the expansion of civilization in southern asia 9
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The Expansion of Civilization The Expansion of Civilization in Southern Asiain Southern Asia
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The Silk RoadThe Silk Road The Kushan Kingdom
Silk Road• Sits beyond the Khyber Pass • Trade between China and Europe (including the Rome empire)
Kanishka, the greatest of the Kushan monarchs• Commercial affects of patronizing Buddhism • Growth of Buddhist monasteries and spread of Buddhism to
central Asia and China
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The Gupta EmpireThe Gupta Empire
India After the MauryasIndia After the Mauryas
The Gupta Dynasty Chandragupta I (320-c. 330), Samudragupta (c. 330-
375), Chandragupta II (375-415) India entered a new “classical age” Trade was prosperous
The Transformation of BuddhismThe Transformation of Buddhism Changing Buddhism
Doctrine beginning to decline with the rise of Hinduism Problems interpreting Nirvana helped lead to changes
Split in Buddhism Theravada Buddhism a way of life, not a salvationist creed Mahayana Nirvana can be achieved through devotion Bodhisattva (“he who possesses the essence of Buddhahood”) Revered saintly individuals and built temples in their honor Reinterpretation of Buddhism as a religion rather than a philosophy
Decline in India Denies existence of the soul Rejected class divisions Revival of Hinduism
India, 1000 – 1200 India, 1000 – 1200
The Arrival of IslamThe Arrival of Islam Conquest of Sind by Arab armies, c. 711 Mahmud of Ghazni (997-1030)
Rule extended throughout the upper Indus valley and as far south as the Indian Ocean Brilliant and terrible at the same time
Resistance led by Rajputs (aristocratic Hindu clans) No match against the cavalry of Mahmud’s invasion
South of the Ganges River Muslim influence spread slowly Extend power to the Deccan Plateau New Delhi sultanate threatened by Mongols of Genghis Khan Tughluq dynasty (1320-1413)
Tamerlane (Timur-i-lang) (b. 1330s -1405) Crossed the Indus River to raid India in 1398 Ruled a Mongol khanate based in Samarkand Conquered the area of the Caspian Sea, Baghdad, and raided to the Bosporus before
withdrawing
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The Empire of TamerlaneThe Empire of Tamerlane
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Tomb of Tamerlane in SamarkandTomb of Tamerlane in Samarkand
Society and CultureSociety and Culture Muslim rulers
Tolerant of other faiths Generally used peaceful means to convert others
Differences in the religious beliefs Muslims rulers like the Indian idea of divine kingship Indians learned the superiority of cavalry Some upper-class Hindu males attracted to the Muslim
tradition of purdah Muslim women had more rights than Hindu women
Economy and Daily LifeEconomy and Daily Life
Landed and commercial elite lived in the cities, often in opulence
Most people live on the land India served important roll in far eastern trade Petty traders and artisans usually limited to local
markets
The Wonder of Indian CultureThe Wonder of Indian Culture Art and Architecture
Caves of Ajanta• Carved out of rock from 460 to 478
Rock paintings and carvings Buddhist cave temples and monasteries Sculpture important to the shrines
Literature Religious and secular works Written in Sanskrit and the languages of southern India Kalidasa, The Cloud Messenger Dandin, The Ten Princes
Music Chanting Vedic hymns Raga, a musical scale Sitar, wind instruments, and drums
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Close-up of temple gopuram at Close-up of temple gopuram at temple at Madrastemple at Madras
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Temple complex at Temple complex at MahabalipuramMahabalipuram
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Southeast Asia 500 C.E-1200 Southeast Asia 500 C.E-1200 C.E.C.E.
The Golden Region: Early Southeast AsiaThe Golden Region: Early Southeast Asia Geography Early migration Contacts with India Merchants Paddy Fields and Spices: The States of Southeast Asia
Angkor• Agricultural; situated on rich river delta• Most powerful state to emerge in mainland South-east Asia
Indonesian archipelago• Srivi-jaya; Majapahit• Spice trade important
Indian influences• Brahmin class of advisors• Writing system• Wayang kulit (shadow play)
Daily LifeDaily Life
Hierarchical society Trade Differing social structures Women
Active in trade Higher literacy Financial independence Nuclear family
World of the Spirits: Religious World of the Spirits: Religious BeliefBelief Traditional beliefs Hinduism Buddhism
Theravada Buddhism Temple architecture
Angkor Wat
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Interior of Shwedagon pagoda Interior of Shwedagon pagoda complex with numerous shrinescomplex with numerous shrines
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Temple of thousand Buddhas in Temple of thousand Buddhas in BangkokBangkok
Discussion QuestionsDiscussion Questions
How did the Kushan Kingdom benefit from its position astride the Silk Road?
Why is the Gupta dynasty sometimes called the “classical age” of civilization in northern India?
What led to the transformation of Buddhism? Why did Buddhism decline in popularity in India?
What major states emerged in Southeast Asia? How were their societies and cultures influenced by India?