The Federalist EraThe Federalist Era

A Policy of A Policy of NeutralityNeutrality

In France, the In France, the peasants & middle class peasants & middle class paid heavy taxespaid heavy taxes while nobles paid while nobles paid

none!none!Like Americans, the French fought for Like Americans, the French fought for

their liberty & equality.their liberty & equality. # 1,2,3

Reign of Terror begins!The King & Queen loose their

heads!

Europe is plunged into Europe is plunged into war for more than 20 war for more than 20 years as the rulers of years as the rulers of Britain, Spain, Prussia, Britain, Spain, Prussia, Austria & Netherlands, Austria & Netherlands, fearing the spread of fearing the spread of

revolutionary ideas, send revolutionary ideas, send armies to quell the armies to quell the

revolution in France.revolution in France.

French RevolutionFrench RevolutionDivided Americans & its Divided Americans & its leaders:leaders:

Jefferson: Jefferson: supported French fight for freedom fight for freedom

Hamilton & AdamsHamilton & Adams: : “Democracy can not be “Democracy can not be won with violence”won with violence”

# 4

G.W. is forced to formG.W. is forced to formforeign policyforeign policy as France as France seeks U.S. aidseeks U.S. aid

Foreign policyForeign policy: :

actions a nation takes in actions a nation takes in relation to other nationsrelation to other nations

# 5

Hoping to avoid war, G.W. signed Hoping to avoid war, G.W. signed thethe Neutrality ProclamationNeutrality Proclamation::The U.S. will not support The U.S. will not support either side. either side.

Britain & France ignored U.S. Britain & France ignored U.S. neutrality and neutrality and seized American seized American cargoescargoes..

# 6, 7

G.W. knew that the U.S. was too weak for war so G.W. knew that the U.S. was too weak for war so he sent John Jay to work out a treaty with England:he sent John Jay to work out a treaty with England:

England agreed toEngland agreed to:: pay damages for seized pay damages for seized

shipsships give up forts in Ohio give up forts in Ohio

River ValleyRiver ValleyUnited States agreed to United States agreed to : : pay debts to British pay debts to British

merchants merchants Americans were angered:Americans were angered:It did not protect It did not protect

rights of U.S. neutral rights of U.S. neutral ships!ships!

JAY’S

# 8,9

Washington’s Farewell Washington’s Farewell AddressAddress

G.W. warned Americans:G.W. warned Americans: remain neutralremain neutral & & avoid alliances with avoid alliances with foreign nationsforeign nations

His advice influenced foreign policy His advice influenced foreign policy

for more than 100 yearsfor more than 100 years# 10

The Federalist EraThe Federalist Era

The rise of The rise of

PoliticalPolitical PartiesParties

Americans saw how damaging Americans saw how damaging factionsfactions werewere in Britain & they feared that political in Britain & they feared that political partiesparties would threaten national unitywould threaten national unity..

““Men who have Men who have been friends been friends all their lives all their lives cross the cross the streets to streets to avoid avoid meeting…”meeting…”

~Thomas Jefferson~Thomas Jefferson

# 2

POLITICALPOLITICAL PARTIESPARTIES grew around grew around Hamilton & Hamilton & JeffersonJefferson as they as they disagreed on disagreed on what was what was best for the U.S. & how best for the U.S. & how to run the government:to run the government:

Hamilton – Hamilton – FederalistsFederalistsJefferson – – RepublicansRepublicans

The Role of GovernmentThe Role of Government

HamiltonHamilton• favored a favored a

strong strong nat’lnat’l governmentgovernment

• power in the power in the hands of the hands of the wealthy & wealthy & educatededucated

JeffersonJeffersonfavored favored

strong strong state state gov’tgov’t

power in power in hands of the hands of the common common peoplepeople

#4,5#4,5

Economic Policy:Economic Policy: Hamilton favored the growth Hamilton favored the growth of:of:

Manufacturing & trade

cities & merchant class

Supported National bank: was necessary for gov’t to collect taxes & pay bills

# 3

Economic Policy:Economic Policy:Jefferson believed:Jefferson believed:

farmers were the ‘backbone’ of the country

manufacturing will corrupt the nation

• Opposed National Bank: would give too much power to gov’t & wealthy•Believed Bank was unconstitutional!

# 3,4,5,7

Interpretation of the Interpretation of the ConstitutionConstitution

Hamilton: Hamilton: Believed in in loose loose

interpretationinterpretationCongress had Congress had

power to make power to make lawslaws “ “necessary & necessary &

proper”proper”

JeffersonJefferson::Believed in in strict strict

interpretationinterpretation“ “ powers not powers not

given to federal given to federal gov’t belongs to gov’t belongs to the states”the states”

Remember the 10th Amendment?Remember the 10th Amendment?

What constitutional clause enabled Congress to ‘stretch’ its powers if necessary?

Foreign PolicyForeign Policy

Hamilton:Hamilton: pro – pro – BritishBritish

tradetrade

Jefferson:Jefferson: pro – pro – FrenchFrench

Allies Allies during during RevolutionRevolution

HamiltonHamilton JeffersonJefferson

Democratic-Democratic-Republicans:Republicans:

Small farmersSmall farmersCraft workersCraft workersSome wealthy Some wealthy

plantersplanters

Federalists:Federalists:

MerchantsMerchantsManufacturersManufacturersSome wealthy Some wealthy

plantersplanters

#10,11

Election of 1796Election of 1796

RepublicanRepublicanJefferson (P)Jefferson (P)Aaron Burr Aaron Burr

(VP)(VP)

FederalistsFederalistsJohn Adams (P)John Adams (P)Pinckney (VP)Pinckney (VP)

Newspapers helped flame the rivalry between Political Parties. They took

sides , mixed humor, opinion & facts, kept people informed & influenced

public opinion

#12

Adams (Federalist) becomes PresidentAdams (Federalist) becomes President with the majority of electoral votes with the majority of electoral votes

Jefferson (Republican) becomes V.P. Jefferson (Republican) becomes V.P. with the second most electoral voteswith the second most electoral votes

What problems can you anticipate Adams & Jefferson will encounter in

their term?#13

XYZ AFFAIRXYZ AFFAIRAdams faces crisis with France!Adams faces crisis with France!

Upset with Jay’s Treaty, Upset with Jay’s Treaty, France begins to France begins to seize U.S. seize U.S. ships. ships.

Adams sends diplomats to Adams sends diplomats to France to discuss U.S. rights France to discuss U.S. rights as a neutral nation.as a neutral nation.

#1

The XYZ AffairThe XYZ Affair

• French Foreign Minister Talleryand refused to meet with Adam’s diplomats & sought bribes for himself & France.

• American’s were outraged and demanded war!

#2

Adam’s show of strength avoids Adam’s show of strength avoids warwar

& convinces French to stop & convinces French to stop attackingattackingU.S. shipsU.S. shipsBuilds frigates Builds frigates

- - fast sailing fast sailing ships with ships with guns - tguns - to o strengthen the strengthen the U.S. NavyU.S. Navy

USS Constellation fought French ships in

the Caribbean in December 1798 to

protect American commerce #3

The Federalist Party splits!The Federalist Party splits!Adams loses Federalist Adams loses Federalist

supportsupportHigh FederalistsHigh Federalists: Hamilton & supporters who : Hamilton & supporters who

criticized Adams’ refusal to go to war.criticized Adams’ refusal to go to war.

They hoped a war with France would:They hoped a war with France would: weaken theweaken the Republican Party Republican Party who were who were

supporters of Francesupporters of France Force U.S. to Force U.S. to build militarybuild military which would which would

increase federal powerincrease federal power Napolean BonaparteNapolean Bonaparte did not have time for a did not have time for a

war so he agreed to war so he agreed to stop seizing U.S. ships.stop seizing U.S. ships.

#5,6,7

Alien & Sedition ActsAlien & Sedition ActsFederalists passed laws in Federalists passed laws in

hopes of gaining power. hopes of gaining power. ImmigrantsImmigrants,, most likely to most likely to

support support RepublicansRepublicans,, came to came to the US seeking freedom & the US seeking freedom & opportunity.opportunity.

Immigrants:Immigrants: people who people who entered a country to settle entered a country to settle there.there.

#9

Alien ActsAlien ActsAlowed President to expell expell any alien, or foreignerany alien, or foreigner who was considered a who was considered a threat.threat.

Laws were passed that Laws were passed that denied votedenied vote to immigrants. to immigrants.

#8

Sedition ActsSedition Acts

Sedition: Sedition: stir up rebellionstir up rebellion against a governmentagainst a government

Sedition ActsSedition Acts punished punished those who those who criticized the criticized the governmentgovernment

#10,11

Alien & Sedition Acts NullifiedAlien & Sedition Acts Nullified

Jefferson & the Republicans:Jefferson & the Republicans:argued that these new laws argued that these new laws

violated the Constitutionviolated the Constitution 1 1stst Amendments rightsAmendments rights

Urged states to Urged states to nullify, or nullify, or cancelcancel, them, them

#12,13

Kentucky & Virginia pass Kentucky & Virginia pass resolutionsresolutions

States can States can nullifynullify a federal a federal law if it thinks it’s law if it thinks it’s unconstitutionalunconstitutional

Raised important question:Raised important question:

Do states have the Do states have the right to decide if a right to decide if a

law is law is unconstitutional?unconstitutional?

#14

Election of 1800Election of 1800

Republicans hoped to win Republicans hoped to win power from the Federalists power from the Federalists by focusing on 2 issues:by focusing on 2 issues:

Attacked Federalists for Attacked Federalists for raising taxesraising taxes

Opposed Opposed Alien & Sedition Alien & Sedition ActsActs

#15

And in this cornerAnd in this corner……

Republican candidatesRepublican candidates::

Jefferson – PresidentJefferson – President

Aaron Burr - VPAaron Burr - VP

Federalist Federalist candidatescandidates::

Adams - PresidentAdams - President

#17, 18

#16

• Although Jefferson won the popular vote, there was a tie in the electoral college .

• According to the Constitution, the House of Representatives decides the election!

Jefferson was chosen President and Burr became VP

Election of 1800: Election of 1800: End of the Federalist EraEnd of the Federalist Era

The 12The 12thth Amendment Amendment requires electors to requires electors to vote vote separatelyseparately for Pres & VP for Pres & VP

Federalists won fewer Federalists won fewer Congressional seats & after Congressional seats & after Hamilton is killed in a duel the Hamilton is killed in a duel the Federalist party declines.Federalist party declines.

#19,20

Power shifted from Power shifted from the more industrial the more industrial New England to New England to the Southern the Southern states and their states and their agricultural agricultural interests. This interests. This increased tensions increased tensions over slavery. over slavery.

Burr got 73 votes to tie with Jefferson