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The Expected Efficiency of Stylometry Applied to the Arabographic Medieval
Forgeries
by Alexey KhismatulinInstitute of Oriental Manuscripts
St.Petersburg
The Forms of Medieval Islamic Nonfiction Literature
The primary compilationTa’lif (أتليف)
Source Oral tradition(mostly)
Form The primary jam‘ and ta’lif
Author Collector and compiler(jami‘ and mu’allif)
Genre Hagiographical (e.g. maqamat, manaqib, tadhkirat, etc.); hadith literature
Hagiographical PatternThe Contents Arrangement Source
Standard Foreword Opening address; answers to the questions: •what motivated the compiler to start his work; •who the compiler is; •what form his writing would take;
•how he would tackle the task he sets for himself
Compiler
Heading 1 Account 1 Informant 1
Account 2 Informant 2
Account … Informant …
Heading 2 Story 1 Storyteller 1
Story 2 Storyteller 2
Story … Storyteller …
Heading 3 Citation 1 Narrator 1
Citation 2 Narrator 2
Citation … Narrator …
The Forms of Medieval Islamic Nonfiction Literature
The secondary compilationTa’lif (أتليف)
Source •Written tradition (mostly — primary and secondary compilations and tasanif)•Oral tradition (rarely)
Form The secondary ta’lif
Author Compiler(mu’allif)
Genre Historiographic (e.g. tawarikh), geographical, bibliographical, theological, juridical, hadith, tafsir, etc. literature
A Typical PatternThe Contents Arrangement Source
Standard Foreword Opening address; answers to the questions: •what motivated the compiler to start his work; •who the compiler is; •what form his writing would take;
•how he would tackle the task he sets for himself
Compiler
Heading 1 Account 1 Book 1
Account 2 Book 2
Account … Book …
Heading 2 Story 1 Essay 1
Story 2 Essay 2
Story … Essay …
Heading 3 Citation 1 Informant 1
Citation 2 Informant 2
Citation … Informant …
The Forms of Medieval Islamic Nonfiction Literature
Classification/compositionTasnif تصنيف) )
Source •Written tradition (mostly)•Oral tradition (rarely)
Form Tasnif تصنيف) )
Author Classifier(musannif)
Genre All genres •often — theological and juridical literature;
•very rare — historiographic genre
A New PatternThe Contents Arrangement Source
Standard Foreword Opening address; answers to the questions: •what motivated the compiler to start his work; •who the compiler is; •what form his writing would take;
•how he would tackle the task he sets for himself
Classifier
Heading 1 Account 1 Book 1
Citation 1 Compilation 1
Story 1 Essay 1
Conclusions Classifier
Heading 2 Account 2 Book 1
Citation 2 Compilation 1
Story 2 Essay 1
Conclusions Classifier
Heading 3 Account 3 Book 1
Citation 3 Compilation 1
Conclusions Classifier
The first type of forgeries
1. An authentic text is supplemented at the end with aninauthentic one, and the whole compilation isintentionally ascribed to an author of the first textwithout any attempts of stylization
Roman de la Rose
The second type of forgeries
2. Segments of the authentic text(s) written by afamous author are intentionally combined andmixed with those of inauthentic in order to createthe illusion of authenticity and to achieve its goalsby appealing to authority of the author
Queen Sophia’s BibleA “multifaceted collaborative work, in which the
translatorial, authorial, and scribal signals are heavily mixed” (M. Eder)
The third type of forgeries3. An intellectual forgery when an authentic text is
edited by a forger in a way that the final text lookslike a pie with inauthentic filling.