The Executive and Judicial The Executive and Judicial BranchBranch

The President and His JobThe President and His JobForeign PolicyForeign Policy

The Federal CourtsThe Federal CourtsThe Supreme CourtThe Supreme Court

The President and his JobThe President and his JobQualificationsQualifications Head of the Executive Branch of Gov’tHead of the Executive Branch of Gov’t Must be at least 35, a native born American, and be a resident in the Must be at least 35, a native born American, and be a resident in the

US for at least 14 yearsUS for at least 14 years President elected every 4 years- not by direct democracyPresident elected every 4 years- not by direct democracy Electoral CollegeElectoral College- group of electors from each state who then vote - group of electors from each state who then vote

for presidentfor president When you vote, you are voting for a particular candidate’s When you vote, you are voting for a particular candidate’s

electorselectors Each state has same number of electors as senators and reps Each state has same number of electors as senators and reps

combined (NC-15)combined (NC-15) 22nd Amendment22nd Amendment- Pres. can only serve 2 terms (FDR served for 4, - Pres. can only serve 2 terms (FDR served for 4,

then law put in place)then law put in place) Makes $400,000/yr; lives in White Houses; uses Makes $400,000/yr; lives in White Houses; uses Camp DavidCamp David in in

Maryland for diplomatic purposesMaryland for diplomatic purposes

The Vice PresidentThe Vice President VP has little authority- head of SenateVP has little authority- head of Senate Becomes Pres. if he dies-8 Pres. have died in officeBecomes Pres. if he dies-8 Pres. have died in office 25th Amendment25th Amendment- When VP becomes P- VP chooses new VP, - When VP becomes P- VP chooses new VP,

House and Senate approvesHouse and Senate approves

The President and his JobThe President and his JobThe President’s JobThe President’s Job President is the most powerful public official in USPresident is the most powerful public official in US RolesRoles

Chief ExecutiveChief Executive-Carry out laws passed by Congress-Carry out laws passed by Congress Give annual State of the Union AddressGive annual State of the Union Address 15 Cabinet Departments (Secretary of War, Education, etc)15 Cabinet Departments (Secretary of War, Education, etc) Issues Issues executive ordersexecutive orders- giving commands that has the - giving commands that has the

force of lawforce of law Integrate armed forcesIntegrate armed forces Appointed Supreme Court Justices, grant Appointed Supreme Court Justices, grant pardonspardons

(forgive), (forgive), reprievesreprieves (delays a person’s punishment) (delays a person’s punishment) and and amnesty amnesty (pardon toward group of people)(pardon toward group of people)

Commander in ChiefCommander in Chief- in charge of armed forces, only Congress - in charge of armed forces, only Congress can declare war, but a President can send troopscan declare war, but a President can send troops

Legislative LeaderLegislative Leader- urges Congress to pass certain laws - urges Congress to pass certain laws (speeches, staff)(speeches, staff)

Head of StateHead of State- living symbol of nation- living symbol of nation Economic LeaderEconomic Leader- Plan/Balance federal budget- Plan/Balance federal budget Party LeaderParty Leader

Foreign PolicyForeign PolicyForeign PolicyForeign Policy The Pres. should have a plan for dealing with The Pres. should have a plan for dealing with

foreign countriesforeign countriesforeign policyforeign policy1. Pres. wants to make sure 1. Pres. wants to make sure national securitynational security is is

maintainedmaintained keep country safe keep country safe2. Keep up international trade2. Keep up international trade3. Promote world peace3. Promote world peace4. Promote democracy around the world4. Promote democracy around the world

State Dep., Defense Dep., CIA and National Security State Dep., Defense Dep., CIA and National Security CouncilCouncil

Foreign Policy power divided b/t President and Foreign Policy power divided b/t President and CongressCongress President is President is Commander in ChiefCommander in Chief Congress has power to declare war and control moneyCongress has power to declare war and control money

Foreign PolicyForeign PolicyTools of Foreign PolicyTools of Foreign Policy1. Create 1. Create Treaties- make formal agreementsTreaties- make formal agreements

Congress can bypass with a 2/3 vote, but Pres. can order Congress can bypass with a 2/3 vote, but Pres. can order executive agreementexecutive agreement

2. 2. Appoint AmbassadorsAppoint Ambassadors- name an official - name an official representative of the US to another countryrepresentative of the US to another country

3. 3. Foreign AidForeign Aid- Money, Food, military assistance to - Money, Food, military assistance to countries in needcountries in need

4. 4. International TradeInternational Trade- make decisions on what is - make decisions on what is traded and how muchtraded and how much Trade Trade SanctionsSanctions- punish another nation by limiting trade- punish another nation by limiting trade EmbargoEmbargo- punish other nations by refusing to trade with - punish other nations by refusing to trade with

themthem

5. 5. Military ForceMilitary Force

US Embassy London

Office of the PresidentOffice of the PresidentThe Office of the PresidentThe Office of the President President has an President has an administrationadministration- staff that helps him run the - staff that helps him run the

countrycountry He has 10-12 ppl working for him- He has 10-12 ppl working for him- Chief of StaffChief of Staff highest highest

positionposition

CabinetCabinet Presidential advisors that includes the heads of the 15 top level Presidential advisors that includes the heads of the 15 top level

positions (Secretary of State, Secretary of Education, etc.)positions (Secretary of State, Secretary of Education, etc.) Secreataries advise president on issues related to their Secreataries advise president on issues related to their

department department

The Federal BureaucracyThe Federal Bureaucracy Beneath the cabinet, millions of people work for Beneath the cabinet, millions of people work for

WashingtonWashingtonFederal BureaucracyFederal Bureaucracy Executive Branch has 3 major jobsExecutive Branch has 3 major jobs

Turn new laws into actionTurn new laws into action See to day to day operationsSee to day to day operations Regulate Activities (banks, airlines)Regulate Activities (banks, airlines)

Rahm Emanuel- White House Chief of Staff

Cabinet Room- White House

Office of the PresidentOffice of the PresidentIndependent AgenciesIndependent Agencies

White house has hundreds of White house has hundreds of independent agenciesindependent agencies- - not part of the cabinetnot part of the cabinet

Three different typesThree different types Executive AgenciesExecutive Agencies- deal with specialized areas - deal with specialized areas

(NASA)(NASA) Government CorporationsGovernment Corporations- businesses owned by - businesses owned by

fed. gov’t (USPS)fed. gov’t (USPS) Regulatory BoardsRegulatory Boards- Protect the public by - Protect the public by

monitoring industries (FCC)monitoring industries (FCC) Government WorkersGovernment Workers Most top leadership jobs go Most top leadership jobs go to political appointeesto political appointees- roles - roles

the pres. has chosen for ppl.the pres. has chosen for ppl. Most gov’t workers are Most gov’t workers are civil service workerscivil service workersnon political non political

jobs.jobs. Gov’t hires based on Gov’t hires based on experience and meritexperience and merit, not the , not the spoils spoils

systemsystem, which granted jobs to people as a reward , which granted jobs to people as a reward

The Federal CourtsThe Federal CourtsThe Federal Court SystemThe Federal Court System Courts use laws passed by Congress to settle civil Courts use laws passed by Congress to settle civil

disputes and to decide the guilt or innocence of disputes and to decide the guilt or innocence of people accused of a crimepeople accused of a crime

Court system tries to make justice equalCourt system tries to make justice equal Everyone has writ of habeus corpusEveryone has writ of habeus corpus If you can’t afford a lawyer, one will be appointed If you can’t afford a lawyer, one will be appointed

for youfor you You are considered innocent until proven guiltyYou are considered innocent until proven guilty You may ask for a review of your case if you think You may ask for a review of your case if you think

they made a mistakethey made a mistake Judiciary Act of 1789&1891Judiciary Act of 1789&1891- establish Federal Court - establish Federal Court

SystemSystem Supreme Court- highest courtSupreme Court- highest court Appeals CourtAppeals Court District CourtsDistrict Courts

The Federal CourtsThe Federal Courts

Constitution gives courts Constitution gives courts jurisdictionjurisdiction (permission) to hear 8 different kinds of cases(permission) to hear 8 different kinds of cases Constitution casesConstitution cases Violation of federal laws- counterfeitingViolation of federal laws- counterfeiting Conflict b/t statesConflict b/t states Disputes b/t citizens from different statesDisputes b/t citizens from different states Federal gov’t casesFederal gov’t cases Foreign gov’t cases- US vs. Foreign countriesForeign gov’t cases- US vs. Foreign countries Crimes occurring on high seasCrimes occurring on high seas US Diplomat casesUS Diplomat cases

The Federal CourtsThe Federal CourtsOrganizing Federal CourtsOrganizing Federal Courts District CourtsDistrict Courts- trials start here (94 in all)- trials start here (94 in all)

District courts hold District courts hold original jurisdictionoriginal jurisdiction- right to hear - right to hear all cases firstall cases first

Judge and JuryJudge and Jury Court of AppealsCourt of Appeals-Review decisions made in -Review decisions made in

district courts (12 in all)district courts (12 in all) Appeals court has Appeals court has appellate jurisdictionappellate jurisdiction- ability to - ability to

hear cases from lower courthear cases from lower court Appeals court does not hold trialsAppeals court does not hold trials uphold, reverse, uphold, reverse,

or remandor remand the decision (send it back to lower court) the decision (send it back to lower court) Federal JudgesFederal Judges- over 550 judges in all- over 550 judges in all

Federal judges are appointed by president; approved by Federal judges are appointed by president; approved by SenateSenate

Justices are appointed for lifeJustices are appointed for life

Federal Court Districts across the US

The Supreme CourtThe Supreme Court

The Supreme CourtThe Supreme Court SC job is make sure laws are SC job is make sure laws are

allowable under the allowable under the ConstitutionConstitution

Original Jurisdiction in 2 Original Jurisdiction in 2 cases: Cases involving cases: Cases involving foreign diplomats and statesforeign diplomats and states

8 associate justices and 1 8 associate justices and 1 chief justicechief justice

SC chooses which cases to SC chooses which cases to hear, the justices review the hear, the justices review the case and then make a written case and then make a written report on their decisionreport on their decision

President appoints SC President appoints SC justices, with approval from justices, with approval from Senate-S. often rejects Senate-S. often rejects appointeeappointee

The Supreme CourtThe Supreme Court

SC justices always are lawyers- normally support and agree SC justices always are lawyers- normally support and agree with Presidentwith President

Thurgood Marshall(first AA judge) and Sandra Day O’Conner Thurgood Marshall(first AA judge) and Sandra Day O’Conner (first female judge)(first female judge)

Legislative and Executive Branch must follow rulings of SCLegislative and Executive Branch must follow rulings of SC SC establishes SC establishes Judicial ReviewJudicial Review- the power to say whether - the power to say whether

a law passed by Congress is Constitutional or nota law passed by Congress is Constitutional or not Marbury vs. MadisonMarbury vs. Madison- Court case granting SC Judicial - Court case granting SC Judicial

ReviewReview John Marshall John Marshall

Limits on SCLimits on SC Congress can change a law to get around SC rulingCongress can change a law to get around SC ruling

All SC cases have to be Federal in nature All SC cases have to be Federal in nature

Sandra Day O’Conner

Thurgood Marshall

The Supreme CourtThe Supreme CourtDeciding Cases at the Supreme CourtDeciding Cases at the Supreme Court SC hears cases from October to JulySC hears cases from October to July Most cases heard come from an appeals court and take about 4 Most cases heard come from an appeals court and take about 4

weeks to hearweeks to hear 2 weeks for statements, 2 weeks for 2 weeks for statements, 2 weeks for recess recess (make a decision)(make a decision)

If a case is accepted they get put on a calendarIf a case is accepted they get put on a calendar docketdocket

Steps in Decision MakingSteps in Decision Making Written ArgumentWritten Argument: lawyers for each side make a : lawyers for each side make a briefbrief

(explains the case)(explains the case) Oral ArgumentOral Argument: Lawyers for each side argue their case: Lawyers for each side argue their case ConferenceConference: Justices gather to discuss the case: Justices gather to discuss the caseat least 6 at least 6

justices must be present to make a decisionjustices must be present to make a decision Opinion WritingOpinion Writing: Once a decision is reached, one justice is : Once a decision is reached, one justice is

elected to write an official opinion of the justice’s decisionelected to write an official opinion of the justice’s decision Majority OpinionMajority Opinion: views of majority of justices: views of majority of justices Concurring OpinionConcurring Opinion: Justice who agrees with majority, but : Justice who agrees with majority, but

for different reasonsfor different reasons Dissenting OpinionDissenting Opinion: Justice who opposes majority decision: Justice who opposes majority decision

AnnouncementAnnouncement

The Supreme CourtThe Supreme Court

Reasons for DecisionsReasons for Decisions The LawThe Law “stare decisis”- let the “stare decisis”- let the

decision standdecision stand Changing social conditionsChanging social conditions

Plessy vs. Ferguson-Plessy vs. Ferguson- “separate but “separate but equal”equal”

Brown vs. Board of Education-Brown vs. Board of Education- reverses Plessy decisionreverses Plessy decision

Personal Beliefs Personal Beliefs