the first world war 1914-19181914-1918. copy the following eq on page 1 what were the causes of...

The First World The First World WarWar

The First World The First World WarWar

1914-19181914-19181914-19181914-1918

Copy the following EQ on Page 1

What were the causes of World War I and the reasons for the U.S. entering the war?



Causes of WWI (1914-1918)What were the causes of

WWI?


WWI?Militarism

When countries compete for

bigger/better militaryLeads to competition and bad

feelings

MilitarismWhen countries compete for

bigger/better militaryLeads to competition and bad

feelings

NationalismPride in one’s

countryWant to defend

their country in time of war

Think they are better than others, may attack other countries

NationalismPride in one’s

countryWant to defend

their country in time of war

Think they are better than others, may attack other countries

Germany was allied with Austria-Hungary while Russia, France and

Britain were partners


WWI?


WWI?

System of alliancesTwo or more countries make

an agreement to supportTwo countries unite to take

over anotherWhen one country starts a war,

the others are pulled in The Triple Entente, later known as the Allies,

consisted of France, Britain, and Russia The Triple Alliance, later known as the Central

Powers, consisted of Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy (Soon joined by the Ottoman Empire)

System of alliancesTwo or more countries make

an agreement to supportTwo countries unite to take

over anotherWhen one country starts a war,

the others are pulled in The Triple Entente, later known as the Allies,

consisted of France, Britain, and Russia The Triple Alliance, later known as the Central

Powers, consisted of Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy (Soon joined by the Ottoman Empire)

FRANCE BRITAIN RUSSIA

TRIPLE ENTENTE

Causes of WWI (1914-1918)What were the causes of WWI?

Causes of WWI (1914-1918)What were the causes of WWI?

ImperialismOne country controls anotherCountry taking over thinks

they are superiorCountries taken over

want freedom

ImperialismOne country controls anotherCountry taking over thinks

they are superiorCountries taken over

want freedom


WWI?


WWI?

The Spark: An AssassinationWhat sparked the fighting?The Spark: An AssassinationWhat sparked the fighting?

The Balkan region was considered “the powder keg of Europe” due to competing interests in the area. Russia wanted access to the Mediterranean Sea. Germany wanted a rail link to the Ottoman Empire. Austria-Hungary, which had taken control of Bosnia in 1878, accused Serbia of subverting its rule over Bosnia.

In June of 1914, Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir to the Austrian throne, was gunned down by a Serbia radical igniting a diplomatic crisis.

The Balkan region was considered “the powder keg of Europe” due to competing interests in the area. Russia wanted access to the Mediterranean Sea. Germany wanted a rail link to the Ottoman Empire. Austria-Hungary, which had taken control of Bosnia in 1878, accused Serbia of subverting its rule over Bosnia.

In June of 1914, Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir to the Austrian throne, was gunned down by a Serbia radical igniting a diplomatic crisis.

The Fighting BeginsWhat was the Alliance system?

The Fighting BeginsWhat was the Alliance system?

The Alliance system pulled one nation after another into the conflict – The Great War had begun. On August 3, 1914, Germany invaded Belgium, following a strategy known as the Schlieffen Plan. This plan called for a quick strike through Belgium to Paris, France. Next, Germany would attack Russia

The plan was designed to prevent a two-front war for Germany.

The Alliance system pulled one nation after another into the conflict – The Great War had begun. On August 3, 1914, Germany invaded Belgium, following a strategy known as the Schlieffen Plan. This plan called for a quick strike through Belgium to Paris, France. Next, Germany would attack Russia

The plan was designed to prevent a two-front war for Germany.

The Schliefflen Plan

Answer the following on page 1 in 4-5 sentences, use two items of historical

proof (highlight) and explain your proof (underline).

Why did World War I break out in Europe?

The War Becomes A StalemateWhat was trench warfare?


Unable to save Belgium, the Allies retreated to the Marne River in France where they halted the German advance in September of 1914. Both sides dug in for a long siege. By the spring of 1915, two parallel systems of deep trenches crossed France from Belgium to Switzerland. Between enemy trenches was “no man’s land” – an area marked with shell craters and filled with barbed wire.

Unable to save Belgium, the Allies retreated to the Marne River in France where they halted the German advance in September of 1914. Both sides dug in for a long siege. By the spring of 1915, two parallel systems of deep trenches crossed France from Belgium to Switzerland. Between enemy trenches was “no man’s land” – an area marked with shell craters and filled with barbed wire.

British soldiers standing in mud

The conditions in these trenches were horrific. Aside from the fear of bombardment, soldiers also had to contend with mud, flooding, lice, vermin, and disease associated with living in such an unhealthy environment.

During the First Battle of the Somme—which began on July 1, 1916, and lasted until mid-November—the British suffered an enormous number of casualties (60,000 on the first day). Final casualties for this phase of the war totaled 1.2 million, yet only 7 miles of ground was gained. This bloody trench warfare, in which armies fought for mere yards of ground, lasted for three years.

During the First Battle of the Somme—which began on July 1, 1916, and lasted until mid-November—the British suffered an enormous number of casualties (60,000 on the first day). Final casualties for this phase of the war totaled 1.2 million, yet only 7 miles of ground was gained. This bloody trench warfare, in which armies fought for mere yards of ground, lasted for three years.

Gas attacks were common features of trench life and often caused blindness and

lung disease



Americans Question NeutralityWhy did we want to remain neutral?


In 1914, most Americans saw no reason to join a struggle 3,000 miles away – they wanted neutrality. Some did not want their sons to experience the horror of warfare. Some German-Americans supported Germany in World War I. However, many Americans felt closer to the British because of a shared ancestry and language. Most importantly, American economic interests were far stronger with the Allies.

In 1914, most Americans saw no reason to join a struggle 3,000 miles away – they wanted neutrality. Some did not want their sons to experience the horror of warfare. Some German-Americans supported Germany in World War I. However, many Americans felt closer to the British because of a shared ancestry and language. Most importantly, American economic interests were far stronger with the Allies.

French propaganda poster portrayed the Germans as

inhuman.

The November 1916 election pitted incumbent Democrat Woodrow Wilson vs. Republican candidate Supreme Court justice Charles Evans Hughes.

Wilson won a close election using the slogan, “He kept us out of war.” That slogan would prove ironic because within a few months the United States would be embroiled in World War I.

The November 1916 election pitted incumbent Democrat Woodrow Wilson vs. Republican candidate Supreme Court justice Charles Evans Hughes.

Wilson won a close election using the slogan, “He kept us out of war.” That slogan would prove ironic because within a few months the United States would be embroiled in World War I.



Closer ties with allies – US, Great Britain, and France all shared same democratic political system, common language, and history. However, German Americans supported Germany.

German actions and Allied propaganda – American newspapers ran stories and pictures depicting German atrocities.

Zimmerman Telegram – from the German Foreign Minister to Mexico, promised the return of lost territory if they helped Germany. Intercepted by Britain, US enraged.

Closer ties with allies – US, Great Britain, and France all shared same democratic political system, common language, and history. However, German Americans supported Germany.

German actions and Allied propaganda – American newspapers ran stories and pictures depicting German atrocities.

Zimmerman Telegram – from the German Foreign Minister to Mexico, promised the return of lost territory if they helped Germany. Intercepted by Britain, US enraged.

US Joins the WarWhy did the US join the war?


Freedom of the seas – main reason for US entry British Blockade – prevent food and arms getting to Germany.

Germany too weak to break blockade. Germany retaliated by sinking merchant ships carrying goods to Great Britain.

Sinking of the Lusitania Sussex Pledge – Germany attack a French ferry killing 50, Wilson

angered, Germany promised not to attack liners without prior warning or help to passengers.

Unrestricted Sub warfare – Germany (starving) announced it would sink all ships in blockade area, violates freedom of the seas. When US ships were attacked Wilson asked Congress to declare war. (German Proclamation 1915)

Freedom of the seas – main reason for US entry British Blockade – prevent food and arms getting to Germany.

Germany too weak to break blockade. Germany retaliated by sinking merchant ships carrying goods to Great Britain.

Sinking of the Lusitania Sussex Pledge – Germany attack a French ferry killing 50, Wilson

angered, Germany promised not to attack liners without prior warning or help to passengers.

Unrestricted Sub warfare – Germany (starving) announced it would sink all ships in blockade area, violates freedom of the seas. When US ships were attacked Wilson asked Congress to declare war. (German Proclamation 1915)



United States involvement in World War I was hastened by the Lusitania disaster. The Lusitania was a British passenger liner that carried 1,198 persons on a fateful trip on May 7, 1915.

A German U-boat sank the British passenger liner killing all aboard including 128 American tourists. The Germans claimed the ship was carrying Allied ammunition.

Americans were outraged and public opinion turned against Germany and the Central Powers.

United States involvement in World War I was hastened by the Lusitania disaster. The Lusitania was a British passenger liner that carried 1,198 persons on a fateful trip on May 7, 1915.

A German U-boat sank the British passenger liner killing all aboard including 128 American tourists. The Germans claimed the ship was carrying Allied ammunition.

Americans were outraged and public opinion turned against Germany and the Central Powers.May 7, 1915



Answer the following on page 3 in 4-5 sentences, use two items of historical

proof (highlight) and explain your proof (underline).

Could the United States have avoided entering World War I?

Copy the following EQ on the bottom half of Page 3


Zimmerman note intercepted by a British agent and decoded

Zimmerman Telegram



Important New WeaponsWhat was the impact of new weapons?


Machine Guns: Guns could now fire 600 rounds per minute.

The Tank: New steel tanks ran on caterpillar treads.

Airplanes: Early dogfights resembled duals, however by 1918 the British had a fleet of planes that could deliver bombs.

Poison Gas: Mustard gas was used to subdue the enemy.

Machine Guns: Guns could now fire 600 rounds per minute.

The Tank: New steel tanks ran on caterpillar treads.

Airplanes: Early dogfights resembled duals, however by 1918 the British had a fleet of planes that could deliver bombs.

Poison Gas: Mustard gas was used to subdue the enemy.

HowitzersFlame throwersTorpedoesU-boatsPhosphorus grenadesField phonesSearch lightsGas masksCamouflageRailroad gunsBlimps

HowitzersFlame throwersTorpedoesU-boatsPhosphorus grenadesField phonesSearch lightsGas masksCamouflageRailroad gunsBlimps



Answer the question at the top of page 3

Answer the question at the top of page 3

List 2 weapons that made this a new kind of war and explain how they were used?

What were the reasons for the U.S. joining WWI?

List 2 weapons that made this a new kind of war and explain how they were used?

What were the reasons for the U.S. joining WWI?

Copy the following EQ on the bottom half of Page 7

How did America respond at home to entering World War I?

America Declares WarHow did the US get into the War?


On April 2, 1917, senators, representatives, ambassadors, members of the Supreme Court, and other guests crowded into the Capital building to hear Wilson deliver his declaration of war.

Wilson said, “The world must be made safe for democracy.”

Congress passed the resolution a few days later.

On April 2, 1917, senators, representatives, ambassadors, members of the Supreme Court, and other guests crowded into the Capital building to hear Wilson deliver his declaration of war.

Wilson said, “The world must be made safe for democracy.”

Congress passed the resolution a few days later.

America was not ready for war. Only 200,000 men were in service when war was declared, so Congress passed the Selective Service Act in May of 1917.

By the end of 1918, 24 million had signed up and almost 3 million were called to duty. About 2 million American troops reached Europe.

America was not ready for war. Only 200,000 men were in service when war was declared, so Congress passed the Selective Service Act in May of 1917.

By the end of 1918, 24 million had signed up and almost 3 million were called to duty. About 2 million American troops reached Europe.



Highlights of the WarWhat were the Highlights of the War?


American Expeditionary Force – under the command of General John J. PershingInsisted American soldiers be well trained

before being sent to the western frontDemanded American forces fight together Wilson refused to allow African Americans to

serve, however served under French command.

American Expeditionary Force – under the command of General John J. PershingInsisted American soldiers be well trained

before being sent to the western frontDemanded American forces fight together Wilson refused to allow African Americans to

serve, however served under French command.

Answer the following on page 5 in 4-5 sentences, use two items of historical proof (highlight) and explain your

proof (underline).

Battle of Argonne Forest – greatest American battle of 1918Terrain was steep, concrete walls, traps for

tanks, miles of barbed wireThe AEF assembled 600,000 men and shattered

German defensesOpened a hole in German linesFinal and most important battle of the AEF

Battle of Argonne Forest – greatest American battle of 1918Terrain was steep, concrete walls, traps for

tanks, miles of barbed wireThe AEF assembled 600,000 men and shattered

German defensesOpened a hole in German linesFinal and most important battle of the AEF



Alvin YorkAvoided military service as a conscientious

objectorDrafted at age 29 – underprivileged and

undereducatedBattle of Argonne with only a pistol and rifle

he killed 25 Germans and captured 132 prisoners.

Received Medal of Honor

Alvin YorkAvoided military service as a conscientious

objectorDrafted at age 29 – underprivileged and

undereducatedBattle of Argonne with only a pistol and rifle

he killed 25 Germans and captured 132 prisoners.

Received Medal of Honor



America MobilizesHow did we respond at home?


1. Selective Service Act- May 1917Required men to register with the government in

order to be randomly selected for military service24 million men registered and 2 million fought in WWI400,000 African Americans fought in segregated unitsWomen were able to serve in the Army of Corps of Nurses

2. Mass ProductionNeeded food, equipment, weapons and especially

transportationThe gov. gave special privileges to shipyard workers

Draft exemptions

1. Selective Service Act- May 1917Required men to register with the government in

order to be randomly selected for military service24 million men registered and 2 million fought in WWI400,000 African Americans fought in segregated unitsWomen were able to serve in the Army of Corps of Nurses

2. Mass ProductionNeeded food, equipment, weapons and especially

transportationThe gov. gave special privileges to shipyard workers

Draft exemptions

3. American Convoy System Needed to a way get past German U-boatsThis system had heavy destroyers escort merchant ships across

the AtlanticIt worked only 637 lives were lost to U-boat attacks

4. Americans had to get use to the new way of fightingDoughboys, American infantrymen, were shocked by the new

weapons and tacticsTanks, airplanes, bombs, poisonous gas, machine guns

War brought new hazards and injuries“Shell Shock” - a complete emotional collapseTrench Foot- only solution was to amputate the foot or toesPoisonous Gases- blinded, burned and killed

3. American Convoy System Needed to a way get past German U-boatsThis system had heavy destroyers escort merchant ships across

the AtlanticIt worked only 637 lives were lost to U-boat attacks

4. Americans had to get use to the new way of fightingDoughboys, American infantrymen, were shocked by the new

weapons and tacticsTanks, airplanes, bombs, poisonous gas, machine guns

War brought new hazards and injuries“Shell Shock” - a complete emotional collapseTrench Foot- only solution was to amputate the foot or toesPoisonous Gases- blinded, burned and killed



Although we were only in the war for a year, it had a great impact on the homefrontWar Industries Board- helped with mass

production of war suppliesLiberty Bonds- savings bonds sold to help

finance the warPropaganda- to encourage buying bonds or

servingVictory Gardens – people were asked to grow

their own vegetables and to adjust to days like “meatless” Tuesday

Although we were only in the war for a year, it had a great impact on the homefrontWar Industries Board- helped with mass

production of war suppliesLiberty Bonds- savings bonds sold to help

finance the warPropaganda- to encourage buying bonds or

servingVictory Gardens – people were asked to grow

their own vegetables and to adjust to days like “meatless” Tuesday



Answer the following on page 7 in 4-5 sentences, use two items of historical proof (highlight) and explain your

proof (underline).


How did America respond at home to entering World War I?

The U.S. had two major tasks: raising money and convincing the public to support the war.

The U.S. spent $35.5 billion on the war effort.

The government raised about 1/3 of that through an income tax and “sin” taxes.

The rest was raised through war bonds sold to the public (Liberty Loans & Victory Loans)

The U.S. had two major tasks: raising money and convincing the public to support the war.

The U.S. spent $35.5 billion on the war effort.

The government raised about 1/3 of that through an income tax and “sin” taxes.

The rest was raised through war bonds sold to the public (Liberty Loans & Victory Loans)



To conserve food, Wilson set up the Food Administration (FA) which declared one day a week “meatless,” another “sweetless,” and two days “wheatless.” Homeowners planted “victory gardens” in their yards and school children worked after school growing tomatoes and cucumbers in public parks.

Farmers increased production by almost 30% by adding 40 million acres of farmland

To conserve food, Wilson set up the Food Administration (FA) which declared one day a week “meatless,” another “sweetless,” and two days “wheatless.” Homeowners planted “victory gardens” in their yards and school children worked after school growing tomatoes and cucumbers in public parks.

Farmers increased production by almost 30% by adding 40 million acres of farmland



Attacks on Civil LibertiesHow did we violate civil liberties?

Attacks on Civil LibertiesHow did we violate civil liberties?

1. Anti-immigration Hysteria-The nasty attacks were mainly against German immigrants

Many lost their jobsSchools stopped teaching German Some resorted to violence

2. Espionage and Sedition Acts- June 1917 A person could be fined up to $10,000 and sentenced to 20 years in jail

for interfering with the war effort or by being “disloyal” to the govt.2,000 ppl were prosecuted for opposing the warMainly targeted socialists and labor leaders

Eugene Debs was sentenced to 10 yrs

1. Anti-immigration Hysteria-The nasty attacks were mainly against German immigrants

Many lost their jobsSchools stopped teaching German Some resorted to violence

2. Espionage and Sedition Acts- June 1917 A person could be fined up to $10,000 and sentenced to 20 years in jail

for interfering with the war effort or by being “disloyal” to the govt.2,000 ppl were prosecuted for opposing the warMainly targeted socialists and labor leaders

Eugene Debs was sentenced to 10 yrs

Schenck v. U.S. 1919Schenck v. U.S. 1919

Charles Schenk – socialist party, felt drafting soldiers was unfair use of gov. authorityConvicted for Distributing literature

encouraging men to resist draftSaid violated his first amend rightSupreme court argued there are limits to

free speech – set standard of limits on free speech

Charles Schenk – socialist party, felt drafting soldiers was unfair use of gov. authorityConvicted for Distributing literature

encouraging men to resist draftSaid violated his first amend rightSupreme court argued there are limits to

free speech – set standard of limits on free speech



Germany CollapsesHow did WWI come to an end?

Germany CollapsesHow did WWI come to an end?

The addition of the American troops was too much for Germany to handle

On November 11, 1918 Germany signed the Armistice (cease fire) Eleventh day, eleventh hour in eleventh month (Nov. 11)

22 million people were killed total48,000 US soldiers were killed in battle, 62,000

killed from disease and 200,000 wounded

Damages estimated at 338 billion dollars

The addition of the American troops was too much for Germany to handle

On November 11, 1918 Germany signed the Armistice (cease fire) Eleventh day, eleventh hour in eleventh month (Nov. 11)

22 million people were killed total48,000 US soldiers were killed in battle, 62,000

killed from disease and 200,000 wounded

Damages estimated at 338 billion dollars

Wilson’s Plan How did WWI come to an end?


Met at the Palace of Versailles on January 1918Allies met to decide the peace termsCentral Powers and Russia were not invited

Wilson presented his plan called the “Fourteen Points” on January 18, 1918Goal was to eliminate the causes of WWI

Met at the Palace of Versailles on January 1918Allies met to decide the peace termsCentral Powers and Russia were not invited

Wilson presented his plan called the “Fourteen Points” on January 18, 1918Goal was to eliminate the causes of WWI

Freedom of the Seas- all nations should have equal access to water trade routes

Self-Determination- culturally/ethnically similar people should choose how to form their own nation and gov’t

Mandate System- process for Allied powers to oversee transition of former colonies and imperial possessions to independent nations

League of Nations- international organization to address diplomatic issues without going to war, defend each other if needed – US and Russia didn‘t join.

Freedom of the Seas- all nations should have equal access to water trade routes

Self-Determination- culturally/ethnically similar people should choose how to form their own nation and gov’t

Mandate System- process for Allied powers to oversee transition of former colonies and imperial possessions to independent nations

League of Nations- international organization to address diplomatic issues without going to war, defend each other if needed – US and Russia didn‘t join.



Answer the following on page 9 in 4-5 sentences, use two items of historical proof (highlight) and

explain your proof (underline).


Why were the peace treaties ending World War I so controversial?

Wilson’s focus was the Fourteen Points, while GB and France wanted to punish Germany

What was included in the treaty:9 new nations created (Poland, Czechoslovakia,

Yugoslavia, etc.)Germany stripped of its army, forced to accept the war

guilt clause- accept blame for starting the warGermany required to pay $33 billion in reparations-

payment of war damagesLeague of Nations –severely weakened when several

major nations failed to join.

Wilson’s focus was the Fourteen Points, while GB and France wanted to punish Germany

What was included in the treaty:9 new nations created (Poland, Czechoslovakia,

Yugoslavia, etc.)Germany stripped of its army, forced to accept the war

guilt clause- accept blame for starting the warGermany required to pay $33 billion in reparations-

payment of war damagesLeague of Nations –severely weakened when several

major nations failed to join.



The treaty humiliated Germany and they remained bitter and angry

Italy and Japan are angry b/c they felt like they should have been given more land

Russia was left out of the talksNew communist gov’t under Vladimir

Lenin was determined to get taken land back

The treaty humiliated Germany and they remained bitter and angry

Italy and Japan are angry b/c they felt like they should have been given more land

Russia was left out of the talksNew communist gov’t under Vladimir

Lenin was determined to get taken land back



When Wilson returned home many were unsatisfied with the peace treaty

Democrats supported the treaty (Wilson was a Dem)

Republicans were split- strong isolationist feeling“Irreconcilables”- opposed it outrightRevisionists- opposed mainly the League

of Nations

When Wilson returned home many were unsatisfied with the peace treaty

Democrats supported the treaty (Wilson was a Dem)

Republicans were split- strong isolationist feeling“Irreconcilables”- opposed it outrightRevisionists- opposed mainly the League

of Nations



Wilson refused to compromise on the League

Wilson traveled throughout the nation explaining why the US should join the League

On Oct. 2, 1919 Wilson suffered a stroke and was weakened

Senate voted against the treatyThe US never joined the League and decided

to sign a separate treaty with Germany in 1921

Wilson refused to compromise on the League

Wilson traveled throughout the nation explaining why the US should join the League

On Oct. 2, 1919 Wilson suffered a stroke and was weakened

Senate voted against the treatyThe US never joined the League and decided

to sign a separate treaty with Germany in 1921



The Legacy of the WarWhat was the impact of WWI?


At home, the war strengthened both the military and the power of the government.

The propaganda campaign provoked powerful fears in society.

For many countries the war created political instability and violence that lasted for years

Russia established the first Communist state during the war

Americans called World War I, “The War to end all Wars” --- however unresolved issues would eventually drag the U.S. into an even deadlier conflict.

At home, the war strengthened both the military and the power of the government.

The propaganda campaign provoked powerful fears in society.

For many countries the war created political instability and violence that lasted for years

Russia established the first Communist state during the war

Americans called World War I, “The War to end all Wars” --- however unresolved issues would eventually drag the U.S. into an even deadlier conflict.

22 million dead, more than half civilians. An additional 20

million wounded.

Henry Cabot Lodge - Republican Senator- opposed to the part of the treaty dealing with the League of NationsArgued that the US would lose the right

to declare war for itself, and instead, be dragged into future European conflicts by the LoN

Henry Cabot Lodge - Republican Senator- opposed to the part of the treaty dealing with the League of NationsArgued that the US would lose the right

to declare war for itself, and instead, be dragged into future European conflicts by the LoN



Americans turned their attention towards home – isolationism – separating themselves from other countries, affairsRejected Treaty of Versailles Refusal to join LonHigher tariffs Restricting European immigration

Americans turned their attention towards home – isolationism – separating themselves from other countries, affairsRejected Treaty of Versailles Refusal to join LonHigher tariffs Restricting European immigration



Answer the following on page 11 in 4-5 sentences, use two items of historical proof (highlight) and

explain your proof (underline).

the first world war 1914-19181914-1918. copy the following eq on page 1 what were the causes of...

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