THE FIRST WORLD WAR Objectives 1. The learner will understand the causes of World War I, the reasons the United States entered the war in 1917, and the consequences of the war. 2. The learner will identify the long-term causes and the immediate circumstances that led to World War I. 3. The learner will describe the first two years of the war. 4. The learner will summarize U.S. public opinion about the war. 5. The learner will explain why the United States entered the war. State Standards 7.4 Identify the causes of American involvement in World War I (i.e., security concerns, economic benefits, Wilsonian diplomacy, propaganda). 8.3 Recognize the definitions of totalitarianism, fascism, communism, nationalism, and anti-Semitism. CAUSES OF THE WAR The causes of World War I were Imperialist competition, European nationalism, the stockpiling of weapons. Historians have traditionally cited four long-term causes of the First World War NATIONALISM a devotion to the interests and culture of ones nation NATIONALISM IMPERIALISM Economic and political control over weaker nations MILITARISM The growth of nationalism and imperialism led to increased military spending MILITARISM ALLIANCE SYSTEM By 1907 Europe was divided into two armed camps NationalismNationalism a devotion to the interests and culture of ones nation. MilitarismMilitarism the policy of building up armed forces in aggressive preparedness for war and their use as a tool of diplomacy. Section 1 World War I Begins NATIONALISM Often nationalism led to rivalries and conflicts between nations Nationalism encouraged competitiveness between nations and encouraged various ethnic groups to attempt to create nations of their own. Additionally, various ethnic groups resented domination by others and wanted independence Russia and Austria- Hungary disagreed over the treatment of Serbs in central Europe Germany was allied with Austria-Hungary while Russia, France and Britain were partners IMPERIALISM For many centuries, European nations built empires Colonies supplied European nations with raw materials and provided markets for manufactured goods As Germany industrialized it competed directly with France and Britain Closely linked with industrialization, Imperialism involved a contest for colonies. Major European countries also competed for land in Africa MILITARISM Empires had to be defended and European nations increased military spending enormously in the late 19 th and early 20 th century Militarism involved the development of the armed forces and their use as a tool of diplomacy. Militarism in Europe, a policy under which nations built up their armed forces, was a major cause of World War I. By 1890 the strongest nation militarily in Europe was Germany Germany had a strong army and built up a navy to rival Englands fleet France, Italy, Japan and the United States quickly joined in the naval buildup Battleships were being stockpiled by European nations, Japan and America in the late 19 th and early 20 th century ALLIANCE SYSTEM By 1907 there were two major defense alliances in Europe The Triple Entente, later known as the Allies, consisted of France, Britain, and RussiaAllies The Triple Alliance, later known as the Central Powers, consisted of Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy (Soon joined by the Ottoman EmpireCentral Powers FRANCEBRITAINRUSSIA TRIPLE ENTENTE NationalismNationalism a devotion to the interests and culture of ones nation. MilitarismMilitarism the policy of building up armed forces in aggressive preparedness for war and their use as a tool of diplomacy. AlliesAllies in World War I, the group of nations originally consisting of Great Britain, France, and Russia and later joined by the United States, Italy, and othersthat opposed the Central Powers. Central Powers Central Powers the group of nationsled by Germany, Austria-Hungary, and the Ottoman Empirethat opposed the Allies in World War I. Section 1 World War I Begins THE SPARK: AN ASSASSINATION The Balkan region was considered the powder keg of Europe due to competing interests in the area Russia wanted access to the Mediterranean Sea Germany wanted a rail link to the Ottoman Empire Austria-Hungary, which had taken control of Bosnia in 1878, accused Serbia of subverting its rule over Bosnia Finally, in June of 1914, Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir to the Austrian throne was assassinated by a Serbia radical which sparked World War I The assassination that triggered World War I occurred in Bosnia. The Archduke is assassinated in Sarajevo in June 1914 THE FIGHTING BEGINS The Alliance system pulled one nation after another into the conflict The Great War had begun The war might have involved only two nations, Austria-Hungary and Serbia, if not for the alliance system. On August 3, 1914, Germany invaded Belgium which began the active fighting in the war, following a strategy known as the Schlieffen Plan The Schlieffen Plan was effective because it allowed Germany to drive quickly toward the French capital. Next, Germany would attack Russia The plan was designed to prevent a two-front war for Germany The Schliefflen Plan THE WAR BECOMES A STALEMATE Unable to save Belgium, the Allies retreated to the Marne River in France where they halted the German advance in September of 1914 Both sides dug in for a long siege By the spring of 1915, two parallel systems of deep trenches crossed France from Belgium to Switzerland Between enemy trenches was no mans land an area pockmarked with shell craters and filled with barbed wireno mans land For more than three years, the major form of fighting on the western front was Trench warfare.Trench warfare There were 3 types of trenches; front line, support, and reserve British soldiers standing in mud NationalismNationalism a devotion to the interests and culture of ones nation. MilitarismMilitarism the policy of building up armed forces in aggressive preparedness for war and their use as a tool of diplomacy. AlliesAllies in World War I, the group of nations originally consisting of Great Britain, France, and Russia and later joined by the United States, Italy, and othersthat opposed the Central Powers. Central Powers Central Powers the group of nationsled by Germany, Austria-Hungary, and the Ottoman Empirethat opposed the Allies in World War I. No mans land No mans land an unoccupied region between opposing armies. Trench warfare Trench warfare military operations in which the opposing forces attack and counterattack from systems of fortified ditches rather than on an open battlefield. Section 1 World War I Begins The conditions in these trenches were horrific; aside from the fear of bombardment, soldiers also had to contend with the mud, flooding and disease associated with living in such a harsh environment. German Soldiers FIRST BATTLE OF THE SOMME During the First Battle of the Somme - which began July 1, 1916 and lasted until mid-November the British suffered 60,000 casualties the first day In the Battle of the Somme, Trench warfare resulted in the exchange of seven miles of territory at the cost of 1.2 million casualties. This bloody trench warfare, in which armies fought for mere yards of ground, lasted for three years Gas attacks were common features of trench life and often caused blindness and lung disease AMERICANS QUESTION NEUTRALITY People who opposed World War I because they saw it as an imperialist struggle were called Socialists. People who opposed World War I because they perceived all wars as evil were called Pacifists. In 1914, most Americans saw no reason to join a struggle 3,000 miles away they wanted neutrality The policy that kept the United States out of the war for three years was called Neutrality. Some simply did not want their sons to experience the horror of warfare German-Americans supported Germany in World War I However, many American felt close to the British because of a shared ancestry and language Most importantly, American economic interests were far stronger with the Allies French propaganda poster portrayed the Germans as inhuman and impacted American attitudes toward the Germans THE WAR HITS HOME During the first two years of the war, America was providing (selling) the allied forces dynamite, cannon powder, submarines, copper wire and tubing and other war material Both the Germans and British imposed naval blockades on each other. The British blockade caused widespread starvation in Germany. The Germans used U-boats which are submarines, to prevent shipments to the North Atlantic Any ship found in the waters around Britain would be sunk German U-boat 1919 THE LUSITANIA DISASTER United States involvement in World War I was hastened by the Lusitania disaster Lusitania The Lusitania was a British passenger liner that was sunk by a German U-boat. It carried 1,198 persons on a fateful trip on May 7, 1915 A German U-boat sank the British passenger liner killing all aboard including 128 American tourists The Germans claimed the ship was carrying Allied ammunition Americans were outraged and public opinion turned against Germany and the Central Powers The most compelling reason for the United States to enter the war was the outrage of American citizens over German submarine warfare. May 7, 1915 NationalismNationalism a devotion to the interests and culture of ones nation. MilitarismMilitarism the policy of building up armed forces in aggressive preparedness for war and their use as a tool of diplomacy. AlliesAllies in World War I, the group of nations originally consisting of Great Britain, France, and Russia and later joined by the United States, Italy, and othersthat opposed the Central Powers. Central Powers Central Powers the group of nationsled by Germany, Austria-Hungary, and the Ottoman Empirethat opposed the Allies in World War I. No mans land No mans land an unoccupied region between opposing armies. Trench warfare Trench warfare military operations in which the opposing forces attack and counterattack from systems of fortified ditches rather than on an open battlefield. LusitaniaLusitania a British passenger ship that was sunk by a German U-boat in Section 1 World War I Begins The N.Y. Times reports on the Lusitania 1916 ELECTION The November 1916 election pitted incumbent Democrat Woodrow Wilson vs. Republican candidate Supreme Court justice Charles Evans Hughes Wilson won a close election using the slogan, He kept us out of war That slogan would prove ironic because within a few months the United States would be embroiled in World War I Wilson AMERICA EDGES CLOSER TO WAR Several factors came together to bring the U.S. into the war; 1) Germany ignored Wilsons plea for peace 2) American supporters of entry into the war could claim their country was fighting a moral war because the United States joined the war only after Russias oppressive monarchy was replaced 3) The Zimmerman Note, a telegram from the German foreign minister to the German Ambassador in Mexico, proposed an allianceThe Zimmerman Note The Zimmerman note contained a suggestion of an alliance between Mexico and Germany that deeply angered the American people. The Zimmermann note suggested an alliance between Germany and Mexico. Germany promised Mexico a return of their lost territory in Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona 4) Next came the sinking of four unarmed U.S. merchant ships by German subs Encoded message from Germany to Mexico (Zimmerman note) NationalismNationalism a devotion to the interests and culture of ones nation. MilitarismMilitarism the policy of building up armed forces in aggressive preparedness for war and their use as a tool of diplomacy. AlliesAllies in World War I, the group of nations originally consisting of Great Britain, France, and Russia and later joined by the United States, Italy, and othersthat opposed the Central Powers. Central Powers Central Powers the group of nationsled by Germany, Austria-Hungary, and the Ottoman Empirethat opposed the Allies in World War I. No mans land No mans land an unoccupied region between opposing armies. Trench warfare Trench warfare military operations in which the opposing forces attack and counterattack from systems of fortified ditches rather than on an open battlefield. LusitaniaLusitania a British passenger ship that was sunk by a German U-boat in Zimmermann note Zimmermann note a message sent in 1917 by the German foreign minister to the German ambassador in Mexico, proposing a German-Mexican alliance and promising to help Mexico regain Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona if the United States entered World War I. Section 1 World War I Begins Zimmerman note intercepted by a British agent and decoded AMERICA DECLARES WAR A light drizzle fell on Washington on April 2, 1917, as senators, representatives, ambassadors, members of the Supreme Court, and other guests crowded into the Capital building to hear Wilson deliver his declaration of war Wilson said, The world must be safe for democracy Congress passed the resolution a few days later NationalismNationalism a devotion to the interests and culture of ones nation. MilitarismMilitarism the policy of building up armed forces in aggressive preparedness for war and their use as a tool of diplomacy. AlliesAllies in World War I, the group of nations originally consisting of Great Britain, France, and Russia and later joined by the United States, Italy, and othersthat opposed the Central Powers. Central Powers Central Powers the group of nationsled by Germany, Austria-Hungary, and the Ottoman Empirethat opposed the Allies in World War I. No mans land No mans land an unoccupied region between opposing armies. Trench warfare Trench warfare military operations in which the opposing forces attack and counterattack from systems of fortified ditches rather than on an open battlefield. LusitaniaLusitania a British passenger ship that was sunk by a German U-boat in Zimmermann note Zimmermann note a message sent in 1917 by the German foreign minister to the German ambassador in Mexico, proposing a German-Mexican alliance and promising to help Mexico regain Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona if the United States entered World War I. Section 1 World War I Begins Objectives 1. The learner will understand the causes of World War I, the reasons the United States entered the war in 1917, and the consequences of the war. 2. The learner will describe how the United States mobilized for war. 3. The learner will summarize U.S. battlefield successes. 4. The learner will identify the new weapons and the medical problems faced in World War I. 5. The learner will describe U.S. offensives and the end of the war. State Standards 7.2 Recognize European countries by their alliance systems and spheres of influence by using a map. SECTION 2: AMERICAN POWER TIPS THE BALANCE A PERSONAL VOICE EDDIE RICKENBACKER I put in six or seven hours of flying time each day....My narrowest escape came at a time when I was fretting over the lack of action.... Guns began barking behind me, and sizzling tracers zipped by my head.... At least two planes were on my tail....They would expect me to dive. Instead I twisted upward in a corkscrew path called a chandelle. I guessed right. As I went up, my two attackers came down, near enough for me to see their faces. I also saw the red noses on those Fokkers [German planes]. I was up against the Flying Circus again. Rickenbacker: An Autobiography Having shot down at least 29 enemy planes, Captain Eddie Rickenbacker was Americas leading ace pilot in the war. Eddie Rickenbacker and the First World War AMERICAN POWER TIPS THE BALANCE America was not ready for war only 200,000 men were in service when war was declared Congress passed the Selective Service Act in May of 1917Selective Service Act The Selective Service Act required men to register with the government in order to be randomly selected for military service. Men were required to register for military service was a result of the Selective Service Act. By the end of 1918, 24 million had signed up and almost 3 million were called to duty Although American women served in the navy, marines, and Army Corps of Nurses, they were not subjected to the Selective Service Act. About 2 million American troops reached Europe Selective Service Act Selective Service Act a law, enacted in 1917, that required men to register for military service. Section 2 American Power Tips the Balance America Turns the Tide U.S. Navy Contributions The United States used groups of guarded ships to overcome the threat of German U-boats. Convoy systemdestroyers escort merchant ships across Atlantic Convoy system losses drop dramatically The Convoy System involved merchant vessels traveling in large groups with naval ships acting as guards. Admiral William S. Sims convinced the British to use the Convoy System as a hindrance to German U-boat attacks. Navy helps lay mines across North Sea, keep U-boats out of Atlantic 1918, Germans have difficulty replacing boats, trained submariners World War I Convoy System defensive boundary cruiser destroyer enemy submarine safe zone merchant ships Selective Service Act Selective Service Act a law, enacted in 1917, that required men to register for military service. Convoy systemConvoy system the protection of merchant ships from U-boatGerman submarineattacks by having the ships travel in large groups escorted by warships. Section 2 American Power Tips the Balance FRESH U.S. SOLDIERS JOIN FIGHT After 2 years of fighting, the Allied forces were exhausted One of the main contributions of the Americans was fresh and enthusiastic troops American infantry were nicknamed doughboys because of their white belts General John J. Pershing leads (commands) the American Expeditionary Force American Expeditionary Force Most doughboys had never ventured far from the farms or small towns they lived in Selective Service Act Selective Service Act a law, enacted in 1917, that required men to register for military service. Convoy systemConvoy system the protection of merchant ships from U-boatGerman submarineattacks by having the ships travel in large groups escorted by warships. American Expeditionary Force American Expeditionary Force the U.S. forces, led by General John Pershing, who fought with the Allies in Europe during World War I. Section 2 American Power Tips the Balance New Weapons Used By 1917, British learn to use tanks to clear path for infantry Early planes flimsy, only do scouting; later ones stronger, faster carry machine guns, heavy bomb loads Mechanized warfare began with the introduction of the tank and the airplane as weapons. Some of the weapons of mechanized warfare that were introduced in World War I was the airplane and tank. Observation balloons were used extensively, because they were a prime target of ace pilots NEW WEAPONS USED Machine Guns Guns could now fire 600 rounds per minute The Tank New steel tanks ran on caterpillar treads Airplanes Early dogfights resembled duals, however by 1918 the British had a fleet of planes that could deliver bomb loads Poison Gas mustard gas was used to subdue the enemy Wilfred Owen, Dulce et Decorum est (1917)Wilfred Owen Bent double, like old beggars under sacks, Knock-kneed, coughing like hags, we cursed through sludge, Till on the haunting flares we turned our backs, And towards our distant rest began to trudge. Men marched asleep. Many had lost their boots, But limped on, blood-shod. All went lame, all blind; Drunk with fatigue; deaf even to the hoots Of gas-shells dropping softly behind. Gas! Gas! Quick, boys! An ecstasy of fumbling, Fitting the clumsy helmets just in time, But someone still was yelling out and stumbling And floundering like a man in fire or lime. Dim through the misty panes and thick green light, As under a green sea, I saw him drowning. In all my dreams, before my helpless sight, He plunges at me, guttering, choking, drowning. If in some smothering dreams, you too could pace Behind the wagon that we flung him in. And watch the white eyes writhing in his face, His hanging face, like a devil's sick of sin; If you could hear, at every jolt, the blood Come gargling from the froth-corrupted lungs, Obscene as cancer, bitter as the cud Of vile, incurable sores on innocent tongues, My friend, you would not tell with such high zest To children ardent for some desperate glory, The old Lie: Dulce et decorum est Pro patria mori. Famous poem by Wilfred Owen about the evils of mustard gas Animals were also susceptible to gas When Russia surrendered to the Germans in 1917, it allowed the Central Powers to focus on the Western Front After defeating Russia on the eastern front, the Central Powers concentrated on fighting in France. By May, the Germans were within 50 miles of Paris The Americans arrived and immediately played a major role in pushing the Germans back In July and August the Americans helped the Allies win the Second Battle of the Marne AMERICAN TROOPS GO ON THE OFFENSIVE Men of the 42nd Division during the Second Marne. These men were killed by artillery fire just 5 minutes after this photo was taken AMERICAN WAR HERO Alvin York, a blacksmith from Tennessee, originally sought an exemption from the war as a Conscientious ObjectorConscientious Objector A Conscientious objector describes a person who opposes warfare on moral grounds. York eventually decided it was morally acceptable to fight if the cause was right On October 8, 1918, armed with only a rifle and a revolver, Alvin York killed 25 Germans and (with six other soldiers) captured 132 prisoners. Upon his return home he was promoted to Sergeant and hailed a hero The movie The man Selective Service Act Selective Service Act a law, enacted in 1917, that required men to register for military service. Convoy systemConvoy system the protection of merchant ships from U-boatGerman submarineattacks by having the ships travel in large groups escorted by warships. American Expeditionary Force American Expeditionary Force the U.S. forces, led by General John Pershing, who fought with the Allies in Europe during World War I. Conscientious objector Conscientious objector a person who refuses, on moral grounds, to participate in warfare. Section 2 American Power Tips the Balance GERMANY COLLAPSES, WAR ENDS On November 3, 1918, Germanys partner, Austria- Hungary, surrendered to the Allies That same day, German sailors mutinied against their government Other revolts followed, and Germany was too exhausted to continue So at the eleventh hour, on the eleventh day, of the eleventh month of 1918, Germany signed the armistice (a truce) ending the Great Wararmistice The United States suffered the fewest casualties. War ends 11/11/18 GERMANY COLLAPSES; THE GREAT WAR ENDS Selective Service Act Selective Service Act a law, enacted in 1917, that required men to register for military service. Convoy systemConvoy system the protection of merchant ships from U-boatGerman submarineattacks by having the ships travel in large groups escorted by warships. American Expeditionary Force American Expeditionary Force the U.S. forces, led by General John Pershing, who fought with the Allies in Europe during World War I. Conscientious objector Conscientious objector a person who refuses, on moral grounds, to participate in warfare. ArmisticeArmistice a truce, or agreement to end an armed conflict. Section 2 American Power Tips the Balance Selective Service Act Selective Service Act a law, enacted in 1917, that required men to register for military service. Convoy systemConvoy system the protection of merchant ships from U-boatGerman submarineattacks by having the ships travel in large groups escorted by warships. American Expeditionary Force American Expeditionary Force the U.S. forces, led by General John Pershing, who fought with the Allies in Europe during World War I. Conscientious objector Conscientious objector a person who refuses, on moral grounds, to participate in warfare. ArmisticeArmistice a truce, or agreement to end an armed conflict. Section 2 American Power Tips the Balance Objectives 1. The learner will understand the causes of World War I, the reasons the United States entered the war in 1917, and the consequences of the war. 2. The learner will explain how businesses and government cooperated during the war. 3. The learner will show how the government promoted the war. 4. The learner will describe the attacks on civil liberties that occurred. 5. The learner will summarize the social changes that affected African Americans and women. State Standards 7.9 Compare and contrast the philosophies of DuBois, Washington and Garvey. SECTION 3: THE WAR AT HOME The entire U.S. economy was focused on the war effort The shift from a consumer economy to war economy required a collaboration between business and government In the process, the power of the U.S. government expanded Congress gave President Wilson direct control over the economy WAR INDUSTRIES BOARD The War Industries Board (WIB) encouraged companies to use mass-production techniquesWar Industries Board Under the War Industries Board, the nations main wartime regulatory body, industrial production in the United States increased by about 20 percent. In 1918, the War Industries Board was reorganized under the leadership of Bernard M. Baruch, a prosperous businessman. Union membership almost doubled during the war years from 2.5 million to 4 million To deal with disputes between management and labor, President Wilson set up the National War Labor Board in 1918 Poster encouraging production War Industries Board War Industries Board an agency established during World War I to increase efficiency and discourage waste in war related industries. Section 3 The War at Home VICTORY GARDENS To conserve food, Wilson set up the Food Administration (FA), he also instituted Daylight-savings time as a means of Conserving fuel. The FA declared one day a week meatless another sweetless and two days wheatless Homeowners planted victory gardens in their yards Schoolchildren worked after-school growing tomatoes and cucumbers in public parks Farmers increased production by almost 30% by adding 40 million acres of farmland SELLING THE WAR The U.S. had two major tasks; raising money and convincing the public to support the war The U.S. spent $35.5 billion on the war effort The government raised about 1/3 of that through an income tax and sin taxes The rest was raised through war bonds sold to the public (Liberty Loans & Victory Loans) PROPAGANDA To popularize the war, the government set up the nations first propaganda agency called the Committee on Public Information (CPI)propaganda George Creel was a muckraking journalist who led the Committee on Public Information the nations first propaganda agency, and persuaded many of the nations artists to create thousands of paintings, posters, cartoons and sculptures to promote the war War Industries Board War Industries Board an agency established during World War I to increase efficiency and discourage waste in war related industries. PropagandaPropaganda a kind of biased communication designed to influence peoples thoughts and actions. Section 3 The War at Home ATTACK ON CIVIL LIBERTIES As the war progressed, Civil Liberties were compromised Anti-Immigrant feelings were openly expressed especially anti-German and Austrian- Hungarian Espionage and Sedition Acts were passed by Congress Espionage and Sedition Acts Under the Espionage and Sedition Act, a person could be fined and/or imprisoned for interfering with the war effort. The Espionage and Sedition Acts affected freedom of speech because they allowed the government to silence ideas that challenged its authority. These acts were designed to prevent anti- war protests but went against the spirit of the First Amendment (Free speech) Socialists and labor leaders were targeted Labor leaders were targeted by the Espionage and Sedition Acts because they demanded better conditions for workers, even during a war crisis. Any anti-American sentiments were targeted during wartime War Industries Board War Industries Board an agency established during World War I to increase efficiency and discourage waste in war related industries. PropagandaPropaganda a kind of biased communication designed to influence peoples thoughts and actions. Espionage and Sedition Acts Espionage and Sedition Acts two laws, enacted in 1917 and 1918, that imposed harsh penalties on anyone interfering with or speaking against U.S. participation in World War I. Section 3 The War at Home SOCIAL CHANGE DURING THE WAR The greatest effect of the First World War on the African American population was that it accelerated the Great MigrationGreat Migration The Great Migration was a large- scale movement of hundreds of thousands of Southern African Americans to Northern Cities. The event known as the Great Migration increased the African- American population in Northern cities. They left to escape discrimination and to seek greater job opportunities Popular destinations included Chicago, New York and Philadelphia This African American family settled in Chicago War Industries Board War Industries Board an agency established during World War I to increase efficiency and discourage waste in war related industries. PropagandaPropaganda a kind of biased communication designed to influence peoples thoughts and actions. Espionage and Sedition Acts Espionage and Sedition Acts two laws, enacted in 1917 and 1918, that imposed harsh penalties on anyone interfering with or speaking against U.S. participation in World War I. Great Migration Great Migration the large-scale movement of African Americans from the South to Northern cities in the early 20 th century. Section 3 The War at Home WOMEN IN THE WAR Many women were called upon to take on jobs previously held by men who were serving in the war They became railroad workers, cooks, dockworkers, factory workers, and miners Many women served as volunteers in organizations such as the Red Cross Gains made by American women during World War I include increased support for womens right to vote. Their service hastened the passage of the 19th Amendment in 1920 giving women the right to vote Women worked in a variety of jobs during the war. Here, women assemble an aircraft wing. THE FLU EPIDEMIC In the fall of 1918, the United States suffered a home-front crises when a flu epidemic affected 25% of the population Mines shut down, telephone service was cut in half, factory work was delayed Cities ran short on coffins while corpses lay unburied for as long as a week The epidemic killed as many as 500,000 in the U.S. before it disappeared in 1919 Worldwide the epidemic killed 30 million people Seattle, like many other places, became a masked city. All police wore them, as shown in this photo from "The Great Influenza" War Industries Board War Industries Board an agency established during World War I to increase efficiency and discourage waste in war related industries. PropagandaPropaganda a kind of biased communication designed to influence peoples thoughts and actions. Espionage and Sedition Acts Espionage and Sedition Acts two laws, enacted in 1917 and 1918, that imposed harsh penalties on anyone interfering with or speaking against U.S. participation in World War I. Great Migration Great Migration the large-scale movement of African Americans from the South to Northern cities in the early 20 th century. Section 3 The War at Home Objectives 1. The learner will understand the causes of World War I, the reasons the United States entered the war in 1917, and the consequences of the war. 2. The learner will summarize Wilsons Fourteen Points. 3. The learner will Describe the Treaty of Versailles and international and domestic reactions to it. 4. The learner will explain some of the consequences of the war. State Standards 7.4 Identify the causes of American involvement in World War I (i.e., security concerns, economic benefits, Wilsonian diplomacy, propaganda). 7.7 Determine the possible factors that led to the economic collapse of 1929 (i.e., over production of agriculture and industry, expansion of credit, financial speculation, agricultural crop failures, tariff barriers, laissez- faire) Analyze the American isolationist position versus interventionist arguments. 8.1 Identify the causes of World War II (i.e., Treaty of Versailles, fascism, failure of the League of Nations, Japanese imperialism, economic worldwide difficulties). Despite the heros welcome he received in Europe, Wilsons plan for peace would be rejected by the Allies Wilsons plan was called the Fourteen pointsFourteen points Woodrow Wilsons Fourteen Points speech described his peace plan. The Allied leaders rejected Wilsons Fourteen Points peace plan. Included in his points were: No secret treaties Freedom of the Seas More free trade Reduction of arms Less colonialism League of Nations to promote peaceLeague of Nations SECTION 4: WILSON FIGHTS FOR PEACE Wilsons 14 points in his own short hand Fourteen Points Fourteen Points the principles making up President Woodrow Wilsons plan for world peace following World War I. Section 4 Wilson Fights for Peace ALLIES REJECT WILSONS PLAN, SIGN TREATY The Big Four leaders, Wilson (U.S.), Clemenceau (France), Lloyd George (England), and Orlando (Italy), worked out the Treatys details Wilson, Clemenceau, Lloyd George, and Orlando were referred to as the Big Four. The nations that made up the Big Four were Italy, Great Britain, France, United States. Wilson conceded on most of his 14 points in return for the establishment of the League of Nations On June 28, 1919, the Big Four and the leaders of the defeated nations gathered in the Hall of Mirrors at Versailles and signed the Treaty of VersaillesTreaty of Versailles Hall of Mirrors Fourteen Points Fourteen Points the principles making up President Woodrow Wilsons plan for world peace following World War I. League of Nations League of Nations an association of nations established in 1920 to promote international cooperation and peace. Treaty of Versailles Treaty of Versailles the 1919 peace treaty at the end of World War I which established new nations, borders, and war reparations. Section 4 Wilson Fights for Peace TREATY OF VERSAILLES The Treaty established nine new nations including; Poland, Czechoslovakia, and Yugoslavia The Treaty broke up the Austro- Hungarian Empire and the Ottoman Empire empires Because militarism had been a major cause of the war, the framers of the Treaty of Versailles barred Germany from maintaining an army, and required them to give Alsace-Lorraine back to France, and forced them to pay $33 billion in reparations to the Alliesreparations The Big Four met at Versailles Fourteen Points Fourteen Points the principles making up President Woodrow Wilsons plan for world peace following World War I. League of Nations League of Nations an association of nations established in 1920 to promote international cooperation and peace. Treaty of Versailles Treaty of Versailles the 1919 peace treaty at the end of World War I which established new nations, borders, and war reparations. ReparationsReparations the compensation paid by a defeated nation for the damage or injury it inflicted during a war. Section 4 Wilson Fights for Peace THE WEAKNESS OF THE TREATY The harsh treatment of Germany prevented the Treaty from creating a lasting peace in Europe The Treaty humiliated the Germans by forcing them to admit sole responsibility for the war (War-Guilt Clause)War-Guilt Clause Furthermore, Germany would never be able to pay $33 billion in reparations The Treaty of Versailles overlooked the importance of treating all nations justly, including the losers of a war. Germans felt the Versailles Treaty was unfair Fourteen Points Fourteen Points the principles making up President Woodrow Wilsons plan for world peace following World War I. League of Nations League of Nations an association of nations established in 1920 to promote international cooperation and peace. Treaty of Versailles Treaty of Versailles the 1919 peace treaty at the end of World War I which established new nations, borders, and war reparations. ReparationsReparations the compensation paid by a defeated nation for the damage or injury it inflicted during a war. War-guilt clauseWar-guilt clause a provision in the Treaty of Versailles by which Germany acknowledged that it alone was responsible for World War I. Section 4 Wilson Fights for Peace In the United States, the Treaty was hotly debated especially the League of Nations Conservative senators, headed by Henry Cabot Lodge, were suspicious of the Leagues joint economic and military commitments Many wanted the U.S. Congress to maintain the right to declare war Ultimately, Congress rejected U.S. involvement in the very League the U.S. President had created The reason Senators gave for opposing U.S. membership in the League of Nations is that it would drag the United States into European conflicts. DEBATE OVER TREATY AT HOME The U.S. never did join the league THE LEGACY OF WWI At home, the war strengthened both the military and the power of the government The propaganda campaign provoked powerful fears in society For many countries the war created political instability and violence that lasted for years Russia established the first Communist state during the war Americans called World War I, The War to end all Wars --- however unresolved issues would eventually drag the U.S. into an even deadlier conflict WWI million dead, more than half civilians. An additional 20 million wounded. Fourteen Points Fourteen Points the principles making up President Woodrow Wilsons plan for world peace following World War I. League of Nations League of Nations an association of nations established in 1920 to promote international cooperation and peace. Treaty of Versailles Treaty of Versailles the 1919 peace treaty at the end of World War I which established new nations, borders, and war reparations. ReparationsReparations the compensation paid by a defeated nation for the damage or injury it inflicted during a war. War-guilt clauseWar-guilt clause a provision in the Treaty of Versailles by which Germany acknowledged that it alone was responsible for World War I. Section 4 Wilson Fights for Peace