the first four million years - mrs. macdonald's history€¦ · paleolithic women equality...
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THE FIRST THREE
MILLION YEARS Mrs. Macdonald
AP World History
Foundations Unit
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Early Human Civilizations
STONE AGE
Paleolithic Era
10,000 – 3.5 million years ago
Mesolithic Era
10,000 – 12,000 years ago
Neolithic Era
5,000 – 10,000 years ago
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Paleolithic Diet
Hunters & gatherers
Veggie foods bulk of diet
Tracked & killed large animals
2 people needed 1 sq. mile for survival
3 – 5 hours/day for food
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Paleolithic Lifestyle
Roam widely for food - nomadic
Couldn’t support large populations
Developed small clans and tribes for
protection / efficiency
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Paleolithic Women
Equality between sexes (egalitarian)
Woman worked harder than men by gathering
Mothers couldn’t carry more than 2 infants so kids were spaced about 4 yrs. apart
Women breastfed infants for several yrs to limit fertility
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Paleolithic Culture
Cave paintings
Religions centered on relationship to nature:
- Sacred groves, springs, wild animals
- Multiple deities
Hunting scenes/ fertility concerns / education, time measuring
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Cave Paintings
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Cave Paintings
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Greatest achievement of
Paleolithic people was the
spread of the human
species over much of the
earth.
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Mesolithic Era
Marked by appearance of microlithic
(small blade of stone) tools and
weapons
Changes in nature of settlements –
more complex kinship units (lineages)
Either matrilineal or patrilineal
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Neolithic Era
Development of agriculture –
Agricultural Revolution
Making of polished stone implements
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Agricultural Revolution
After 10,000 BCE, most people became
food producers rather than gatherers
Long process called Agricultural Revolution
Included cultivating crops and
domesticating animals
Spawned civilizations and modern world
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Origins of Ag. Rev.
First evidence in Middle East 10,000
– 8,000 BCE (fertile crescent)
Later developed independently
around world
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Origins and Spread of Agriculture
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Ag. Rev. Triggered By:
Theories vary
Population increase
Climate change led to decrease of big
game animals
Gradual experimentation by gatherers
of wild plants
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How Did Agriculture Develop?
Foragers scattered seeds of desirable plants
Selecting only high-yield strains of wild plants
Discouraged growth of competing plants by clearing them away
Slash and burn cultivation
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Development of Specialized
Tools
Specialized stone tools improved for
agriculture
Fire used for clearing
Ash for fertilizer
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Domestication of Animals
- Wild animals scavenged food scraps of agricultural societies
- People began to feed them and protect from predators for ready food supply
- Used for food, labor, fertilizer, clothing, etc.
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Pastoralism
Kept large herds of animals for food
Migrate for new pastures and
watering places
Probably bartered their meat and
skins with nearby farming
communities
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Benefits of Agriculture
Supported larger populations
Surplus food supply for short climate changes
More settled existence
Afford to build houses and villages
Large villages could afford some specialized labor
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Disadvantages of Agriculture
Diet less varied & nutritious
More contagious diseases
Single crops quickly depleted
nutrients in soil
Harder work – more manpower to
farm than hunt/gather
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Neolithic Culture
Development of specialized labor
Private land ownership = emergence
of social classes
Religious practices emphasized Sky
God and Earth Mother
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Conclusion
Human interaction w/ environment
First survival and adaptation
Neolithic ppl adapted and shaped
environment (domestication)
Agriculture one of most momentous
advancements in human history