assessing the Challenge and the Response

13/28

10 Center for American Progress |  The Flow of Foreign Fig hters to the I slamic State

Response: Unil 2014, Moroccan auhoriies ook a lax approach o he flow o or-

eign fighers, apparenly willing o see heir own milians ravel o figh he Assad

regime. Bu wih he adven o IS, he Moroccan governmen grew concerned over

local repercussions, including he hrea posed by reurnees. Te response has

 been hard line and securiy ocused. In 2015, Morocco amended is counerer-

rorism law o criminalize joining groups such as IS and gave is naional coursuniversal jurisdicion over ciizens involved in erroris crimes.54 Punishmens or

 joining any domesic or oreign nonsae acor are “five o fifeen years in prison

and fines up o 500,000 Moroccan Dirham [$50,000].”55 Foreign fighers are

imprisoned upon heir reurn o Morocco.56

France

Threat: An esimaed 1,700 French naionals have gone o figh wih IS and

oher exremis groups in Syriahe mos rom any single European counry.France also has been he arge o IS’s mos specacular ou-o-area operaion:

November’s atacks in Paris. Alhough he perperaors o he atacks were no

French ciizens, he cell had conac wih a French member o IS leadership.57 

Te prominen role ha Belgian naionals played in he atack underscored he

challenge presened by he European Union’s open borders. Te cell ringleader,

 Abdelhamid Abaaoud, was a Belgian ciizen who had ough wih IS in Syria, and

according o news sources, served as a link “beween IS’s operaions in Syria and

is pool o would-be recruis and reurnee fighers in Europe.”58 

Response: Te Paris erroris atacks helped ocus concerns surrounding he

hrea o oreign fighers. French law as currenly writen requires “sysemaic

quesioning”59 o all reurning oreign fighers. Since 2012, French law no longer

disinguishes beween erroris acs commited in France or abroad, and reurn-

ees are “almos always deained and charged wih conspiracy wih a erroris

enerprise.”60 Addiionally, a November 2014 law ha gives he governmen he

righ o place a ravel ban or up o wo yearspending renewals a six-monh

inervals and appealson individuals suspeced o atemping ravel or error-

is purposes. Te law also allows he French governmen o wihhold passpors

rom such individuals.61

8/19/2019 The Flow of Foreign Fighters to the Islamic State: Assessing the Challenge and the Response

14/28

11 Center for American Progress |  The Flow of Foreign Fig hters to the I slamic State

 Turkey

Threat: urkey is he main arery or oreign fighers o ravel o Syria and join IS.

urkey’s role is complicaed by is own involvemen in he Syrian civil war. For

 years, he urkish sae allowed oreign naionals, and as many as 2,200 o is own

ciizens, o cross ino Syria o figh he Assad regime. Ankara also armed, financed,and aciliaed he ravel o a number o rebel groups.62 As ar back as 2013, U.S.

Presiden Barack Obama reporedly complained o urkish Presiden Recep

ayyip Erdoğan ha, “was leting arms and fighers flow ino Syria indiscrimi-

naely and someimes o he wrong rebels, including ani-Wesern jihadiss.”63 

urkey mainains ha is policy is aimed a empowering moderae elemens o

opple he Assad governmen. In June 2015, Presiden Obama publicly criicized

urkey’s handling o is porous border wih Syria, saying ha he NAO member

had no “ully ramped he capaciy hey need.”64

Response: urkey aces wo main challenges when i comes o oreign fighers.Firs, i mus sop is own ciizens rom fighing wih IS and oher jihadi groups.

More imporanly, however, plugging he holes in urkey’s porous border will be

criical o sopping oreign fighers o all naionaliies rom crossing ino Syria.

In his respec, he siuaion appears o be showing some signs o improvemen:

News repors in 2015 deailed how he flow o oreign fighers crossing rom

urkey is drying up.65 Following he Paris atacks, calls or urkey o seal off is

 border wih Syria inensified. urkey is said o have urher improved is effors

 while atemping o coninue allowing reugees ino he counry.66

Jordan

Threat: Wih beween 2,000 and 2,500 Jordanians having raveled o Syria, Jordan

is he larges source o IS oreign fighers per capia and is in he op five source

counries in absolue erms.67 Jordan has a long hisory o providing manpower

o jihadi groups: Abu Musab al-Zarqawi, he ounder o Al Qaeda in Iraq, was a

 Jordanian naional.68 Moreover, oreign figher recruis rom Jordan are drawn

rom a diverse socio-economic profile. Zarqa, Zarqawi’s birhplace and namesake,

has been he source o one-hird o all Jordanian oreign fighers in Syria.69

 Tesouhern ciy o Ma’an has served as anoher recruimen hub.70 Well-educaed

and employed proessionals are also represened in he ranks o fighers.71 Te

Salafi jihadi leadership in Jordan has prioriized he civil war in Syria raher han

conroning he Jordanian monarchy. Te hope is o increase is domesic suppor

in Jordan hrough success on he batlefield in Syria.72

8/19/2019 The Flow of Foreign Fighters to the Islamic State: Assessing the Challenge and the Response

15/28

8/19/2019 The Flow of Foreign Fighters to the Islamic State: Assessing the Challenge and the Response

16/28

13 Center for American Progress |  The Flow of Foreign Fig hters to the I slamic State

 Addiionally, he secarian dimensions o he Syrian civil war muually reinorced

secarian ensions inside he kingdom. Boh ed hosiliiesand were reinorced

 by hem. Te resul was a climae o passive olerance or Saudi ciizens o ravel o

Syria and join ha figh.85

Response:Te kingdom’s response o oreign fighers ollowing he emergenceo IS has been mixed. Cells have esablished hemselves inside Saudi Arabia and

have claimed credi or several erroris atacks. In 2014, a royal decree imposed a

prison senence o beween 3 and 20 years on ciizens who join in fighing ouside

he kingdom.86 Saudi inernal securiy also has cracked down on exremiss a

home hrough mass arress and execuions. Bu calls o suppor or jihad in Syria

rom religious figures coninue,87 as does Saudi suppor or Islamis milians figh-

ing he regime in Syria.88 

 Tunisia

Threat: Wih a leas 6,000 fighers, unisia is he single larges exporer o oreign

fighers ino Syria and Iraq by a significan margin.89 Alhough he auhoriarian

regime o ormer Presiden Zine El Abidine Ben Ali mainained a igh, repressive

grip on mosques and religious insiuions, hese resricions were lifed almos

overnigh ollowing his ouser in 2011.90 Foreign figher recruimen also has been

 buoyed by recruimen and ravel neworks previously oleraed by he Ben Ali

regime as a means o exporing domesic exremiss.91 More han one-hird o all

unisian oreign fighers come rom hree ciies and owns: he capial o unis

a 11 percen; Bizere a 11 percen; and he souhern smuggling own o Ben

Gardane a 15 percen.92 

Response: From 2011 o 2014, he Islamis-led governmen iniially ook a less

securiy-ocused approach o domesic exremism and he flow o oreign fighers

o Syria. Bu by 2015, a se o counererrorism measures was insiued afer IS

claimed credi or a mass shooing a a ouris resor.93 Tese measures included

ravel resricions on unisians under age 35 o a number o counries, including

Syria.94 Te governmen repors ha hese resricions have blocked he ravel o

some 15,000 unisians o conflic zones in he region.95

 In Augus 2015, PresidenBeji Caid Essebsi approved a new counererrorism law passed by parliamen ha

criminalizes joining erroris organizaions in or ouside unisia.

8/19/2019 The Flow of Foreign Fighters to the Islamic State: Assessing the Challenge and the Response

17/28

14 Center for American Progress |  The Flow of Foreign Fig hters to the I slamic State

Recommendations

Te exisence o he Islamic Sae is obviously key o he flow o oreign fighers,

 bu here are oher imporan acors ha conribue as well. Te collapse o sae

auhoriy in Iraq and he Syrian civil war paved he pah or he emergence o IS.

Bu IS’ abiliy o atrac men and women rom around he globe is srenghened ar

more by condiions in source counries han in Syria and Iraq. Tis requires a muli-

aceed response o he flow o oreign fighers, one ha idenifies he key domesic

and inernaional nodes and addresses hem. Absen ha, he flow o oreign figh-

ers may be rendered dorman ollowing he desrucion o IS only o be acivaed by anoher poenial conflic in he uure. Te ollowing recommendaions deail

some o he inervenions ha he inernaional communiy should prioriize.

1. Focus on a list of core source countries

Raher han casing a wide ne, he coaliion should prioriize he 12 counries

ha provide roughly hree-quarers o oreign recruis or IS and oher exremis

groups and channel is resources accordingly. Wihin his group, he coaliion

should riage hose mos badly in need o suppor. European counries such

as he Unied Kingdom, France, and Germany already have srong legal rame-

 works, law enorcemen and securiy services, and abundan naional resources.

Oher counries may be less amenable o coaliion help: Russia, or insance, has

litle ineres in exernal suppor, while Lebanon’s domesic poliical paralysis

prevens i rom aking acion. Bu he coaliion should give op prioriy o

counries such as unisia and Jordan, which are among he op conribuors o

oreign fighers and ace challenging inernal securiy problems. A a minimum,

his should ake he orm o assisance ha specifically arges gaps in enorce-

men capaciy. Bu boh Jordan and unisia highligh how fighers rom some ohe a-risk counries come rom specific owns or ciies. Coaliion effors should

 be ai lored o such realiies o so-called hobed localiies.96 Indeed he U.S.

Deparmen o Homeland Securiy came o a similar conclusion in conroning

he oreign figher challenge in he Unied Saes.97

8/19/2019 The Flow of Foreign Fighters to the Islamic State: Assessing the Challenge and the Response

18/28

15 Center for American Progress |  The Flow of Foreign Fig hters to the I slamic State

Special atenion should be dedicaed o core counries even wihin he lis above.

Te specificiy required by a counry-specific approach will be cosly and ime

consuming, bu i also would be more susainable in he long erm. In unisia, or

insance, assisance should ocus on proessionalizing he securiy apparaus away

rom regime securiy and oward naional securiy. Addiionally, unisia should be

assised as i atemps o find a balance beween combaing violen exremism andallowing or he ree pracice o religion. Similarly, in Jordan, sysemaic couner-

 violen exremism work should be encouraged. In November 2015, Jordan

esablished he Direcorae or Counering Violen Exremism98a welcome

developmen ha should be moniored and evaluaed as economic and securiy

assisance o Jordan is increased.99

2. Prioritize measures to curb the use of Turkey as a transit hub

 While oreign fighers are drawn rom a wide variey o counries and back-grounds, many do share one cenral commonaliy: Te vas majoriy appear o

ravel o IS-conrolled erriory v ia urkey, where hey benefi rom direc flighs

o more han 100 hundred counries. Making maters worse, as urkey’s role as a

ransi poin or oreign fighers is scruinized, individuals are uilizing so-called

 broken flighs o hide heir final desinaion by sopping a muliple sops on he

 way o urkey.100 Regardless, urkey’s porous souhern border remains he ocus

o increased inernaional atenion no only due o he flow o hese fighers bu

also due o he ransi o illici goods ha susain exremis groups in Syria. 101 

urkey is a member o NAO and co-lead o he Couner ISIL Coaliion Working

Group on Foreign erroris Fighers, or CWFF, bu i has ye o secure he

 border i shares wih Syria. Since urkey declared an American assessmen o he

number o roops required o secure he border inflaed,102 i should be pressured

o provide is own assessmen and implemen i. urkey has valid concerns around

Syrian Kurds conrolling a coniguous area on he Syrian side o he border. Te

urkish suggesion ha pars o he border can be secured wih Sunni Arab and

urkmen Syrian orces meris close review.103 However, urkey has received

financial aid and offers o border echnology assisance rom he Wes; in reurn,

i mus demonsrae serious seps o secure he border. According o Penagonofficials, his can be achieved “using convenional orces.”104

8/19/2019 The Flow of Foreign Fighters to the Islamic State: Assessing the Challenge and the Response

19/28

16 Center for American Progress |  The Flow of Foreign Fig hters to the I slamic State

3. Establish and implement a legal framework of best practices

to counter the flow of foreign fighters

Governmens wih a significan oreign figher problem have aken differen

approaches o building a legal ramework o deal wih i. Some counries have

effecively criminalized ravel wih he inen 

o suppor a erroris organiza-ion. France and Germany have done so, albei via differen legal mechanisms.

unisia has chosen o ban ravel o Syria by unisians o fighing age. Ohers

have chosen o criminalize or oherwise penalize membership in IS or oher

oreign erroris organizaions. For example, Indonesia’s presiden can revoke

ciizenship or hose ound o belong o IS. Morocco imprisons hose who have

reurned rom fighing wih IS, while Egyp imprisons or lie is ciizens who

have undergone miliary raining wih exremis groups.

U.N. Securiy Council Resoluion 2178 called on member saes o ensure

ha heir laws are appropriaely responsive o he challenge o oreign figh-ers. Building on ha, he coaliion’s working group on oreign fighers should

ake he lead by esablishing a legal ramework o bes pracices. Tis rame-

 work should be compared wih ex ising legal measures ha coaliion members

employ. 

Te goal o his process should be o creae a complimenary legal

approach a a naional level ha conribues o an inegraed inernaional

sysem. Naional experiences and daa on domesic enorcemen and impac

should be colleced, since cerain laws may be more appropriae o local condi-

ions or legal sysems. Te Unied Saes should play an acive role in seeing

hrough he implemenaion o hese bes pracices by offeringalong wih

capable parnersechnical, financial, and personnel assisance.

4. Improve multilateral intelligence and information sharing

I is imporan no o oversae he scope o he problemhis is no an exisenial

hrea o Europe or he Unied Saes. In general, he rae o reurn by oreign figh-

ers o heir counry o origin is beween 20 percen and 30 percen.105 Tis sug-

gess ha 1,500 Europeans and Americans a mos will reurn afer having ough

 wih IS. In he case o previous conflics, abou one in nine oreign fighers wenon o perperae acs o violence afer heir reurn.106 Indeed, he vas majoriy o

oreign fighers appear o be raveling o IS-conrolled erriory wih “he inenion

o acing here raher han raining o become domesic erroriss.”107 Tis would

8/19/2019 The Flow of Foreign Fighters to the Islamic State: Assessing the Challenge and the Response

20/28

17 Center for American Progress |  The Flow of Foreign Fig hters to the I slamic State

pu he poenial projeced caseload o high-risk American and European reurn-

ees a around 160 individuals. Admitedly, his is ar rom an exac science. Te

likelihood o reurnees commiting erroris atacks is no doub linked o prioriy

given by a erroris group o conducing overseas operaions, and IS has shown a

clear desire o spread is error overseas.108 

Te diffuse and ransnaional naure o he hrea demands a ransnaional

response, paricularly in he area o inelligence, where bilaeral and regional

cooperaion remains he norm. However, concerns in he inelligence com-

muniy over inormaion sharing, paricularly wih counerpars ha have less

rigorous proecions or sensiive daa, remain an obsacle o mulilaeralism.

One goal should be o srenghen collecive capabiliy and lay he groundwork

or a mulilaeral approach, while aking seps in he inerim o deepen and blend

 bilaeral channels o cooperaion. For example, Couner-ISIL Coaliion members

could be encouraged o use Inerpol’s daabases as a clearinghouse or sharing he

names o and oher nonsensiive inormaion abou suspeced oreign fighers inreal ime.109 When a coaliion member idenifies a suspeced oreign figher ran-

siing is counry via Inerpol, bilaeral channels hen could be uilized o share

inelligence on he suspec in quesion.

 Addiionally, counries responsible or he larges flow o oreign fighers should

share suspec ideniies wih urkey, which remains he key ransi desinaion or

fighers going ino Syria and Iraq. Tis can ake he orm o providing advanced

fligh maniess similar o he Advance Passenger Inormaion Sysem currenly in

place in he Unied Saes.110

5. Focus on gains on the battlefield against IS

Simply pu, he core o IS’s appeal is ha i exiss, conrolling erriory and

imposing is ausere orm o Islam. Te slogan i has adoped“he Islamic Sae

endures and expands”111reflecs is primary claim on he hears and minds o

 jihadis worldwide. Ta claim is ehered o is demonsrable abiliy o ace a large

inernaional coaliion and persevere. Te proo-sae esablished by IS coninues

o brually lord over some 6 million people more han a year afer he beginning ohe campaign o desroy i.112 As one exper noes, “wha litle appeal he Islamic

Sae has ress on is abiliy o endure and expand.”113 Sopping he flow o oreign

fighers alogeher will require a reversal o his narraive.

8/19/2019 The Flow of Foreign Fighters to the Islamic State: Assessing the Challenge and the Response

21/28

18 Center for American Progress |  The Flow of Foreign Fig hters to the I slamic State

Tis naurally complicaes he effor o impede and ulimaely sop alogeher

he flow o oreign fighers. Governmens can, and mus, ake seps o impede

heir ciizens rom ravel o figh wih IS in Syria and Iraq.114 Bu absen signifi-

can progress agains IS on he batlefield, effors o curb he supply o oreign

fighers will remain waning.

8/19/2019 The Flow of Foreign Fighters to the Islamic State: Assessing the Challenge and the Response

22/28

19 Center for American Progress |  The Flow of Foreign Fig hters to the I slamic State

Conclusion

Te June 2014 esablishmen o he Caliphae o he Islamic Sae urned he flow

o oreign fighers o Syria and Iraq ino a flood. In he process, an unprecedened

concenraion o jihadis emerged. Tese jihadis are a cenral par o he IS machine:

Tey errorize local populaions; hey perpeuae is rule; and hey hreaen heir

source counries and he inernaional communiy. Te U.S.-led coaliion has

idenified impeding he flow o oreign fighers as a key componen o is sraegy.

Significan seps have been aken in ha regard, including implemening U.N.

Securiy Council Resoluion 2178 and working wih urkey o preven oreignfighers rom using is erriory as a ransi poin ino Iraq and Syria. In he second

 year o he coaliion’s mission, hese seps mus be acceleraed and complimened

 by localized approaches ha addresses source counry acors. Ulimaely, however,

all o hese effors need o be anchored in he ac ha only he desrucion o IS

 will pu a definiive end o he flow o oreign fighers ino Iraq and Syria.

8/19/2019 The Flow of Foreign Fighters to the Islamic State: Assessing the Challenge and the Response

23/28

20 Center for American Progress |  The Flow of Foreign Fig hters to the I slamic State

About the authors

Hardin Lang is a Senior Fellow a he Cener or American Progress, where he

ocuses on U.S. naional securiy, mulilaeral affairs, and Middle Eas policy.

During 12 years a he Unied Naions, his poss included being head o office or

ormer Presiden Bill Clinon in his role as U.N. special envoy or Haii, as well ashelping launch U.N. sabilizaion in Mali.

Muath Al Wari 

is a Senior Policy Analys a he Cener. His work ocuses on coun-

ererrorism and he geopoliics o he Middle Eas, wih a paricular ineres in

he oreign and securiy affairs o he saes o he Gul Cooperaion Council.

Acknowledgments

Te auhors would like o hank CAP Senior Fellow Rudy deLeon and CAPSenior Fellow Brian Kaulis or he suppor and guidance or his repor.

8/19/2019 The Flow of Foreign Fighters to the Islamic State: Assessing the Challenge and the Response

24/28

21 Center for American Progress |  The Flow of Foreign Fig hters to the I slamic State

Endnotes

  1 The Soufan Group, “Foreign Fighters: An UpdatedAssessment of the Flow of Foreign Fighters into Syriaand Iraq” (2015), available at http://soufangroup.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/TSG_ForeignFightersUp-date3.pdf . These numbers are consistent with publiclyavailable findings, including the following: U.S. Houseof Representatives Homeland Security Committee,“Final Report of the Task Force on Combating Terroristand Foreign Fighter Travel” (2015), available at https://homeland.house.gov/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/

 TaskForceFinalReport.pdf .

2 U.N. Security Council, “Resolution 2178 (2014) Adoptedby the Security Council at its 7272nd meeting, on 24September 2014,” available at http://www.un.org/en/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=S/RES/2178%20(2014) (last accessed January 2016).

3 U.S. Department of State, “Readout of the Counter-ISIL Coalition Small Group Meeting in Jordan,” April8, 2015, available at http://www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2015/04/240468.htm.

  4 Robin Wright, “Is the Islamic State Hurting? The Presi-dent’s Point Man on ISIS Speaks Out,” The New Yorker ,March 3, 2016, available at http://www.newyorker.com/news/news-desk/is-the-islamic-state-hurting-the-presidents-point-man-on-isis-speaks-out.

  5 Alessandria Masi, “Biggest ISIS Threat to Europe NowComes From Libya, Not Syria and Iraq,” InternationalBusiness Times, February 21, 2016, available at http://www.ibtimes.com/biggest-isis-threat-europe-now-comes-libya-not-syria-iraq-2316329.

  6 The Soufan Group, “Foreign Fighters”; U.S. House ofRepresentatives Homeland Security Committee, “FinalReport of the Task Force on Combating Terrorist andForeign Fighter Travel.”

7 Ibid.

  8 Charles Lister, “Returning Foreign Fighters: Criminaliza-tion or Reintegration?” (Doha, Qatar: Brookings DohaCenter, 2015), p. 1, available at http://www.brookings.

edu/~/media/research/files/papers/2015/08/13-foreign-fighters-lister/en-fighters-web.pdf .

  9 U.S. Department of State, “The Global Coalition toCounter ISIL,” available at http://www.state.gov/s/seci/ (last accessed January 2016).

  10 U.N. Regional Information Center for Western Europe,“Foreign terrorist fighters: ‘no country can tackle thischallenge away’,” June 1, 2015, available at http://unric.org/en/latest-un-buzz/29792-foreign-terrorist-fighters-no-country-can-tackle-this-challenge-alone.

  11 Wall Street Journal, “New ISIS Recruitment VideoAimed At Western Muslims,” YouTube, June 20,2014, available at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MmnuE98kgMY.

  12 Olivia Becker, “ISIS Has a Really Slick and Sophisticated

Media Department,” Vice News, July 12, 2014, availableat https://news.vice.com/article/isis-has-a-really-slick-and-sophisticated-media-department.

  13 Based on authors’ primary online research of 2016flights into Istanbul Ataturk Airport.

14 Sarah Birke, “How ISIS Rules,” The New York Reviewof Books, February 5, 2015, available at http://www.nybooks.com/articles/2015/02/05/how-isis-rules/.

15 Joshua Holland, “Why Have a Record Number ofWesterners Joined the Islamic State?”, Moyers & Com-pany, October 10, 2014, available at http://billmoyers.com/2014/10/10/record-number-westerners-joined-islamic-state-great-threat/.

  16 Daniel Byman, “ISIS Goes Global: Fight the IslamicState by Targeting its Affiliates,” Foreign Affairs, March15, 2016, available at https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/middle-east/isis-goes-global.

17 Rishi Iyengar, “The Paris Attacks Were Planned in Syria,Says French Prime Minister Manuel Valls,” Time, Novem-ber 16, 2015, available at http://time.com/4114123/paris-attacks-syria-isis-manuel-valls/.

18 U.S. Department of Homeland Security, “Writtentestimony of I&A Under Secretary Francis Taylor for aHouse Committee on Homeland Security hearing titled‘Terrorism Gone Rival: The Attack in Garland, Texas andBeyond’,” June 3, 2015, available at http://www.dhs.gov/news/2015/06/03/written-testimony-ia-under-secretary-house-committee-homeland-security-hearing ; DanielByman and Jeremy Shapiro, “Be Afraid. Be a Little Afraid:

 The Threat of Terrorism from Western Foreign Fighters inSyria and Iraq” (Washington: Brookings Institution, 2014),p. 2, available at http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/papers/2014/11/western-foreign-fighters-in-syria-and-iraq-byman-shapiro/be-afraid--web.pdf .

  19 National Coordinator for Security and Counterterror-ism, “Letter from the Minister of Security and Justiceto the House of Representatives of the States Generalcontaining a summary of the 33rd edition of the Terror-ist Threat Assessment for the Netherlands (DTN33),” July1, 2013, available at http://english.nctv.nl/currenttop-ics/press_releases/2013/nctv-maintains-threat-level-at-substantial.aspx.

  20 Brian Ross and Dragana Jovanovic, “Paris BomberSneaked in With Refugees, Officials Say,” ABC News,November 15, 2015, available at http://abcnews.go.com/International/isis-refugee-journey-terror-paris/story?id=35220868.

  21 European Commission, “Schengen Area,” available athttp://ec.europa.eu/dgs/home-affairs/what-we-do/policies/borders-and-visas/schengen/index_en.htm (last accessed March 2016).

  22 U.N. Security Council, “Resolution 2178 (2014) Adoptedby the Security Council at its 7272nd meeting, on 24September 2014.”

23 The White House, “FACT SHEET: Maintaining Momen-tum in The Fight against ISIL,” Press release, January15, 2015, available at https://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2016/01/15/fact-sheet-maintaining-momentum-fight-against-isil.

  24 Ibid.

  25 The Soufan Group, “Foreign Fighters”; U.S. House ofRepresentatives Homeland Security Committee, “Final

Report of the Task Force on Combating Terrorist andForeign Fighter Travel.”

  26 These countries are: Indonesia with 500 to 700 fighters;Egypt with 600 to 1,000 fighters; the United Kingdomand Germany with 760 fighters; Lebanon with 900fighters; Morocco with 1,200 to 1,500 fighters; Francewith 1,700 fighters; Turkey with 2,000 to 2200 fighters;Jordan with 2,000 to 2,500 fighters; Russia with 2,400fighters; Saudi Arabia with 2,500 fighters; and Tunisiawith 6,000 to 7,000 fighters. See The Soufan Group,“Foreign Fighters.”

http://soufangroup.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/TSG_ForeignFightersUpdate3.pdfhttp://soufangroup.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/TSG_ForeignFightersUpdate3.pdfhttp://soufangroup.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/TSG_ForeignFightersUpdate3.pdfhttps://homeland.house.gov/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/TaskForceFinalReport.pdfhttps://homeland.house.gov/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/TaskForceFinalReport.pdfhttps://homeland.house.gov/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/TaskForceFinalReport.pdfhttp://www.un.org/en/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=S/RES/2178%25252520(2014)http://www.un.org/en/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=S/RES/2178%25252520(2014)http://www.un.org/en/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=S/RES/2178%25252520(2014)http://www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2015/04/240468.htmhttp://www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2015/04/240468.htmhttp://www.newyorker.com/news/news-desk/is-the-islamic-state-hurting-the-presidents-point-man-on-isis-speaks-outhttp://www.newyorker.com/news/news-desk/is-the-islamic-state-hurting-the-presidents-point-man-on-isis-speaks-outhttp://www.newyorker.com/news/news-desk/is-the-islamic-state-hurting-the-presidents-point-man-on-isis-speaks-outhttp://www.ibtimes.com/biggest-isis-threat-europe-now-comes-libya-not-syria-iraq-2316329http://www.ibtimes.com/biggest-isis-threat-europe-now-comes-libya-not-syria-iraq-2316329http://www.ibtimes.com/biggest-isis-threat-europe-now-comes-libya-not-syria-iraq-2316329http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/papers/2015/08/13-foreign-fighters-lister/en-fighters-web.pdfhttp://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/papers/2015/08/13-foreign-fighters-lister/en-fighters-web.pdfhttp://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/papers/2015/08/13-foreign-fighters-lister/en-fighters-web.pdfhttp://www.state.gov/s/seci/http://unric.org/en/latest-un-buzz/29792-foreign-terrorist-fighters-no-country-can-tackle-this-challenge-alonehttp://unric.org/en/latest-un-buzz/29792-foreign-terrorist-fighters-no-country-can-tackle-this-challenge-alonehttp://unric.org/en/latest-un-buzz/29792-foreign-terrorist-fighters-no-country-can-tackle-this-challenge-alonehttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MmnuE98kgMYhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MmnuE98kgMYhttps://news.vice.com/article/isis-has-a-really-slick-and-sophisticated-media-departmenthttps://news.vice.com/article/isis-has-a-really-slick-and-sophisticated-media-departmenthttp://www.nybooks.com/articles/2015/02/05/how-isis-rules/http://www.nybooks.com/articles/2015/02/05/how-isis-rules/http://billmoyers.com/2014/10/10/record-number-westerners-joined-islamic-state-great-threat/http://billmoyers.com/2014/10/10/record-number-westerners-joined-islamic-state-great-threat/http://billmoyers.com/2014/10/10/record-number-westerners-joined-islamic-state-great-threat/https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/middle-east/isis-goes-globalhttps://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/middle-east/isis-goes-globalhttp://time.com/4114123/paris-attacks-syria-isis-manuel-valls/http://time.com/4114123/paris-attacks-syria-isis-manuel-valls/http://www.dhs.gov/news/2015/06/03/written-testimony-ia-under-secretary-house-committee-homeland-security-hearinghttp://www.dhs.gov/news/2015/06/03/written-testimony-ia-under-secretary-house-committee-homeland-security-hearinghttp://www.dhs.gov/news/2015/06/03/written-testimony-ia-under-secretary-house-committee-homeland-security-hearinghttp://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/papers/2014/11/western-foreign-fighters-in-syria-and-iraq-byman-shapiro/be-afraid--web.pdfhttp://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/papers/2014/11/western-foreign-fighters-in-syria-and-iraq-byman-shapiro/be-afraid--web.pdfhttp://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/papers/2014/11/western-foreign-fighters-in-syria-and-iraq-byman-shapiro/be-afraid--web.pdfhttp://english.nctv.nl/currenttopics/press_releases/2013/nctv-maintains-threat-level-at-substantial.aspxhttp://english.nctv.nl/currenttopics/press_releases/2013/nctv-maintains-threat-level-at-substantial.aspxhttp://english.nctv.nl/currenttopics/press_releases/2013/nctv-maintains-threat-level-at-substantial.aspxhttp://abcnews.go.com/International/isis-refugee-journey-terror-paris/story?id=35220868http://abcnews.go.com/International/isis-refugee-journey-terror-paris/story?id=35220868http://abcnews.go.com/International/isis-refugee-journey-terror-paris/story?id=35220868http://ec.europa.eu/dgs/home-affairs/what-we-do/policies/borders-and-visas/schengen/index_en.htmhttp://ec.europa.eu/dgs/home-affairs/what-we-do/policies/borders-and-visas/schengen/index_en.htmhttps://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2016/01/15/fact-sheet-maintaining-momentum-fight-against-isilhttps://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2016/01/15/fact-sheet-maintaining-momentum-fight-against-isilhttps://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2016/01/15/fact-sheet-maintaining-momentum-fight-against-isilhttps://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2016/01/15/fact-sheet-maintaining-momentum-fight-against-isilhttps://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2016/01/15/fact-sheet-maintaining-momentum-fight-against-isilhttps://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2016/01/15/fact-sheet-maintaining-momentum-fight-against-isilhttp://ec.europa.eu/dgs/home-affairs/what-we-do/policies/borders-and-visas/schengen/index_en.htmhttp://ec.europa.eu/dgs/home-affairs/what-we-do/policies/borders-and-visas/schengen/index_en.htmhttp://abcnews.go.com/International/isis-refugee-journey-terror-paris/story?id=35220868http://abcnews.go.com/International/isis-refugee-journey-terror-paris/story?id=35220868http://abcnews.go.com/International/isis-refugee-journey-terror-paris/story?id=35220868http://english.nctv.nl/currenttopics/press_releases/2013/nctv-maintains-threat-level-at-substantial.aspxhttp://english.nctv.nl/currenttopics/press_releases/2013/nctv-maintains-threat-level-at-substantial.aspxhttp://english.nctv.nl/currenttopics/press_releases/2013/nctv-maintains-threat-level-at-substantial.aspxhttp://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/papers/2014/11/western-foreign-fighters-in-syria-and-iraq-byman-shapiro/be-afraid--web.pdfhttp://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/papers/2014/11/western-foreign-fighters-in-syria-and-iraq-byman-shapiro/be-afraid--web.pdfhttp://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/papers/2014/11/western-foreign-fighters-in-syria-and-iraq-byman-shapiro/be-afraid--web.pdfhttp://www.dhs.gov/news/2015/06/03/written-testimony-ia-under-secretary-house-committee-homeland-security-hearinghttp://www.dhs.gov/news/2015/06/03/written-testimony-ia-under-secretary-house-committee-homeland-security-hearinghttp://www.dhs.gov/news/2015/06/03/written-testimony-ia-under-secretary-house-committee-homeland-security-hearinghttp://time.com/4114123/paris-attacks-syria-isis-manuel-valls/http://time.com/4114123/paris-attacks-syria-isis-manuel-valls/https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/middle-east/isis-goes-globalhttps://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/middle-east/isis-goes-globalhttp://billmoyers.com/2014/10/10/record-number-westerners-joined-islamic-state-great-threat/http://billmoyers.com/2014/10/10/record-number-westerners-joined-islamic-state-great-threat/http://billmoyers.com/2014/10/10/record-number-westerners-joined-islamic-state-great-threat/http://www.nybooks.com/articles/2015/02/05/how-isis-rules/http://www.nybooks.com/articles/2015/02/05/how-isis-rules/https://news.vice.com/article/isis-has-a-really-slick-and-sophisticated-media-departmenthttps://news.vice.com/article/isis-has-a-really-slick-and-sophisticated-media-departmenthttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MmnuE98kgMYhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MmnuE98kgMYhttp://unric.org/en/latest-un-buzz/29792-foreign-terrorist-fighters-no-country-can-tackle-this-challenge-alonehttp://unric.org/en/latest-un-buzz/29792-foreign-terrorist-fighters-no-country-can-tackle-this-challenge-alonehttp://unric.org/en/latest-un-buzz/29792-foreign-terrorist-fighters-no-country-can-tackle-this-challenge-alonehttp://www.state.gov/s/seci/http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/papers/2015/08/13-foreign-fighters-lister/en-fighters-web.pdfhttp://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/papers/2015/08/13-foreign-fighters-lister/en-fighters-web.pdfhttp://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/papers/2015/08/13-foreign-fighters-lister/en-fighters-web.pdfhttp://www.ibtimes.com/biggest-isis-threat-europe-now-comes-libya-not-syria-iraq-2316329http://www.ibtimes.com/biggest-isis-threat-europe-now-comes-libya-not-syria-iraq-2316329http://www.ibtimes.com/biggest-isis-threat-europe-now-comes-libya-not-syria-iraq-2316329http://www.newyorker.com/news/news-desk/is-the-islamic-state-hurting-the-presidents-point-man-on-isis-speaks-outhttp://www.newyorker.com/news/news-desk/is-the-islamic-state-hurting-the-presidents-point-man-on-isis-speaks-outhttp://www.newyorker.com/news/news-desk/is-the-islamic-state-hurting-the-presidents-point-man-on-isis-speaks-outhttp://www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2015/04/240468.htmhttp://www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2015/04/240468.htmhttp://www.un.org/en/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=S/RES/2178%25252520(2014)http://www.un.org/en/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=S/RES/2178%25252520(2014)http://www.un.org/en/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=S/RES/2178%25252520(2014)https://homeland.house.gov/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/TaskForceFinalReport.pdfhttps://homeland.house.gov/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/TaskForceFinalReport.pdfhttps://homeland.house.gov/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/TaskForceFinalReport.pdfhttp://soufangroup.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/TSG_ForeignFightersUpdate3.pdfhttp://soufangroup.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/TSG_ForeignFightersUpdate3.pdfhttp://soufangroup.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/TSG_ForeignFightersUpdate3.pdf

8/19/2019 The Flow of Foreign Fighters to the Islamic State: Assessing the Challenge and the Response

25/28

22 Center for American Progress |  The Flow of Foreign Fig hters to the I slamic State

  27 Jon Emont, “The Islamic State Comes to Indonesia,”Foreign Policy , September 17, 2014, available at http://foreignpolicy.com/2014/09/17/the-islamic-state-comes-to-indonesia/.

  28 The Straits Times, “Alarming rise in suppor t for ISIS inIndonesia, says counter-terrorism chief,” December 8,2014, available at http://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/alarming-rise-in-support-for-isis-in-indonesia-says-counter-terrorism-chief .

  29 Institute for Policy Analysis of Conflict, “Indonesians

and the Syrian Conflict” (2014), available at http://file.understandingconflict.org/file/2014/01/IPAC_Indone-sians_the_Syrian_Conflict.pdf. 

30 Ibid.

  31 Yuliasri Pertain and Ina Parlina, “Govt bans support,endorsement of ISIL,” The Jakarta Post , August 5,2014, available at http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2014/08/05/govt-bans-support-endorsement-isil.html.

  32 Library of Congress, “Treatment of Foreign Fighters inSelected Jurisdictions: Country Surveys,” available athttp://www.loc.gov/law/help/foreign-fighters/country-surveys.php (last accessed March 2016).

  33 The Soufan Group, “Foreign Fighters.”

  34 Andrew McGregor, “Egypt’s Internal Security ServiceCollapses in a Storm of Charges and Revelations,” Terror-ism Monitor  9 (14) (2011): 6–10, available at http://www.

 jamestown.org/uploads/media/TM_009_20.pdf. 

35 Mohamed Ibrahim, “Travel to these countries requiressecurity approval, list of 16 countries including Qatar,

 Turkey, Sudan, Syria, Yemen, Jordan, and Israel, thedecision applies to ages between 18-45. Reciprocaltreatment and terrorist escapes are among the topreasons,” Al Youm Al Sab’e, August 25, 2015, available athttp://www.youm7.com/story/2015/8/25/

-طرتشي-لود

رفسلا

-اهيلإ

-تاقفاوم

-ةمئاقلاةينم 

-مضت

-16-ةلود

-

. /2319294#.VpUqtDYy70Fاهنيب

  36 Al Jazeera, “Text of the Egyptian Counterterrorism Law,”August 17, 2015, available at http://www.aljazeera.net/encyclopedia/events/2015/8/17/نص-قانون-مكافحة-.يرصملا-باهرإلا

  37 Richard Spencer and Neil Connor, “Number of ForeignFighters in Iraq and Syria ‘has doubled in past year’,”The Telegraph, December 8, 2015, available at http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/islamic-state/12038402/Number-of-foreign-fighters-in-Iraq-and-Syria-has-doubled-in-past-year.html.

  38 Patrick Wintour, “UK has thwarted seven Isis plots in ayear, says David Cameron,” The Guardian, November16, 2015, available at http://www.theguardian.com/politics/2015/nov/16/uk-thwarts-seven-isis-plots-in-a-year-says-david-cameron.

  39 Press Association, “Public urged to attend Armed ForcesDay events after ‘Isis plot foiled’,” The Guardian, June 27,2015, available at http://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2015/jun/27/police-foil-islamic-state-isis-attack-uk-armed-forces-day-parade.

  40 British Parliament, “Deprivation of British Citizenshipand Withdrawal of Passport Facilities,” January 30, 2015,available at http://researchbriefings.parliament.uk/ResearchBriefing/Summary/SN06820.

  41 Matthew Holehouse, “Counter-terrorism Bill: What itcontains,” The Telegraph, November 26, 2014, availableat http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/islamic-state/11254950/Counter-terrorism-Bill-What-it-contains.html.

  42 Cynthia Kroet, “Foreign Fighters in Iraq and Syriadoubled in 2015,” Politico, December 8, 2015, availableat http://www.politico.eu/article/foreign-fighters-in-iraq-and-syria-doubled-last-year-jihad-islamic-state-france-germany/.

 43 Elliot Blai r Smith, “U.S. blood ‘all over his hands’,”USA Today , September 15, 2002, available at http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/nation/2002-09-15-1acover_x.htm.

  44 Daniel Heinke and Jan Raudszus, “ICSR Insight: German

Foreign Fighters in Syria and Iraq,” ICSR, January 22,2015, available at http://icsr.info/2015/01/icsr-insight-german-foreign-fighters-syria-iraq/.

  45 Ibid.

  46 Daniel Tost, “Germany set to pass ‘one of the harshest’anti-terror laws in Europe,” EurActiv.com, February 5,2015, available at https://www.euractiv.com/section/

 justice-home-affairs/news/germany-set-to-pass-one-of-the-harshest-anti-terror-laws-in-europe/. 

47 Library of Congress, “Germany: New Anti-Terrorism Leg-islation Entered Into Force,” Global Legal Monitor, July10, 2015, available at http://www.loc.gov/law/foreign-news/article/germany-new-anti-terrorism-legislation-entered-into-force/.

48 Ibid.

  49 BBC News, “Huge Beirut protest backs Syria,” March 8,2005, available at http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/4329201.stm.

  50 Anne Barnard, “In Surprise Move, Bitter Political Rivalsin Lebanon Announce Deal,” The New York Times,January 18, 2016, available at http://www.nytimes.com/2016/01/19/world/middleeast/in-surprise-move-bitter-political-rivals-in-lebanon-announce-deal.html.

  51 The Soufan Group, “Foreign Fighters.”

  52 Awad Mustafa, “Saudi, US Aid Boost LebaneseFirepower,” Defense News, July 11, 2015, available at http://www.defensenews.com/story/defense/land/weapons/2015/07/11/lebanon-firepower-saudi-us-increases/29913841/.

  53 Mohammed Masbah, “Moroccan Foreign Fighters:Evolution of the Phenomenon, Promotive Factors, andthe Limits of Hardline Policies” (Berlin: German Institutefor International and Security Affairs, 2015), available athttps://www.swp-berlin.org/fileadmin/contents/prod-ucts/comments/2015C46_msb.pdf .

  54 Library of Congress, “Germany: New Anti-TerrorismLegislation Entered Into Force.”

  55 Kroet, “Foreign Fighters in Iraq and Syria doubled in2015.”

56 Mohammed Masbah, “Moroccan Fighters in Syria,”Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, April10, 2014, available at http://carnegieendowment.org/sada/?fa=55313.

57 Agency France-Presse, “ISIL Leader Linked to

Paris Attacks ‘Mastermind’ Killed in Syria: Pen-tagon’,” The National , December 29, 2015, avail-able at http://www.thenational.ae/world/middle-east/isil-leader-linked-to-paris-attacks-mastermind-killed-in-syria-pentagon?utm_source=Communicator&utm_medium=Email&utm_content=&utm_campaign=Iraq%20PM%20visits%20Ramadi%20after%20liberation%20from%20ISIL.

http://foreignpolicy.com/2014/09/17/the-islamic-state-comes-to-indonesia/http://foreignpolicy.com/2014/09/17/the-islamic-state-comes-to-indonesia/http://foreignpolicy.com/2014/09/17/the-islamic-state-comes-to-indonesia/http://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/alarming-rise-in-support-for-isis-in-indonesia-says-counter-terrorism-chiefhttp://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/alarming-rise-in-support-for-isis-in-indonesia-says-counter-terrorism-chiefhttp://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/alarming-rise-in-support-for-isis-in-indonesia-says-counter-terrorism-chiefhttp://file.understandingconflict.org/file/2014/01/IPAC_Indonesians_the_Syrian_Conflict.pdfhttp://file.understandingconflict.org/file/2014/01/IPAC_Indonesians_the_Syrian_Conflict.pdfhttp://file.understandingconflict.org/file/2014/01/IPAC_Indonesians_the_Syrian_Conflict.pdfhttp://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2014/08/05/govt-bans-support-endorsement-isil.htmlhttp://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2014/08/05/govt-bans-support-endorsement-isil.htmlhttp://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2014/08/05/govt-bans-support-endorsement-isil.htmlhttp://www.loc.gov/law/help/foreign-fighters/country-surveys.phphttp://www.loc.gov/law/help/foreign-fighters/country-surveys.phphttp://www.jamestown.org/uploads/media/TM_009_20.pdfhttp://www.jamestown.org/uploads/media/TM_009_20.pdfhttp://www.youm7.com/story/2015/8/25/%2525252525252525252525252525252525D8%2525252525252525252525252525252525AF%2525252525252525252525252525252525D9%252525252525252525252525252525252588%2525252525252525252525252525252525D9%252525252525252525252525252525252584-%2525252525252525252525252525252525D9%25252525252525252525252525252525258A%2525252525252525252525252525252525D8%2525252525252525252525252525252525B4%2525252525252525252525252525252525D8%2525252525252525252525252525252525AA%2525252525252525252525252525252525D8%2525252525252525252525252525252525B1%2525252525252525252525252525252525D8%2525252525252525252525252525252525B7-%2525252525252525252525252525252525D8%2525252525252525252525252525252525A7%2525252525252525252525252525252525D9%252525252525252525252525252525252584%2525252525252525252525252525252525D8%2525252525252525252525252525252525B3%2525252525252525252525252525252525D9%252525252525252525252525252525252581%2525252525252525252525252525252525D8%2525252525252525252525252525252525B1-%2525252525252525252525252525252525D8%2525252525252525252525252525252525A5%2525252525252525252525252525252525D9%252525252525252525252525252525252584%2525252525252525252525252525252525D9%25252525252525252525252525252525258A%2525252525252525252525252525252525D9%252525252525252525252525252525252587%2525252525252525252525252525252525D8%2525252525252525252525252525252525A7-%2525252525252525252525252525252525D9%252525252525252525252525252525252585%2525252525252525252525252525252525D9%252525252525252525252525252525252588%2525252525252525252525252525252525D8%2525252525252525252525252525252525A7%2525252525252525252525252525252525D9%252525252525252525252525252525252581%2525252525252525252525252525252525D9%252525252525252525252525252525252582%2525252525252525252525252525252525D8%2525252525252525252525252525252525A7%2525252525252525252525252525252525D8%2525252525252525252525252525252525AA-%2525252525252525252525252525252525D8%2525252525252525252525252525252525A3%2525252525252525252525252525252525D9%252525252525252525252525252525252585%2525252525252525252525252525252525D9%252525http://www.youm7.com/story/2015/8/25/%2525252525252525252525252525252525D8%2525252525252525252525252525252525AF%2525252525252525252525252525252525D9%252525252525252525252525252525252588%2525252525252525252525252525252525D9%252525252525252525252525252525252584-%2525252525252525252525252525252525D9%25252525252525252525252525252525258A%2525252525252525252525252525252525D8%2525252525252525252525252525252525B4%2525252525252525252525252525252525D8%2525252525252525252525252525252525AA%2525252525252525252525252525252525D8%2525252525252525252525252525252525B1%2525252525252525252525252525252525D8%2525252525252525252525252525252525B7-%2525252525252525252525252525252525D8%2525252525252525252525252525252525A7%2525252525252525252525252525252525D9%252525252525252525252525252525252584%2525252525252525252525252525252525D8%2525252525252525252525252525252525B3%2525252525252525252525252525252525D9%252525252525252525252525252525252581%2525252525252525252525252525252525D8%2525252525252525252525252525252525B1-%2525252525252525252525252525252525D8%2525252525252525252525252525252525A5%2525252525252525252525252525252525D9%252525252525252525252525252525252584%2525252525252525252525252525252525D9%25252525252525252525252525252525258A%2525252525252525252525252525252525D9%252525252525252525252525252525252587%2525252525252525252525252525252525D8%2525252525252525252525252525252525A7-%2525252525252525252525252525252525D9%252525252525252525252525252525252585%2525252525252525252525252525252525D9%252525252525252525252525252525252588%2525252525252525252525252525252525D8%2525252525252525252525252525252525A7%2525252525252525252525252525252525D9%252525252525252525252525252525252581%2525252525252525252525252525252525D9%252525252525252525252525252525252582%2525252525252525252525252525252525D8%2525252525252525252525252525252525A7%2525252525252525252525252525252525D8%2525252525252525252525252525252525AA-%2525252525252525252525252525252525D8%2525252525252525252525252525252525A3%2525252525252525252525252525252525D9%252525252525252525252525252525252585%2525252525252525252525252525252525D9%252525http://www.youm7.com/story/2015/8/25/%2525252525252525252525252525252525D8%2525252525252525252525252525252525AF%2525252525252525252525252525252525D9%252525252525252525252525252525252588%2525252525252525252525252525252525D9%252525252525252525252525252525252584-%2525252525252525252525252525252525D9%25252525252525252525252525252525258A%2525252525252525252525252525252525D8%2525252525252525252525252525252525B4%2525252525252525252525252525252525D8%2525252525252525252525252525252525AA%2525252525252525252525252525252525D8%2525252525252525252525252525252525B1%2525252525252525252525252525252525D8%2525252525252525252525252525252525B7-%2525252525252525252525252525252525D8%2525252525252525252525252525252525A7%2525252525252525252525252525252525D9%252525252525252525252525252525252584%2525252525252525252525252525252525D8%2525252525252525252525252525252525B3%2525252525252525252525252525252525D9%252525252525252525252525252525252581%2525252525252525252525252525252525D8%2525252525252525252525252525252525B1-%2525252525252525252525252525252525D8%2525252525252525252525252525252525A5%2525252525252525252525252525252525D9%252525252525252525252525252525252584%2525252525252525252525252525252525D9%25252525252525252525252525252525258A%2525252525252525252525252525252525D9%252525252525252525252525252525252587%2525252525252525252525252525252525D8%2525252525252525252525252525252525A7-%2525252525252525252525252525252525D9%252525252525252525252525252525252585%2525252525252525252525252525252525D9%252525252525252525252525252525252588%2525252525252525252525252525252525D8%2525252525252525252525252525252525A7%2525252525252525252525252525252525D9%252525252525252525252525252525252581%2525252525252525252525252525252525D9%252525252525252525252525252525252582%2525252525252525252525252525252525D8%2525252525252525252525252525252525A7%2525252525252525252525252525252525D8%2525252525252525252525252525252525AA-%2525252525252525252525252525252525D8%2525252525252525252525252525252525A3%2525252525252525252525252525252525D9%252525252525252525252525252525252585%2525252525252525252525252525252525D9%252525http://www.youm7.com/story/2015/8/25/%2525252525252525252525252525252525D8%2525252525252525252525252525252525AF%2525252525252525252525252525252525D9%252525252525252525252525252525252588%2525252525252525252525252525252525D9%252525252525252525252525252525252584-%2525252525252525252525252525252525D9%25252525252525252525252525252525258A%2525252525252525252525252525252525D8%2525252525252525252525252525252525B4%2525252525252525252525252525252525D8%2525252525252525252525252525252525AA%2525252525252525252525252525252525D8%2525252525252525252525252525252525B1%2525252525252525252525252525252525D8%2525252525252525252525252525252525B7-%2525252525252525252525252525252525D8%2525252525252525252525252525252525A7%2525252525252525252525252525252525D9%252525252525252525252525252525252584%2525252525252525252525252525252525D8%2525252525252525252525252525252525B3%2525252525252525252525252525252525D9%252525252525252525252525252525252581%2525252525252525252525252525252525D8%2525252525252525252525252525252525B1-%2525252525252525252525252525252525D8%2525252525252525252525252525252525A5%2525252525252525252525252525252525D9%252525252525252525252525252525252584%2525252525252525252525252525252525D9%25252525252525252525252525252525258A%2525252525252525252525252525252525D9%252525252525252525252525252525252587%2525252525252525252525252525252525D8%2525252525252525252525252525252525A7-%2525252525252525252525252525252525D9%252525252525252525252525252525252585%2525252525252525252525252525252525D9%252525252525252525252525252525252588%2525252525252525252525252525252525D8%2525252525252525252525252525252525A7%2525252525252525252525252525252525D9%252525252525252525252525252525252581%2525252525252525252525252525252525D9%252525252525252525252525252525252582%2525252525252525252525252525252525D8%2525252525252525252525252525252525A7%2525252525252525252525252525252525D8%2525252525252525252525252525252525AA-%2525252525252525252525252525252525D8%2525252525252525252525252525252525A3%2525252525252525252525252525252525D9%252525252525252525252525252525252585%2525252525252525252525252525252525D9%252525http://www.youm7.com/story/2015/8/25/%2525252525252525252525252525252525D8%2525252525252525252525252525252525AF%2525252525252525252525252525252525D9%252525252525252525252525252525252588%2525252525252525252525252525252525D9%252525252525252525252525252525252584-%2525252525252525252525252525252525D9%25252525252525252525252525252525258A%2525252525252525252525252525252525D8%2525252525252525252525252525252525B4%2525252525252525252525252525252525D8%2525252525252525252525252525252525AA%2525252525252525252525252525252525D8%2525252525252525252525252525252525B1%2525252525252525252525252525252525D8%2525252525252525252525252525252525B7-%2525252525252525252525252525252525D8%2525252525252525252525252525252525A7%2525252525252525252525252525252525D9%252525252525252525252525252525252584%2525252525252525252525252525252525D8%2525252525252525252525252525252525B3%2525252525252525252525252525252525D9%252525252525252525252525252525252581%2525252525252525252525252525252525D8%2525252525252525252525252525252525B1-%2525252525252525252525252525252525D8%2525252525252525252525252525252525A5%2525252525252525252525252525252525D9%252525252525252525252525252525252584%2525252525252525252525252525252525D9%25252525252525252525252525252525258A%2525252525252525252525252525252525D9%252525252525252525252525252525252587%2525252525252525252525252525252525D8%2525252525252525252525252525252525A7-%2525252525252525252525252525252525D9%252525252525252525252525252525252585%2525252525252525252525252525252525D9%252525252525252525252525252525252588%2525252525252525252525252525252525D8%2525252525252525252525252525252525A7%2525252525252525252525252525252525D9%252525252525252525252525252525252581%2525252525252525252525252525252525D9%252525252525252525252525252525252582%2525252525252525252525252525252525D8%2525252525252525252525252525252525A7%2525252525252525252525252525252525D8%2525252525252525252525252525252525AA-%2525252525252525252525252525252525D8%2525252525252525252525252525252525A3%2525252525252525252525252525252525D9%252525252525252525252525252525252585%2525252525252525252525252525252525D9%252525http://www.youm7.com/story/2015/8/25/%2525252525252525252525252525252525D8%2525252525252525252525252525252525AF%2525252525252525252525252525252525D9%252525252525252525252525252525252588%2525252525252525252525252525252525D9%252525252525252525252525252525252584-%2525252525252525252525252525252525D9%25252525252525252525252525252525258A%2525252525252525252525252525252525D8%2525252525252525252525252525252525B4%2525252525252525252525252525252525D8%2525252525252525252525252525252525AA%2525252525252525252525252525252525D8%2525252525252525252525252525252525B1%2525252525252525252525252525252525D8%2525252525252525252525252525252525B7-%2525252525252525252525252525252525D8%2525252525252525252525252525252525A7%2525252525252525252525252525252525D9%252525252525252525252525252525252584%2525252525252525252525252525252525D8%2525252525252525252525252525252525B3%2525252525252525252525252525252525D9%252525252525252525252525252525252581%2525252525252525252525252525252525D8%2525252525252525252525252525252525B1-%2525252525252525252525252525252525D8%2525252525252525252525252525252525A5%2525252525252525252525252525252525D9%252525252525252525252525252525252584%2525252525252525252525252525252525D9%25252525252525252525252525252525258A%2525252525252525252525252525252525D9%252525252525252525252525252525252587%2525252525252525252525252525252525D8%2525252525252525252525252525252525A7-%2525252525252525252525252525252525D9%252525252525252525252525252525252585%2525252525252525252525252525252525D9%252525252525252525252525252525252588%2525252525252525252525252525252525D8%2525252525252525252525252525252525A7%2525252525252525252525252525252525D9%252525252525252525252525252525252581%2525252525252525252525252525252525D9%252525252525252525252525252525252582%2525252525252525252525252525252525D8%2525252525252525252525252525252525A7%2525252525252525252525252525252525D8%2525252525252525252525252525252525AA-%2525252525252525252525252525252525D8%2525252525252525252525252525252525A3%2525252525252525252525252525252525D9%252525252525252525252525252525252585%2525252525252525252525252525252525D9%252525http://www.youm7.com/story/2015/8/25/%2525252525252525252525252525252525D8%2525252525252525252525252525252525AF%2525252525252525252525252525252525D9%252525252525252525252525252525252588%2525252525252525252525252525252525D9%252525252525252525252525252525252584-%2525252525252525252525252525252525D9%25252525252525252525252525252525258A%2525252525252525252525252525252525D8%2525252525252525252525252525252525B4%2525252525252525252525252525252525D8%2525252525252525252525252525252525AA%2525252525252525252525252525252525D8%2525252525252525252525252525252525B1%2525252525252525252525252525252525D8%2525252525252525252525252525252525B7-%2525252525252525252525252525252525D8%2525252525252525252525252525252525A7%2525252525252525252525252525252525D9%252525252525252525252525252525252584%2525252525252525252525252525252525D8%2525252525252525252525252525252525B3%2525252525252525252525252525252525D9%252525252525252525252525252525252581%2525252525252525252525252525252525D8%2525252525252525252525252525252525B1-%2525252525252525252525252525252525D8%2525252525252525252525252525252525A5%2525252525252525252525252525252525D9%252525252525252525252525252525252584%2525252525252525252525252525252525D9%25252525252525252525252525252525258A%2525252525252525252525252525252525D9%252525252525252525252525252525252587%2525252525252525252525252525252525D8%2525252525252525252525252525252525A7-%2525252525252525252525252525252525D9%252525252525252525252525252525252585%2525252525252525252525252525252525D9%252525252525252525252525252525252588%2525252525252525252525252525252525D8%2525252525252525252525252525252525A7%2525252525252525252525252525252525D9%252525252525252525252525252525252581%2525252525252525252525252525252525D9%252525252525252525252525252525252582%2525252525252525252525252525252525D8%2525252525252525252525252525252525A7%2525252525252525252525252525252525D8%2525252525252525252525252525252525AA-%2525252525252525252525252525252525D8%2525252525252525252525252525252525A3%2525252525252525252525252525252525D9%252525252525252525252525252525252585%2525252525252525252525252525252525D9%252525http://www.youm7.com/story/2015/8/25/%2525252525252525252525252525252525D8%2525252525252525252525252525252525AF%2525252525252525252525252525252525D9%252525252525252525252525252525252588%2525252525252525252525252525252525D9%252525252525252525252525252525252584-%2525252525252525252525252525252525D9%25252525252525252525252525252525258A%2525252525252525252525252525252525D8%2525252525252525252525252525252525B4%2525252525252525252525252525252525D8%2525252525252525252525252525252525AA%2525252525252525252525252525252525D8%2525252525252525252525252525252525B1%2525252525252525252525252525252525D8%2525252525252525252525252525252525B7-%2525252525252525252525252525252525D8%2525252525252525252525252525252525A7%2525252525252525252525252525252525D9%252525252525252525252525252525252584%2525252525252525252525252525252525D8%2525252525252525252525252525252525B3%2525252525252525252525252525252525D9%252525252525252525252525252525252581%2525252525252525252525252525252525D8%2525252525252525252525252525252525B1-%2525252525252525252525252525252525D8%2525252525252525252525252525252525A5%2525252525252525252525252525252525D9%252525252525252525252525252525252584%2525252525252525252525252525252525D9%25252525252525252525252525252525258A%2525252525252525252525252525252525D9%252525252525252525252525252525252587%2525252525252525252525252525252525D8%2525252525252525252525252525252525A7-%2525252525252525252525252525252525D9%252525252525252525252525252525252585%2525252525252525252525252525252525D9%252525252525252525252525252525252588%2525252525252525252525252525252525D8%2525252525252525252525252525252525A7%2525252525252525252525252525252525D9%252525252525252525252525252525252581%2525252525252525252525252525252525D9%252525252525252525252525252525252582%2525252525252525252525252525252525D8%2525252525252525252525252525252525A7%2525252525252525252525252525252525D8%2525252525252525252525252525252525AA-%2525252525252525252525252525252525D8%2525252525252525252525252525252525A3%2525252525252525252525252525252525D9%252525252525252525252525252525252585%2525252525252525252525252525252525D9%252525http://www.youm7.com/story/2015/8/25/%2525252525252525252525252525252525D8%2525252525252525252525252525252525AF%2525252525252525252525252525252525D9%252525252525252525252525252525252588%2525252525252525252525252525252525D9%252525252525252525252525252525252584-%2525252525252525252525252525252525D9%25252525252525252525252525252525258A%2525252525252525252525252525252525D8%2525252525252525252525252525252525B4%2525252525252525252525252525252525D8%2525252525252525252525252525252525AA%2525252525252525252525252525252525D8%2525252525252525252525252525252525B1%2525252525252525252525252525252525D8%2525252525252525252525252525252525B7-%2525252525252525252525252525252525D8%2525252525252525252525252525252525A7%2525252525252525252525252525252525D9%252525252525252525252525252525252584%2525252525252525252525252525252525D8%2525252525252525252525252525252525B3%2525252525252525252525252525252525D9%252525252525252525252525252525252581%2525252525252525252525252525252525D8%2525252525252525252525252525252525B1-%2525252525252525252525252525252525D8%2525252525252525252525252525252525A5%2525252525252525252525252525252525D9%252525252525252525252525252525252584%2525252525252525252525252525252525D9%25252525252525252525252525252525258A%2525252525252525252525252525252525D9%252525252525252525252525252525252587%2525252525252525252525252525252525D8%2525252525252525252525252525252525A7-%2525252525252525252525252525252525D9%252525252525252525252525252525252585%2525252525252525252525252525252525D9%252525252525252525252525252525252588%2525252525252525252525252525252525D8%2525252525252525252525252525252525A7%2525252525252525252525252525252525D9%252525252525252525252525252525252581%2525252525252525252525252525252525D9%252525252525252525252525252525252582%2525252525252525252525252525252525D8%2525252525252525252525252525252525A7%2525252525252525252525252525252525D8%2525252525252525252525252525252525AA-%2525252525252525252525252525252525D8%2525252525252525252525252525252525A3%2525252525252525252525252525252525D9%252525252525252525252525252525252585%2525252525252525252525252525252525D9%252525http://www.youm7.com/story/2015/8/25/%2525252525252525252525252525252525D8%2525252525252525252525252525252525AF%2525252525252525252525252525252525D9%252525252525252525252525252525252588%2525252525252525252525252525252525D9%252525252525252525252525252525252584-%2525252525252525252525252525252525D9%25252525252525252525252525252525258A%2525252525252525252525252525252525D8%2525252525252525252525252525252525B4%2525252525252525252525252525252525D8%2525252525252525252525252525252525AA%2525252525252525252525252525252525D8%2525252525252525252525252525252525B1%2525252525252525252525252525252525D8%2525252525252525252525252525252525B7-%2525252525252525252525252525252525D8%2525252525252525252525252525252525A7%2525252525252525252525252525252525D9%252525252525252525252525252525252584%2525252525252525252525252525252525D8%2525252525252525252525252525252525B3%2525252525252525252525252525252525D9%252525252525252525252525252525252581%2525252525252525252525252525252525D8%2525252525252525252525252525252525B1-%2525252525252525252525252525252525D8%2525252525252525252525252525252525A5%2525252525252525252525252525252525D9%252525252525252525252525252525252584%2525252525252525252525252525252525D9%25252525252525252525252525252525258A%2525252525252525252525252525252525D9%252525252525252525252525252525252587%2525252525252525252525252525252525D8%2525252525252525252525252525252525A7-%2525252525252525252525252525252525D9%252525252525252525252525252525252585%2525252525252525252525252525252525D9%252525252525252525252525252525252588%2525252525252525252525252525252525D8%2525252525252525252525252525252525A7%2525252525252525252525252525252525D9%252525252525252525252525252525252581%2525252525252525252525252525252525D9%252525252525252525252525252525252582%2525252525252525252525252525252525D8%2525252525252525252525252525252525A7%2525252525252525252525252525252525D8%2525252525252525252525252525252525AA-%2525252525252525252525252525252525D8%2525252525252525252525252525252525A3%2525252525252525252525252525252525D9%252525252525252525252525252525252585%2525252525252525252525252525252525D9%252525http://www.youm7.com/story/2015/8/25/%2525252525252525252525252525252525D8%2525252525252525252525252525252525AF%2525252525252525252525252525252525D9%252525252525252525252525252525252588%2525252525252525252525252525252525D9%252525252525252525252525252525252584-%2525252525252525252525252525252525D9%25252525252525252525252525252525258A%2525252525252525252525252525252525D8%2525252525252525252525252525252525B4%2525252525252525252525252525252525D8%2525252525252525252525252525252525AA%2525252525252525252525252525252525D8%2525252525252525252525252525252525B1%2525252525252525252525252525252525D8%2525252525252525252525252525252525B7-%2525252525252525252525252525252525D8%2525252525252525252525252525252525A7%2525252525252525252525252525252525D9%252525252525252525252525252525252584%2525252525252525252525252525252525D8%2525252525252525252525252525252525B3%2525252525252525252525252525252525D9%252525252525252525252525252525252581%2525252525252525252525252525252525D8%2525252525252525252525252525252525B1-%2525252525252525252525252525252525D8%2525252525252525252525252525252525A5%2525252525252525252525252525252525D9%252525252525252525252525252525252584%2525252525252525252525252525252525D9%25252525252525252525252525252525258A%2525252525252525252525252525252525D9%252525252525252525252525252525252587%2525252525252525252525252525252525D8%2525252525252525252525252525252525A7-%2525252525252525252525252525252525D9%252525252525252525252525252525252585%2525252525252525252525252525252525D9%252525252525252525252525252525252588%2525252525252525252525252525252525D8%2525252525252525252525252525252525A7%2525252525252525252525252525252525D9%252525252525252525252525252525252581%2525252525252525252525252525252525D9%252525252525252525252525252525252582%2525252525252525252525252525252525D8%2525252525252525252525252525252525A7%252525252525252525252