The Expansion of The Expansion of American IndustryAmerican Industry

America chapter 13America chapter 13

Test Study GuideTest Study Guide

Extended Response #1Extended Response #1

Were the leaders of business and industry Were the leaders of business and industry “Robber Barons” or “Captains of “Robber Barons” or “Captains of Industry”? Explain your answer w/ specific Industry”? Explain your answer w/ specific arguments.arguments. Robber Barons:Robber Barons:

Got rich by stealing from the American publicGot rich by stealing from the American publicDepleted the country’s natural resourcesDepleted the country’s natural resourcesPersuaded gov’t officials and judges to pass laws and Persuaded gov’t officials and judges to pass laws and

make rulings in their favormake rulings in their favorDrove competition to failure with unfair business Drove competition to failure with unfair business

practicespracticesMistreated their employees: wages, hours, conditionsMistreated their employees: wages, hours, conditions

Extended Response #1 (cont)Extended Response #1 (cont)

Captains of IndustryCaptains of IndustryThey are responsible for Americans They are responsible for Americans

having the highest standard of living in having the highest standard of living in the worldthe world

Created new jobsCreated new jobsIncreased industrial productivityIncreased industrial productivity

Building factoriesBuilding factoriesInvesting in new productsInvesting in new products

Used their fortunes to give back to the Used their fortunes to give back to the communitycommunityBuilt libraries, museums, schools, etc.Built libraries, museums, schools, etc.

Extended Response #2Extended Response #2

Discuss 4 of the 5 ways business in Discuss 4 of the 5 ways business in the era of Big Business differed from the era of Big Business differed from earlier business practices in the U.S..earlier business practices in the U.S..Larger pools of capitalLarger pools of capitalBroader range of operationsBroader range of operationsWider geographical spanWider geographical spanNew methods of managementNew methods of managementRevised role of ownershipRevised role of ownership

Extended Response #3Extended Response #3

Discuss 4 of the 5 ways the railroads Discuss 4 of the 5 ways the railroads aided and impacted other industries in aided and impacted other industries in the U.S..the U.S..Faster & more practical way to tranpsort Faster & more practical way to tranpsort

goodsgoodsLow production costsLow production costsCreation of a national marketCreation of a national marketServes as a model for other big businessesServes as a model for other big businessesStimulates the growth of other industriesStimulates the growth of other industries

Extended Response #4Extended Response #4

What major U.S. company practiced vertical What major U.S. company practiced vertical consolidation? Who owned it? What company consolidation? Who owned it? What company practiced horizontal consolidation? Who owned it?practiced horizontal consolidation? Who owned it? U.S. SteelU.S. Steel Andrew CarnegieAndrew Carnegie Standard OilStandard Oil John D. RockefellerJohn D. Rockefeller

Short Answer #1Short Answer #1

What were two of the three main What were two of the three main issues early labor unions fought for?issues early labor unions fought for?Better wagesBetter wagesShorter hoursShorter hoursSafer/better conditions Safer/better conditions

Short Answer #2Short Answer #2

Name one of the two inventions that Name one of the two inventions that revolutionized communication. Who revolutionized communication. Who developed the technology for it?developed the technology for it?Telegraph: Samuel MorseTelegraph: Samuel MorseTelephone: Alexander Graham BellTelephone: Alexander Graham Bell

#7#7

In what ways did the Knights of Labor and In what ways did the Knights of Labor and the American Federation of Labor differ?the American Federation of Labor differ?Knights of Labor wanted to represent all Knights of Labor wanted to represent all

workers in the country, skilled & unskilledworkers in the country, skilled & unskilledKoL included women & African AmericansKoL included women & African AmericansAFL was a craft union, only representing AFL was a craft union, only representing

skilled workersskilled workersDID NOT include women & African AmericansDID NOT include women & African Americans

#8#8

How did business leaders try to How did business leaders try to eliminate competition in the late eliminate competition in the late 1800’s?1800’s?Forming monopolies or trustsForming monopolies or trusts

#9#9

What services did the growing What services did the growing immigrant population provide immigrant population provide American industry?American industry?They provided a steady stream of labor They provided a steady stream of labor

and allowed ownership to keep wages and allowed ownership to keep wages lowlow

#10#10

How did Congress try to limit the How did Congress try to limit the power of monopolies and trusts in power of monopolies and trusts in the late 1800’s?the late 1800’s?By passing the Sherman Anti-Trust Act, By passing the Sherman Anti-Trust Act,

18901890

#11#11

In what ways was communication in In what ways was communication in America revolutionized in the America revolutionized in the 1800’s?1800’s?Development of the telegraph & Morse Development of the telegraph & Morse

CodeCodeInvention of the telephone & Invention of the telephone &

construction of long distance phone construction of long distance phone lines by AT&Tlines by AT&T

#12#12

What sparked the growth of What sparked the growth of American industry in the second half American industry in the second half of the 19of the 19thth century? century?Investment in invention and innovationInvestment in invention and innovationFunding research and developmentFunding research and development

#13#13

How was Rockefeller able to gain How was Rockefeller able to gain control of much of the oil industry?control of much of the oil industry?Used horizontal consolidation to buy the Used horizontal consolidation to buy the

controlling share of 40 companies in the controlling share of 40 companies in the oil industry forming the Standard Oil oil industry forming the Standard Oil trusttrust

#14#14

Why did children continue to work in Why did children continue to work in factories in the late 1800’s and into factories in the late 1800’s and into the early 1900’s?the early 1900’s?Families needed their income to surviveFamilies needed their income to survive

#15#15

What is the Bessemer Process? What What is the Bessemer Process? What industry did it revolutionize?industry did it revolutionize?It is a process that enabled steel to be It is a process that enabled steel to be

mass produced.mass produced.

#16#16

Why would business leaders be Why would business leaders be considered “Captains of Industry”?considered “Captains of Industry”?See extended response #1See extended response #1

#17#17

What were the benefits of expanding What were the benefits of expanding the railroads, including the the railroads, including the Transcontinental Railroad?Transcontinental Railroad?Created a national marketCreated a national marketEnabled people to move freely around Enabled people to move freely around

the entire countrythe entire countryEasier & cheaper to transport goodsEasier & cheaper to transport goods

#18#18

What were the two tenets of What were the two tenets of Carnegie’s Gospel of Wealth?Carnegie’s Gospel of Wealth?People are free to make as much money People are free to make as much money

as they canas they canOnce it is made they should give all that Once it is made they should give all that

they can back to the communitythey can back to the community

#19#19

What is Social Darwinism?What is Social Darwinism?The application of the theory of The application of the theory of

evolution to economics and societyevolution to economics and societyThe government should not get involved in The government should not get involved in

economic matters because those who are economic matters because those who are most able will rise to the topmost able will rise to the top

Don’t tax profitsDon’t tax profitsDon’t interfere with the relationship b/t ownership Don’t interfere with the relationship b/t ownership

and workersand workers

#20#20

Who did the government and courts Who did the government and courts support in early labor disputes?support in early labor disputes?Big Business – the ownership, not Big Business – the ownership, not

employees!employees!

#21#21

What methods did early labor unions What methods did early labor unions use to try and achieve their goals?use to try and achieve their goals?Strikes, riots, boycottsStrikes, riots, boycotts

#22#22

What were some common features of What were some common features of early labor disputes?early labor disputes?ViolenceViolenceUse of the Federal Gov’t to end strikesUse of the Federal Gov’t to end strikes

#23#23

What effect did mass production What effect did mass production have on the price consumers had to have on the price consumers had to pay for goods?pay for goods?It lowered the price for consumersIt lowered the price for consumers

#24#24

Why were unions an inevitable side Why were unions an inevitable side effect of industrialization in the U.S.?effect of industrialization in the U.S.?Workers, or any group of people, can Workers, or any group of people, can

only be mistreated and oppressed for so only be mistreated and oppressed for so long before they speak up and fight long before they speak up and fight backback

#25#25

What was the world’s leading What was the world’s leading industrial nation in the late 1800’s?industrial nation in the late 1800’s?The United States!The United States!

#26#26

Why would a business want to form a Why would a business want to form a trust?trust?To eliminate competition, dominate an To eliminate competition, dominate an

industry, and maximize profits.industry, and maximize profits.

#27#27

What were the three main areas What were the three main areas early labor unions sought to make early labor unions sought to make gains in?gains in?WagesWagesHoursHoursWorking conditionsWorking conditions

#28#28

How did the government contribute How did the government contribute to the early struggles of the labor to the early struggles of the labor movement?movement?Passing laws and making rulings that Passing laws and making rulings that

favored big business over the workersfavored big business over the workersStaying out of the relationship between Staying out of the relationship between

ownership and its labor forceownership and its labor force

#29#29

Alexander Graham Bell founded a Alexander Graham Bell founded a company in 1865 to build what?company in 1865 to build what?AT&T – long distance telephone linesAT&T – long distance telephone lines

#30#30

According to the philosophy of Social According to the philosophy of Social Darwinism, what role should the Darwinism, what role should the government have in the economy?government have in the economy?None!None!

Gov’t should not tax a company’s profitsGov’t should not tax a company’s profitsShould not intervene in the relationship Should not intervene in the relationship

between management and the labor forcebetween management and the labor force

#31#31

What effect did the Pullman Strike What effect did the Pullman Strike have on government recognition of have on government recognition of labor unions?labor unions?It set the precedent for the Sherman Act It set the precedent for the Sherman Act

to be interpreted in a way that labeled to be interpreted in a way that labeled unions as illegal business combinations unions as illegal business combinations that restricted trade.that restricted trade.

Was the main reason unions struggled Was the main reason unions struggled to gain any concessions for their to gain any concessions for their members well into the 1930’smembers well into the 1930’s