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Page 1: The Eye of the BeholderThe Eye of the Beholder Sponsored by the University of North Carolina at Wilmington Science, Humanities and Society Minor, the College of Arts and Sciences and

The Eye of the Beholder

Sponsored by the University of North Carolina at Wilmington Science, Humanities and Society Minor, the College of Arts and Sciences and the Center for

Teaching Excellence

Page 2: The Eye of the BeholderThe Eye of the Beholder Sponsored by the University of North Carolina at Wilmington Science, Humanities and Society Minor, the College of Arts and Sciences and

Announcing a New Course in Science, Humanities and SocietyFall 2003

Bearing our wounds: Gendered images of health and illness in art, film and literature

Dr. Colleen Reilly Dr. Gregory BechtelTR 2-315 PMLakeside 134

Page 3: The Eye of the BeholderThe Eye of the Beholder Sponsored by the University of North Carolina at Wilmington Science, Humanities and Society Minor, the College of Arts and Sciences and

The PanelJack Hall, Moderator

• Don Furst• Midori Albert• Sue

Richardson• Tommy Macon• Kathleen

Berkeley

• Betsy Ervin• Maurice Martinez• Carrie Clements• Oliver Speck• Gregory Bechtel• Patricia Turrisi

Page 4: The Eye of the BeholderThe Eye of the Beholder Sponsored by the University of North Carolina at Wilmington Science, Humanities and Society Minor, the College of Arts and Sciences and

What is beautiful?

Don Furst

Page 5: The Eye of the BeholderThe Eye of the Beholder Sponsored by the University of North Carolina at Wilmington Science, Humanities and Society Minor, the College of Arts and Sciences and

Botticelli's Madonna and Child, 1475

Page 6: The Eye of the BeholderThe Eye of the Beholder Sponsored by the University of North Carolina at Wilmington Science, Humanities and Society Minor, the College of Arts and Sciences and

Rembrandt's The Flayed Beef, 1655

Page 7: The Eye of the BeholderThe Eye of the Beholder Sponsored by the University of North Carolina at Wilmington Science, Humanities and Society Minor, the College of Arts and Sciences and

The War I: Wounded by Otto Dix, 1924

Page 8: The Eye of the BeholderThe Eye of the Beholder Sponsored by the University of North Carolina at Wilmington Science, Humanities and Society Minor, the College of Arts and Sciences and

Willemde Kooning's

Woman I,1950-52

Page 9: The Eye of the BeholderThe Eye of the Beholder Sponsored by the University of North Carolina at Wilmington Science, Humanities and Society Minor, the College of Arts and Sciences and

Beauty & Anthropology:

Pretty much a Biocultural Point of View

Midori Albert

Page 10: The Eye of the BeholderThe Eye of the Beholder Sponsored by the University of North Carolina at Wilmington Science, Humanities and Society Minor, the College of Arts and Sciences and

What constitutes beauty, anthropologically?

• Physical and behavioral indications of good health– Adaptation– Mate Selection (Sexual Selection)– Aspects of beauty stem from biologic

and cultural determinants…

Page 11: The Eye of the BeholderThe Eye of the Beholder Sponsored by the University of North Carolina at Wilmington Science, Humanities and Society Minor, the College of Arts and Sciences and

What constitutes beauty, anthropologically?

Physical and behavioral indications of good health:

• Biologically– Symmetry and balance

• Culturally– Local, regional, or global

aesthetics

Page 12: The Eye of the BeholderThe Eye of the Beholder Sponsored by the University of North Carolina at Wilmington Science, Humanities and Society Minor, the College of Arts and Sciences and

What constitutes beauty, anthropologically?

Physical and behavioral indications of good health:

• Biologically– Vitality and functionality

– Social acceptanceand awareness

• Culturally– Resourcefulness: talent,

productivity, skill

– Normative personality attributes, social integration

Page 13: The Eye of the BeholderThe Eye of the Beholder Sponsored by the University of North Carolina at Wilmington Science, Humanities and Society Minor, the College of Arts and Sciences and

Women of Color Set the Tone

Sue Richardson

Page 14: The Eye of the BeholderThe Eye of the Beholder Sponsored by the University of North Carolina at Wilmington Science, Humanities and Society Minor, the College of Arts and Sciences and

Toni Morrison, “Afterword,” The Bluest

Eye

Beauty was not simply

something to behold;

it was something one could do.

Page 15: The Eye of the BeholderThe Eye of the Beholder Sponsored by the University of North Carolina at Wilmington Science, Humanities and Society Minor, the College of Arts and Sciences and

Antithetical Black Beauties

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Now that’s black beauty!

Page 17: The Eye of the BeholderThe Eye of the Beholder Sponsored by the University of North Carolina at Wilmington Science, Humanities and Society Minor, the College of Arts and Sciences and

Giorgione, Concert Champêtre(“Pastoral Concert”) c. 1510

Page 18: The Eye of the BeholderThe Eye of the Beholder Sponsored by the University of North Carolina at Wilmington Science, Humanities and Society Minor, the College of Arts and Sciences and

these hips are free hips.they don’t like to be held back.

Lucille Clifton, “Homage to My Hips”

Page 19: The Eye of the BeholderThe Eye of the Beholder Sponsored by the University of North Carolina at Wilmington Science, Humanities and Society Minor, the College of Arts and Sciences and

Nikki Giovanni, “Nikki-Rosa”

. . . though you’re poor, it isn’t poverty that

concerns you . . . I really hope no white person ever has cause to write about me

because they never understand Black love is Black wealth . . .

Page 20: The Eye of the BeholderThe Eye of the Beholder Sponsored by the University of North Carolina at Wilmington Science, Humanities and Society Minor, the College of Arts and Sciences and

. . . something one could do . . .

Page 21: The Eye of the BeholderThe Eye of the Beholder Sponsored by the University of North Carolina at Wilmington Science, Humanities and Society Minor, the College of Arts and Sciences and

Mammy’s red petticoat

Page 22: The Eye of the BeholderThe Eye of the Beholder Sponsored by the University of North Carolina at Wilmington Science, Humanities and Society Minor, the College of Arts and Sciences and

Beauty is not natural

Tommy Macon

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Hope in a Jar

Kathleen Berkeley

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Women, Beauty, and Work: A Combustible Combination

Betsy Ervin

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BFOQ: Bona FideOccupational Qualification

PBQ: ProfessionalBeauty Qualification

Page 51: The Eye of the BeholderThe Eye of the Beholder Sponsored by the University of North Carolina at Wilmington Science, Humanities and Society Minor, the College of Arts and Sciences and

Social Consequences of the PBQ

•Women shrink their professional goals to fit the discriminatory requirements of the workplace.

•Women blame themselves for discrimination on the basis of appearance.

•Women are materially and psychologically impoverished by the quest for beauty.

•Women remain isolated from one another

Page 52: The Eye of the BeholderThe Eye of the Beholder Sponsored by the University of North Carolina at Wilmington Science, Humanities and Society Minor, the College of Arts and Sciences and

Maurice Martinez

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Beauty is as Beauty Does

A Psychologist’s Take on the Beast

Caroline Clements, Ph.D.

Page 65: The Eye of the BeholderThe Eye of the Beholder Sponsored by the University of North Carolina at Wilmington Science, Humanities and Society Minor, the College of Arts and Sciences and

Person Perception

• Person Perception– the process of forming impressions– more weight placed on negative than

positive• If you value honesty, finding out that

someone you just met is planning to cheat the IRS will count more in your evaluation of her than knowing that she is also a successful executive.

Page 66: The Eye of the BeholderThe Eye of the Beholder Sponsored by the University of North Carolina at Wilmington Science, Humanities and Society Minor, the College of Arts and Sciences and

Facing Faces

Perrett, et al., 1998

Subjects preferred feminised to average shapes of a female face.

Page 67: The Eye of the BeholderThe Eye of the Beholder Sponsored by the University of North Carolina at Wilmington Science, Humanities and Society Minor, the College of Arts and Sciences and

It’s all in the hips

Waist-to-hip Ratio

Waist-to-hip Ratio

Waist measurement ÷hip measurement (e.g. 24/36 = .67)

Similar in men and women before puberty (0.85 to 0.95)

Which do you prefer?

Top Row = “underweight”Middle Row = “average”

Bottom Row = “overweight”

Plots of attractiveness as a function of BMI and WHR,

Tovee, et al., 1998

Page 68: The Eye of the BeholderThe Eye of the Beholder Sponsored by the University of North Carolina at Wilmington Science, Humanities and Society Minor, the College of Arts and Sciences and

Person Perception and AttractionBeauty is and is not Skin Deep

• Competence:– Competent people are more attractive than

less competent individuals. • However, people are less attracted to “perfect”

individuals (Aronson et al., 1966).

• Physical Attractiveness:– Especially early on, physical beauty is

important to an attraction.• Mutual Liking:

– Liking others increases the probability that they will like us in return.

Page 69: The Eye of the BeholderThe Eye of the Beholder Sponsored by the University of North Carolina at Wilmington Science, Humanities and Society Minor, the College of Arts and Sciences and

The Case for Beauty

• Success• Romance• Financial• Power and powerful others

Page 70: The Eye of the BeholderThe Eye of the Beholder Sponsored by the University of North Carolina at Wilmington Science, Humanities and Society Minor, the College of Arts and Sciences and

Oliver Speck

Page 71: The Eye of the BeholderThe Eye of the Beholder Sponsored by the University of North Carolina at Wilmington Science, Humanities and Society Minor, the College of Arts and Sciences and

The I of the Beholder

Page 72: The Eye of the BeholderThe Eye of the Beholder Sponsored by the University of North Carolina at Wilmington Science, Humanities and Society Minor, the College of Arts and Sciences and

The I of the Beholder

Page 73: The Eye of the BeholderThe Eye of the Beholder Sponsored by the University of North Carolina at Wilmington Science, Humanities and Society Minor, the College of Arts and Sciences and

All that Glitters is Not Gold

Gregory A. Bechtel, MPH, PhD

Page 74: The Eye of the BeholderThe Eye of the Beholder Sponsored by the University of North Carolina at Wilmington Science, Humanities and Society Minor, the College of Arts and Sciences and

Self-Perception of Beauty• A 29-year-old female weighing

353 pounds elected to have gastric bypass surgery because previous interventions were not successful in reducing required weight loss.

• Within one year of the surgery, she had lost 216 pounds and had achieved an optimal weight of 137 pounds.

Page 75: The Eye of the BeholderThe Eye of the Beholder Sponsored by the University of North Carolina at Wilmington Science, Humanities and Society Minor, the College of Arts and Sciences and

Beauty Realized• However, the client

experienced major emotional, physical, dietary, lifestyle, financial and relationship changes that were neither fully explained nor realized prior to the surgery.

Page 76: The Eye of the BeholderThe Eye of the Beholder Sponsored by the University of North Carolina at Wilmington Science, Humanities and Society Minor, the College of Arts and Sciences and

The American Fix• Emotional changes

– Mood swings• Lifestyle changes

– Lack of prior social experiences

• Relationship changes– Discrimination

disappears; hostility reported

PhysicalSkin sagging, contact dermatitis, body odors

DietaryRadical dietary changes

FinancialInsurance often only pays for the bypass surgery

Page 77: The Eye of the BeholderThe Eye of the Beholder Sponsored by the University of North Carolina at Wilmington Science, Humanities and Society Minor, the College of Arts and Sciences and

Nonstandard

Patricia Turrisi

Page 78: The Eye of the BeholderThe Eye of the Beholder Sponsored by the University of North Carolina at Wilmington Science, Humanities and Society Minor, the College of Arts and Sciences and

True beauty is an approach to perfection.

Beautiful things represent transcendence over the ordinary.

The appreciation of beauty is anthropomorphic.

The sensibility and character of the observer conditions the experience of beauty.

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Thank you foryour attention.

Please joinus for

refreshments.

Page 85: The Eye of the BeholderThe Eye of the Beholder Sponsored by the University of North Carolina at Wilmington Science, Humanities and Society Minor, the College of Arts and Sciences and

Announcing a New Coursein Science, Humanities and Society

Fall 2003

Bearing our wounds: Gendered images of health and illness in art, film and literature

Dr. Colleen Reilly Dr. Gregory BechtelTR 2-315 PMLakeside 134


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