the factors influencing the successfull of anaerobic digestion (2).doc

8/16/2019 THE FACTORS INFLUENCING THE SUCCESSFULL OF ANAEROBIC DIGESTION (2).doc

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THE FACTORS INFLUENCING THE SUCCESSFULL OF ANAEROBICDIGESTION

To Fulfill the Task Requirement of Livestock Waste Management Subject thatHave Guidence ! Mrs" #ta $urnama Sari

%reated b!&

M" 'galaul Huda ()*+*+(++(((+,*

-alimatus Sa.di!ah ()*+*+(++(((+*)

/ri $ra!udha ()*+*+(++(((+01

- %lass

ANIMAL HUSBANDRY FACULTY

BRAWIJAYA UNIVERSITY

MALANG

2016

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We thank /llah SWT for His grace and guidance2 3e can finish the 4a4er on time" This 4a4er 3as 4re4ared to fulfill the tasks subjects Livestock WasteManagement"

This 4a4er discusses Factors that influencing the successfull of anaerobicdigestion" /s 3e kno3 that 3aste management is im4ortant to man! as4ect in the3orld" 'ot just for decreasing of animal 3aste that 3as e54elled2 but also tomaintain our environment2 decreasing of glassess house effect" Writing 4a4er isnot se4arated from the guidance and su44ort from various 4arties" Therefore2 onthis occasion 3e thank all 4arties for their su44ort2 assistance2 and coo4erationuntil the com4letion of this 4a4er"

We thank to Mrs" #ta $urnama Sari that alread! guide us to finish our task23e also 4roud of our classmate 3ho al3a!s su44orting us 3henever and 3herever 3e do"The author reali6es that this 4a4er still needs im4rovement to be more

4erfect" Therefore2 3e e54ect suggestions and constructive criticism" Ho4efull!this 4a4er can be useful for us all"

Malang2 ,7 Februar! ,+(8

Writer

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LIST OF CONTENT

COVER_________________________________________________________________ i

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT__________________________________________________ ii

TABLE OF CONTENT____________________________________________________ iii

CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION_____________________________________________

(

("(" ackground 9999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999 (

(","$roblem Formulation 9999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999 (

(")"The :bjectives

9999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999 (

CHAPTER II. LITERATURE REVIEW______________________________________ ,

,"( ;efinition of /naerobic ;igestion 9999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999 ,

CHAPTER III. DISCUSSION_______________________________________________

7The Factor that /ffecting /naerobic ;igestion

9999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999 7

)"("4H value 9999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999 7

)","%om4osition of food 3aste 9999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999 7

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)")"'utrition 9999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999 *

)"7"Retention Time 9999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999 *

)"*":4erating tem4erature 9999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999 8

)"8"To5icit! 9999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999 8

)"8"%


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CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1. Ba !"#$%&'

/nimal 3aste is refer to 3aste 4roduct from the farm activit! likeanimal rearing farm2 slaughter house2 animal 3aste management2 etc"Those 3aste is refer to solid 3aste and liquid 3aste as faeces2 urine2foodstuff 3aste2 the horn2 rumen content"

There is so man! advantages if 3e 4rocessing those 3aste 3ithgood manufacturing" asicall!2 there are 4ossiblit! to do rene3able of

3aste is de4end on livestock" /nimal 3aste still containing of nutrient or solid subtances that have high 4otential to utili6e" /nimal 3aste containingof 4rotein2 fat2 and >T'2 vitamin2 mineral2 microbe2 or biota and theother subtances ? Unidentified Subtances @" /nimal 3aste can utili6e intoanimal feedstuff2 organic fertili6er2 energ!2 and the other objectives"

Through the bioconversion2 organic 3aste like faeces2 domestic3aste and the agriculture 3aste can converted into bioenerg!" ioenerg! iscom4le5 gas that containing of methane2 carbondio5ide2 sulfide acid2 etc"

ioconverted of organic 3aste is involve the fermentation 4rocess2 or it is

called anaerobic digestion 4rocess" There are some factor that can affectingof the anaerobic digestion 4rocess"

:ther3ise2 in general biogas as the 4roduct of digestion 4rocess iscontaining of *+A=+B methane ?%H 7@2 )+A7+B carbondio5ide ?%: , @2 *A(+B h!drogen ?H , @ and the other gasses ?$ama and Hendroko2 ,++=@" Thecom4osition of biogas is de4end on animal 3aste com4osition and thefermentation" So2 3e alread! concern about the factor that affectingsuccessfull of anaerobic digestion" #t is include of the com4osition of organic matter as the material digestion and more related 3ith the

fermented or the a44ro4riate digester condition to resulting the goodqualit! of biogas"

1.2. P#$()*+ F$#+%)a,-$&

What are the factors that affecting of the successfull on anaerobicdigestion


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CHAPTER II

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1. D* -&-,-$& $ A&a*#$(- D-"* ,-$&

/naerobic digestion ?/;@ is “a process of controlled decomposition of biodegradable materials under managed conditions where free oxygen is absent,at temperatures suitable for naturally occurring mesophilic or thermophilicanaerobic and facultative bacteria and archaea species, that convert the inputs tobiogas and whole digestate“ "

Dtili6ation of manure had been undertaken b! farmers2 among others2 tocultivate agricultural land though 3ith sim4le technolog! From the 4rocessing of animal manure is the technolog! that has been develo4ed 3ill 4roduce biogas2solid organic fertili6er and liquid organic fertili6er" To 4rocess the livestock manure into useful 4roducts required the installation of biogas or biogas reactor ?digester@"

Ra4id biodegradation of the organic fraction of the MSW is of ke!im4ortance to identif! environmental more res4onsible 3a! to 4rocess it rather than landfilling or com4osting it" /naerobic digestion has the advantage of biogas

4roduction and can lead to efficient resource recover! and contribution to theconservation of nonArene3able energ! sources" Furthermore2 anaerobic digestionis closed and controlled 4rocess and based on fugitive emissions is more

4referable than landfilling and aerobic com4osting ? anegas" ,++=@"

Earious benefits can be gleaned from livestock 3aste2 es4eciall! 3aste can be u4dated ?rene3able@ for e5isting livestock" /nimal 3aste still contains densenutrients or substances 3ith the 4otential to be e54loited" Livestock 3aste is richin nutrients ?nutrients@ such as 4rotein2 fat2 e5tract materials 3ithout nitrogen? >T'@2 vitamins2 minerals2 microbes or biota2 and other substances?Dnidentified Subtances@" Livestock 3aste material can be used to reverse currentanimal feed2 organic fertili6er2 energ! and media destinations ? ahrendt2 ,+(+@"

ased on ho3 it 3orks2 microbes involved can be distinguished2 namel!

bacterial h!drol!sis2 acetateA4roducing bacteria ?acetogenic bacteria@2 acidA 4roducing bacteria acid ?acidogenic bacteria@2 and methaneA4roducing bacteria?methanogenesis bacteria@"

The acetogenesis is com4leted through carboh!drate fermentation andresults in acetate2 %:, and H,2 com4ounds that can be utili6ed b! themethanogens" The 4resence of h!drogen is of critical im4ortance in acetogenesisof com4ounds such as 4ro4ionic and but!ric acid" These reactions can onl!

4roceed if the concentration of H, is ver! lo3 ?;e Gioannis etc al2 ,++1@"

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/cidogenesis bacteria 4roduce acid2 changing the shortAchain com4oundsin 4hase h!drol!sis 4rocess results into acetic acid2 h!drogen and carbon dio5ide"The bacterium is an anaerobic bacterium that can gro3 and develo4 in an acidicstate" The most im4ortant factor in the 4rocess asedogenesis is acetic acid2

4ro4ionate acid2 but!ric acid2 carbon dio5ide2 H, and %:," ?;eublein2 ,++1@"

Methanogenesis is the last stage of all stages of the anaerobic conversionof organic material into methane and carbon dio5ide" #n the earl! stages of gro3th2 methanogenic bacteria de4end on the availabilit! of nitrogen in the formof ammonia and the amount of substrate used in methanogenesis stage2methanogenic bacteria s!nthesi6e lo3 molecular 3eight com4ounds intocom4ounds 3ith high molecular 3eight" For e5am4le2 these bacteria useh!drogen2 %:, and aseetat acid to form methane and %:,"

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CHAPTER III

DISCUSSION

There are some factors that affecting the 4rocess of /naerobic;igestion of Waste2 such as &

.1. 3H a)%*

The o4timal range of 4H for obtaining ma5imal biogas !ied inanaerobic digestion is 82* =2*2 the range is realtivel! 3ide in the 4lantsand the o4timal value of 4H varies 3ith substrate and digestion technique?;insdale2,+++@" The 4H value is a function to volatile fatt! acid ?EF/@concentration2 bicarbonate concentration2 and alkalinit! of the s!stem as3ell as the fraction of %: , in digester gas"

$H value is the im4ortant as4ect in /naerobic digestion" Theim4ortance of the $H is due to the fact that methanogenic bacteria are ver!sensitive to acidic conditions2 their gro3th and methane 4roduction areinhibited in acidic environment" >ach stage of /naerobic ;igestion havedifferent o4timal 4H values2 also the 4H value change in res4onse to the

biological transformations during different stages of /; 4rocess"$roduction of organic acids during the acetogenesis can lo3er the 4H

belo3 * 3hat is lethal for methanogens and cause decrease in themethanogens 4o4ulation" %onsequentl! this 3ould lead to acidaccumulation2 since the methanogens are res4onsible for the consum4tionof the formed acids2 and digester failure" :n the other side e5cess

4roliferation of methanogens can lead to higher concentration of ammonia2increasing the 4H above 12 3hat is inhibitor! to the acidogenesis" #n order to kee4 the value of 4H on the equilibrium buffer has to be added into thes!stem2 such as calcium carbonate or lime"

.2. C$+3$ -,-$& $ ,4* $$' 5a ,*

The com4osition of food 3aste is variable de4ending on the timeof the !ear2 cultural habits2 region etc" #t is im4ortant to kno3 thecom4osition of the food 3aste in order to be able to 4redict both the bioAmethani6ation 4otential and the most efficient /; facilit! design" The bioAmethani6ation 4otential of the 3aste de4ends on the concentration of thefour main com4onents& 4roteins2 li4ids2 carboh!drates2 and cellulose" Thisis due to the different bioAchemical characteristics of these com4onents?Han Sung" ,++=@" The highest methane !ields have s!stems 3ith e5cessof li4ids but 3ith the longest retention time" The methani6ation is fastest ins!stems 3ith e5cess of 4roteins follo3ed b! the reactors 3ith e5cess of

cellulose and carboh!drates res4ectivel!"

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. . N%,#-,-$&

Microorganisms need some essential vitamins and amino acids"The substance can be su44lied to the culture medium to 4rovide s4ecificnutrients for gro3th and metabolism" ased on the %:; value2 the ratio of %:;& '& $ is 7++& =& ( and (+++& =& ( is said to be a need for high and lo3substrate" #t is also necessar! to increase the activit! of microorganismsmicronutrients such as iron2 magnesium2 calcium2 sodium2 barium2selenium2 cobalt and others"

. . R*,*&,-$& T-+*

$rocessing time ? Hydraulic Retention Time @ is refer to the amountda!s of digestion time in anaerob tank that stated from organic matter entering into tank until the starting of biogas forming in anaerobic digester"HRT is contain of =+A1+B from total biogas forming time" The retentiontime is de4end on organic matter t!4e and the treatment ? feedstoock

substrate @ before digesting 4rocess" :n the digestion tissue 3ith cattle3aste2 the retention time is counting b! divided of total volume fromdigerter and the in4ut volume that added each da!" The retention time is

based on the tem4erature2 the higher tem4erature is refer to the decreasingof retention time"

The store time of 3aste in reactor is called H!drolic RetentionTime ?HRT@" HRT is refer to the result of divided bet3een tank volume onflo3 rate or 3aste debit ?massa 4er time@"

HRT Eol ?m ) @ < I ?m)


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.7. O3*#a,-&" T*+3*#a,%#*

:4erating tem4erature is the most im4ortant factor determining the 4erformances of the anaerobic digestion reactors because it is an essentialcondition for the survival and o4timum thriving of the microbial consortia";es4ite the fact that the! can survive a 3ide range of tem4eratures2

bacteria have t3o o4timum ranges of tem4erature2 defined as meso4hilicand thermo4hilic tem4erature o4timum" Meso4hilic digesters have ano4erating tem4erature in the range of ,*A 7+ J% 3ith the o4timum )= J%and thermo4hilic digesters have o4erating tem4erature in the range of *+A8* J% 3ith the o4timum tem4erature *) J%" For tro4ical regions like#ndonesia 3here the dail! tem4eratures range from ,1 A ))J%2 anaerobic

4rocess is quite run at room tem4erature means there is no need of addingheat from outside the s!stem

.6. T$8- -,9 a&' I&4-(-,$#

The anaerobic 4rocess can be caused b! man! things2 for e5am4le the 4roduct among the more volatile fatt! acids ?volatile@ that can affect 4H"Methanogenic microbial gro3th are limited if e5cessive amount of fatt!acids" /mmonia2 h!drogen sulfide and volatile fatt! acids derived from thereduction of sul4hate and nitrate b! bacteria that can form a 3eak acid and

alkaline le2 ah the buffering s!stem ?buffer@" /nother inhibiting substanceson the activit! of microorganisms in the anaerobic 4rocess of 3hichcontain heav! metals c!anide"

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.: C;N Ra,-$

#n microorganism biomass the mass ratio of %&'&$&S is a44ro5" (++&(+&(&(" Theideal substrate %&' ratio is then ,+A)+&( and %&$ ratio (*+A,++&(" The %&' ratio

higher than )+ causes slo3er microorganisms multi4lication due to lo3 4roteinformation and thus lo3 energ! and structural material metabolism of microorganisms" %onsequentl! lo3er substrate degradation efficienc! is observed":n the other hand2 the %&' ratio as lo3 as )&( can result in successful digestion"

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CHAPTER IV

CLOSING

.1. C$& )% -$&

- /nimal 3aste still contains dense nutrients or substances 3ith the 4otential to be e54loited" Livestock 3aste is rich in nutrients?nutrients@ such as 4rotein2 fat2 e5tract materials 3ithout nitrogen? >T'@2 vitamins2 minerals2 microbes or biota2 and other substances?Dnidentified Subtances@" Livestock 3aste material can be used to

reverse current animal feed2 organic fertili6er2 energ! and mediadestinations

- Factor affecting succesfull of anaerobic digestion are 4H2 com4ositionof food 3aste2 tem4erature2 retention time2 nutrition2 to5icit! andinhibitor"

- The o4timal range of 4H for obtaining ma5imal biogas !ied inanaerobic digestion is 82* =2*

- Meso4hilic digesters have an o4erating tem4erature in the range of ,*A

7+ J% 3ith the o4timum )= J% and thermo4hilic digesters haveo4erating tem4erature in the range of *+A 8* J% 3ith the o4timumtem4erature *) J%

.2. S%""* ,-$&

- 'eed to read and com4are some articles or journal to make good 4a4er and can kno3 the differences of each articles or journal about thefactors influencing the successfull of an aerobic digestion

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REFERENCES

anegas E"2 K"L" Moreno2 K"#" Moreno2 %" Garcia2 G" Leon2 T" Hernande62 ?,++=@"omposting anaerobic and aerobic sewage sludges using two proportions

of sawdust! "aste #anag " ,=2 ()(=A,=ehrendt F" Sieverding M"2 ?,+(+@" $iogas%&inspeisung in &rdgasnet'e aus

(et'betreibersicht), *"+ as *as% und "asserfach 2 Gas >rdgas2(*(?)@2 4" (7+A(77"

;e Gioannis G"2 ;ia6 L"F"2 Muntoni /"2 $isanu /"2 ?,++1@" N Two%phase anaerobicdigestion within a solid waste-wastewater integrated management system "NWaste Management ,1?(+@& (1+(A(1+1"

;eublein2 ;" and /" Steinhauser ?,++1@" $iogas from waste and renewableresources " Weinheim2 Wille!AE%H Eerlag GmbH O %o" -Ga/"

;insdale R" M"2 $remier G"%"2 Ha3kes F"R"2 Ha3kes ;"L"2 ?,+++@" .Two%stageanaerobic codigestion of waste activated sludge and fruit-vegetable wasteusing inclined tubular digesters "N ioresource Technolog! =,?,@& (*0A(81"

Han "2 Sung S"2 ;ague R"R"2 ?,++=@" NTemperature%phased anaerobic digestionof wastewater sludges "N Water Sci Technol )8?8A=@& )8=A)=7

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the factors influencing the successfull of anaerobic digestion (2).doc

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