the first empires! mesopotamia and egypt. the meaning of empire empire is the extension of rule by...
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Types of Empire: –Hegemony = dominated by someone else because the benefits of belonging to the empire make it acceptable to subject peoples –Dominance = you become part of the empire by sheer force of military power – whether you like it or not… –…resistance is normalTRANSCRIPT
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The First Empires!The First Empires!
Mesopotamia and Egypt
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The Meaning of EmpireEmpire is the extension of rule by one people over other, different peoples
People see empires as glorifying wealth and power but…Empires are actually about:– Effective communication and administration– Unified monetary systems– Cultural diffusion– Figuring out how the conquered people fit in
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Types of Empire:–Hegemony = dominated by someone else
because the benefits of belonging to the empire make it acceptable to subject peoples
–Dominance = you become part of the empire by sheer force of military power – whether you like it or not…
–…resistance is normal
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The Meaning of EmpireReasons for Decline and Fall of Empires– Failure of leadership– Overextension of administration– Collapse of the economy– Doubt over ideology– Military defeat
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The Earliest EmpiresMesopotamia and the Fertile Crescent
– Cities/states fought constantly over land, irrigation rights, and prestige
– Victory in one generation often followed by revenge in the next
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The First Empire! Sargon of Akkad [r. 2334-2279 B.C.E.]
– Sargon defeated Mesopotamian cities and created empire of Akkad
– Conquered widely, razed city walls, wrote in Akkadian language, standardized weights and measures, created ideology based on Sargon’s image; lasted about one hundred years
Hi! Remember
Me?
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The Ebb and Flow of Empires Waves of Invaders: Babylonians
Hammurabi created noted legal code but was also a skilled military leader
– The Babylonian Empire lasted about 250 years (1792 – c1500) bce
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Babylon
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Hanging Gardensof Babylon?
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The Earliest Empires Invaders: Hittites
Hittites from north spoke Indo-European language
–Advanced technology of ironworking (beginning of the Iron Age)
–Hittite empire dominant from 1400 to 1200 B.C.E.
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The Earliest Empires
–Ruled by terror and forced migration
–Esarhaddon [r. 680-669 B.C.E.] conquest of conquest of Egypt made Assyria Egypt made Assyria greatest power of the greatest power of the timetime
Invaders: The AssyriansRise to dominance began 900 B.C.E.
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The Battle of Kadesh
Treaty of Kadesh
Ramses II at Kadesh
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Egypt! Egypt and International Conquest–Egyptian power based on unified state–Egyptian power in Middle East (1550 –
1070 bce) during New Kingdom extended to Euphrates River
–Pharaohs gain power and wealth in this era
–This leads to increased resistance!
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Egypt!The End of Empire…– Military defeat (the Assyrians) caused Egypt
to abandon empire outside Nile Valley
– Maintained control of Nubia till 1050 B.C.E.
– Nubian empire actually included Egypt [712-657 B.C.E.]
– Assyrians, Persians, and Alexander the Great controlled Egypt in turn [671-332 B.C.E.]
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The Persian Empire
Persians broke Assyrian power
Persian expansion leads to empire under Cyrus [r. 558-529 B.C.E.] and successors that control Middle East
Persepolis – Ancient Capitol of Persia (Present Day Iran)
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The Persian Empire
• Merciful toward defeated foes• Tried to balance needs of empire with
desire for local autonomy• Used bureaucracies of conquered administrations• Supported Babylonian gods • Allowed exiles of Babylonian government to return
home [included Jewish return to Judea]
– Cyrus II [r. 558-529 B.C.E.] – much different than other conquerors:
You can call me – Cyrus the
Great!
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The Persian Empire– Cambyses II [r. 529-522 B.C.E.]
• Did not practice restraint in conquest or administration
• Attacked Egypt and captured the Pharaoh
• Expanded the empire
• Frequent rebellions
• Unstable• Suicide?
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The Persian EmpireDarius I extended power all the way to India [r. 522-486 B.C.E.]
• Continued moderate practices of Cyrus II
More balanced and capable administrator than CambysesCommissioned design of 1st written Persian script
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DariusDariusBuilt elaborate capital and called it Parsa (Persia), the Greeks called it Persepolis!Nile/Red Sea Canal (that’s right, an ancient (that’s right, an ancient Suez canal!)Suez canal!)
Thousands of miles of roads
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The Persian Empire– Little artwork outside of architecture survives– Reliefs on walls reflect imperial power – Rulers were probably followers of
Zoroastrianism• Followers had to choose between the
forces of good and evil– Moderate policies brought local support except
at western Greek borders of the empire