the five-kingdom of heaven

8/10/2019 The Five-kingdom of Heaven

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Catanduanes State UniversityPANGANIBAN CAMPUS

Panganiban, Catanduanes

TOPIC : Five-Kingd! C"assi#$atin Syste!%&PO%T&% : Bi""ey 'ueen C( Tu!a"a ) Nenia *ean M"inaSUB*&CT : NSG( + Bi"gi$a" S$ien$eP%OF&SSO% : &!y %se .ergara

T/& FI.&-KING0OM C1ASSIFICATION S2ST&M

Furt3er deve"4!ents in bi"gy gave rise t ne5 6ingd!

$"assi#$atins( 7it3 t3e inventin 8 !re 45er8u" !i$rs$4es, bi"gists

5ere ab"e t see $"ear"y t5 8unda!enta" 6inds 8 $a""s based n stru$ture:

t3e 4r6aryti$ and eu6aryti$ $e""s( Studies in e$"gy and 43ysi"gy

s35ed di9eren$es in t3e !de 8 nutritin 8 rganis!s( Cnsidering t3ese

#ndings, %(/( 73itta6er 4r4sed a #ve-6ingd! $"assi#$atin syste! in

; t3e 6ingd!

Mnera( /e $"assi#ed !"ds, yeasts and !us3r!s under ant3er ne5

gru4, t3e Kingd! Fungi( /e retained t3e na!es 8 t3e t3ree 6ingd!s 8

&rnst /ae$6e": Kingd! Prtista P"antae and Ani!a"ia but 5it3 !di#$atins

in t3e s4e$ies under ea$3 ne(

KINGDOM MONERA

Uni$e""u"ar 4r6aryti$ rganis!s "a$6ing distin$t nu$"ei and

!e!brane-bund rgane""es? nutritin 4rin$i4a""y by absr4tin but s!e

are 43tsynt3eti$ and $3e!synt3eti$(

P3y"u! Cyan43yta B"ue-green a"gae

P3y"u! S$3i@43yta Ba$teria

KINGDOM PROTISTA

Uni$e""u"ar r $"nia" eu6aryti$ rganis!s 5it3 distin$t nu$"ei and

rgane""es? nutritin by 43tsynt3esis, absr4tin r ingestin(

P3y"u! C3rys43yta G"den a"gae

P3y"u! Pyrr43yta 0ynage""ates

P3y"u! ant343yta 2e""5-green a"gae

P3y"u! Prt@a Prt@ans Try4ans!a, C3i"!nas

KINGDOM FUNGI

Mu"tinu$"eate 4"ant"i6e r rganis!s "a$6ing 43tsynt3eti$ 4ig!ents?

nutritin absr4tive(

P3y"u! My=!y$43ta S"i!e !"ds

P3y"u! &u!y$43yta True 8ungi


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C"ass 0euter!y$etes I!4er8e$t 8ungi

C"ass As$!y$etes Sa$ 8ungi yeast and !i"de5s

C"ass Basidi!y$etes C"ub 8ungi !us3r! and rusts

C"ass yg!y$etes Bread !"ds

KINGDOM PLANTAE

Mu"ti$e""u"ar eu6aryti$ rganis!s 5it3 rigid $e"" 5a""s and $3"r43y""?

nutritin 4rin$i4a""y by 43tsynt3esis(

P3y"u! C3"r43yta Green a"gae S4irgyra, ."v=

P3y"u! %3d43yta %ed a"gae 4red!inant"y !arine? sea5eeds

P3y"u! P3ae43yta Br5n a"gae a"!st entire"y !arine? 6e"4

P3y"u! Bry43yta 1iver5rts, 3rn5rts, !sses

P3y"u! Tra$3e43yta .as$u"ar 4"ants

Sub43y"u! 1y$4sida C"ub !ssesSub43y"u! S43en4sida /rsetai"s

Sub43y"u! Pter4sida Ferns

KINGDOM ANIMALIA

Mu"ti$e""u"ar rganis!s 5it3ut $e"" 5a""s r $3"r43y""? nutritin

4rin$i4a""y ingestive 5it3 digestin in an interna" $avity(

P3y"u! Pri8era S4nges

P3y"u! Ce"enterata %adia""y sy!!etri$a" !arine ani!a"s

C"ass /ydr@a Prtuguese !an-8-5ar /ydra *e""y#s3

C"ass S$y43@a *e""y#s3

C"ass Ant3@a Sea ane!nes and $ra"s

P3y"u! Cten43re C!b De""ies

P3y"u! P"aty3e"!int3es F"at5r!s

C"ass Turbe""aria Free-"iving at5r!s 4"anaria

C"ass Trer!atda Parasiti$ u6es

C"ass Cestda %und5r!s Tri$3ina, ne$atr

P3y"u! As$3e"!int3es %ti8ersP3y"u! Bry@a Mss Ani!a"s

P3y"u! M""usea S8t bdied, unseg!ented ani!a"s

C"ass A!43ineura C3itns

C"ass Gastr4da Snai"s and s"ugs

C"ass S$a434da Tt3 S3e""s

C"ass Pe"e$y4da C"a!s and !usse"s

C"ass Ce43a"4da SEuids and $t4uses

P3y"u! Anne"ida Seg!ented 5r!s

C"ass P"y$3aeta Sand 5r!s

C"ass O"ig$3aeta &art35r!s

C"ass /irudinea 1ee$3es

P3y"u! Ant3r4da *int-"egged ani!a"s? 5it3 e=s6e"etn

C"ass Crusta$ean 1bster, $rabs, barna$"es

C"ass Ara$3nida S4iders, s$r4ins, ti$6s

C"ass C3i"4da Centi4edes


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TOPIC : Kingd! Mnera%&PO%T&% : G"yde" F( Ca"i@ar ) Mary Gra$e Bni8a$iSUB*&CT : NSG( + Bi"gi$a" S$ien$eP%OF&SSO% : &!y %se .ergara

KING0OM MON&%A

Organis!s be"nging t t3is 6ingd! are 46aryti$s uni$e""u"ar and

!i$rs$4i$( Organis!s 5it3 t3ese $3ara$teristi$s are essentia""y ba$teria(

Bacteria Morphology

Ba$teria $a!e in t3ree basi$ s3a4es: s43eri$a", rd, and s4ira" 5it3 $e""s

arranged in sing"y, in 4airs, tetrads, $"usters r $3ains

Cocc!> t3se 5it3 s43eri$a" $e""s

0i4"$$$us > s43eri$a" $e""s $$ur in t5s

Tetrads > t3ey $$ur as 8ur $e""s

Sta43y"$$$us > ba$teria arranged as irregu"ar $"usters

Stre4t$$$$us > t3se in $3ains

Bacill! " rd-s3a4ed ba$teria

Stre4tba$i""us > t3se 53i$3 8r! $3ains

Spiral> $e"" is $urved r t5isted

On s"id !edia, ba$teria usua""y a44ear !ist and "i6e butter in $nsisten$y(

T3ey 8r! dis$rete $"nies n gr 4"ate(

7it3 8e5 e=$e4tins, ba$teria are t3e s!a""est rganis!s in t3e 5r"d( T3ey

range 8r! ( t !i$r!eters !(

S43eri$a" !y$4"as!a > s!a""est ( t ( !

%d-s3a4ed e4u"4is$u! #setsn > biggest dis$vered in ;H 53i$3

$an rea$3 H = e=tra-$3r!s!a" geneti$ !ateria"s, !st 8ten res4nsib"e 8r

ba$teria" resistan$e t antibiti$s

Endospores> dr!ant stru$tures resistant t envirn!enta" stress( T3ese

stru$tures enab"e ba$teria" $e""s t survive su$3 adverse $nditins as "a$6 8

8d and 5ater, e=tre!es in te!4erature and 4resen$e 8 t=in(

Capsule and Slime Layers > ge"atinus 4"ysa$$3aride !ateria"s 8und

utside t3e $e"" 5a""(


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Ca4su"e > i8 t3e !ateria" sti$6s #r!"y t t3e $e"" 5a"" s t3at it is nt

re!ved easi"y( S"i!e 1ayer > i8 "se"y atta$3ed s t3at it is easi"y 5as3ed 9? 3e"4

4at3geni$ disease-$ausing ba$teria atta$3ed se$ure"y t 3st andevade engu"8!ent by t3e 3sts 43ag$yti$ $e""(

Granu"es > $!4sed 8 reserved rgani$ and inrgani$ substan$es Fi!briae and Pi"i > are s3rt t3read "i6e a44endages tinier and s3rter

t3an t3e age""a( Fi!briae > are 8r atta$3!ent

Pi"i > serve as t3e 4assage5ay 8r t3e trans8er 8 4"as!ids 8r! ne

$e"" t ant3er(

GRO#T$S!e ba$teria !a6e t3eir 5n 8d by 43tsynt3esis(

Heterotrophs> btain t3eir 8d by absrbing nutrients 8r! dead r a

"iving rganis!s r 8r! rgani$ 5aste !ateria"s( T3ey are an unusua" gru48 rganis!s regarding t3eir need 8 air(

Aerobes> reEuire at!s43eri$ =ygen, 53i"e t3ers Anaerbes > d nt(

FacultativeAnaerobes > t3se t3at $an "ive 5it3 r 5it3ut air, t3erba$teria are a"s 4e$u"iar in t3e te!4erature t3ey "i6e t "ive( S!e t3riveunder e=tre!e"y $"d r 3t $nditins(

Psychrophites> t3se t3at gr5 at C r 3ig3er(

Ther%ophile!> t3se t3at survive 3eated te!4eratures 9 degrees C r3ig3er(

Pyrococc! a&y!!i a'( Pyro(icti% occlt%> gr5 at HC t C8und in t3e 3t areas 8 t3e seabed(

Me!ophile!> "ive in nt t 3t r t $"d te!4erature 8 + C t LC?ba$teria t3at in8est !an and 5ar! b"ded ani!a"s(

REPRODUCTIONBacteria re4rdu$e n"y by ase=ua" !eans( T3e !st $!!n 5ay is bybinary #ssin in 53i$3 $e"" divides a"ng its s3rt a=is int t5 identi$a" $e""s(%e4rdu$tin is 8ast, ne $e"" divides int t5 $e""s in a !atter 8 3urs, even!inutes(

Scherichia coli> a ba$i""us residing in ur intestines, divides every

t + !inutes( Myco&acteri% t&erclo!i! > $!!n"y $a""ed tuber$"e ba$i""us

be$ause it $auses tuber$u"sis divides every - 3urs( Spee( o) Repro(ctio'is ana"gus t ne 5!an giving birt3 t a

baby every t + !inutes r every - 3urs(

Occrre'ceBe$ause ba$teria t3rive under vast"y diverse $nditins, e=4e$t t #nd t3e!a"!st every53ere > in t3e si" 53ere t3ey are !st abundant? in bdies 85ater, airbrne, n t3e sur8a$e 8 "iving and dead 4"ants and ani!a"s( T3ey$an reside rig3t in t3e rgans 8 3ea"t3y 4e4"e, in ur s6in and n t3esur8a$es 8 ur eyes, ears, nse !ut3s, res4iratry tra$t intestines, uret3ra


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and geneta"ia( In ur s6in, ba$teria" 44u"atin is dense in !st areas su$3as t3e ar!4it 53i$3 $an 3ave at any ti!e as !i""in $!+(

Sta43y"$$$us > 4red!inant s4e$ies 53i$3 $ause 4i!4"es and bi"s but aret3er5ise nt 3ar!8u"(

Gryneba$teriu! > t3e sur8a$e 8 ur eyes and e=terna" ears are "dging4"a$es 8 s!e ba$terias( T3e !ut3, tnsi"s, nse and nas43aryn= arenr!a""y in3abited by gryneba$teriu!, sta43y"$$us and t3er s4e$ies(

&s$3eri$3ia $"i > an i!4rtant s4e$ies in t3e intestine 53i$3 4rdu$es.ita!in K essentia" 8r b"d $"tting(

T3e bene#ts t3ey give is nt i!!ediate"y a44arent but t3ese nr!a"!i$rra 4rte$t us 8r! in8e$tius diseases by residing in t3e s4a$es in urbdy t3at t3er5ise $an be $$u4ied by 4at3gens(

Rele*a'ceA!ng t3e , 6n5n ba$teria" s4e$ies, !st are neit3er destru$tive nrdire$t"y bene#$ia" t us? t3e 8e5 53i$3 are eit3er use8u" r 3ar!8u" a9e$t usin !any 5ays( It $an s4i" 8ds? eating green !anges di44ed in bagoongralamang, t3ese t5 $ndi!ents are 4rdu$ed by !i=ed s4e$ies 8 ba$teria(&ating chicharon5it3ut vinegar > vinegar is 4rdu$ed using a$etba$tera$eti, $!!n"y 6n5n as vinegar ba$teria( Antibiti$s 5e inta6e, s!e 8t3ese are 4rdu$ed using ba$teria( 73en 5e $3ange and 5as3 $"t3es dai"y,t3e !dern detergents 5e used are in$r4rated 5it3 ba$teria" en@y!es t!a6e t3e! !re e9e$tive in re!ving stains( Ba$teria $an be 3ar!8u"( Many

dreaded 3u!an diseases as 5e"" as t3se t3at destry 4"ants and ani!a"sare $aused by ba$teria( &=a!4"es 8 t3ese are:

T3e 4"ague t3at 6i""ed !i""in t L !i""in 4e4"e in t3e Midd"e Ages

$aused by t3e tiny invaders( s!it3, ;H Tuber$u"sis, 8rig3tening disease

T3e 5rd ant3ra= dre5 8ear 8r! 4e4"e arund t3e 5r"d a8ter t3e

7r"d Trade Center atta$6 in Se4te!ber +, raising t3e s4e$tre 8bi"gi$a" 5ar8are r biterrris! > t3e 4ssibi"ity 8 e!4"ying t3ese!i$rrganis!s as a !de 8 5ar8are in t3e 8uture(

%edu$ed yie"d 8r! ur $untrys !aDr $r4s is $aused by ba$teria"

diseases? ri$e "ea8 b"ig3t and "ea8 stea6, t!at s8t rt and 5i"t,banana 5i"t and 4inea44"e br5n rt(

7it3 t3e advent 8 geneti$ engineering, ba$teria are being used t !a6e4rdu$ts needed by !an, r t !di8y 4"ants and ani!a"s and in$rease t3eiruse8u"ness( Mdern te$3n"gy is using &( $"i t 4rdu$e 3u!an insu"in( Byt3e !et3ds 8 gene trans8er using ba$teria, disease and inse$t-resistant4"ants 3ave been deve"4ed(

the five-kingdom of heaven

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