the evolution of civil protection
DESCRIPTION
A brief and comprehensive overview of the origins and development of emergency management and response from 1937 until the present day.TRANSCRIPT
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Theevolutionof civilprotection
David AlexanderUniversity College London
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First to emerge was civil defence,a system designed to protect the non-combatent population against armed
aggression, above all by a foreign power.
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DEFINITION:Civil defence means a centralised system
at the level of national governmentdesigned to protect institutions andtheir employees, and eventually the
non-combatent general population, againstthe effects of a state of war or therisk of fighting on the home front.
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Modern civil defencewas born at the
battle of Guernicaduring the SpanishCivil War (1937).
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1940s: the early developmentof civil defence
• air raid precautions
• civil guards (paramilitary forces)
• civilian management of war wounded.
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"From Stettin in the Baltico Sea to Trieste in the Adriatic an iron curtain
has fallen on the Continent [of Europe]."Winston Churchill: Speech at
Westminster College, Fulton, Missouri,5 March 1946.
The Cold War
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With the arrival of the Cold War (i.e.,from 1948 onwards) civil defence changed
its form. It began to focus onpreparations for a thermonuclear exchange.
• nuclear bunkers and under-ground command centres
• robust communications
• secrecy
• military command, andparamilitary auxiliaries
• extraordinary powersready to be used.
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The 1970s and 1980s were a period ofslow decline in civil defence, because:-
• withdrawal from the Cold War mentality
• increasing impacts of natural hazards
• demonstrable futility of preparationsfor nuclear war
• political détente onthe international stage
• evident needfor new formsof organisationagainst disasters.
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The 1970s and 1980s
• political polarisation put a brake onthe development of civil protection
• further impediments were causedby scandals and political corruption
1989 - the fall of the Berlin WallThe decline of authoritarianism.
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The 1990s: at lastcivil protection emerges
• it responds to a change instrategic priorities - increasedemphasis on peacetime activities
• with the end of the Cold War there arefewer excuses to repress the population
• also, the risk of coup d'etat is reduced
• the age of the international disasterbegins, humanitarian intervention grows.
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June 1990: the United Nationsinaugurates the International Decade
for Natural Disaster Reduction (IDNDR)
• 140 nations establishnational IDNDR committees
• a few large international projectsare created (e.g., Radius, a projectfor the reduction of urban seismic risk)
• two large strategic conferencesare organised at the world level.
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• the degree of success was limited:in ten years the IDNDR did nothalve the impact of disasters,as specified among its objectives
• but the Decade did assist thedevelopment of international collaborationand the formulation of strategiesdesigned to combat natural disasters.
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New models of organisation of civil prot.
• increasing impact ofinformation technology
• greater global collaboration on DRR
• civilian disaster managers beginto eclipse the military ones
• there is an urgent need to organisecivil protection at the local level
• more disasters, more stimulus, betterprotection and more demand for training.
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Civil protection isfinally differentiatedfrom civil defence
• it is organised at the local level,with harmonisation provided byhigher levels of public administration
• it is more explicitly a servicefor the general public
• it must tackle natural and man-madehazards of a non-strategic nature.
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Armed aggressionon the part of states
Civil defence
Natural disasters
Civil protection
Armed aggressionon the part of
groups of dissidents
"Homeland security"(civil defence)
"Generic" disasters
"Civil contingencies"(resilience)
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Naturaldisasters
Techno-logical
disasters
Socialdisasters
Inten-tional
disasters
Natural Anthropogenic
Civildefence
Civil contingenciesand Resilience
Civilprotection
"Homeland Security"
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The 2000s: growth of civil protectionaccompanied by the return of civil defence
• terrorism assumes a new formthat provokes a reorganisationand return of civil defence
• there is a constantincrease in theprofessionalityof civil protectionoperatives.
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• is the field internationalisingsufficiently?
• is training sufficient?
• is emergency management a profession, or should it be one?
• as a result of 9/11 have we regressedto old models of organisation?.
Questions that have not yetbeen properly answered (1):
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• What should be our standards?
• Is civil protectionsufficiently democratic?
• Do we have the support of the public?
• How much structural protection?
• Will civil protection adaptitself quickly enough andsufficiently to changesin society and hazards?.
Questions that have not yetbeen properly answered (2):
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• Are there fashions in civil protection?
• Can we afford all of this?
• Central control or devolution?
• What does efficiency meanin civil protection terms?
• Will we be able to keep theproblem of disasters under control?.
Questions that have not yetbeen properly answered (3):
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Emergency management training and education
B A
S IC
C ONC EP
T S
HA
ZA
RD
AN
ALY
SIS
EMERGENCYPLANNINGEMERGENCY
MANAGEMENT
DIS
AS
TE
R
SO
CIO
LO
GY
AN
D
PSY
CH
OLO
GY
RECOVERY AND
RECONSTRUCTION
PLANNING
PU
BLIC
INF
OR
MA
TIO
NM
AN
AG
EM
EN
T
METHODS OF
RISK MITIGATION
FIE
LD
EX
ER
CIS
ES
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Courses plannedMinimum
hours
Refresher
course
Courses for civil protection volunteers
Basic level 27 hrs 8 hrs
Specialist level variable 8
Task force level 30 8
Course for public emergency managers 200 36
Course for municipal emergency planners 60 8
Information courses for the general public variable --
Courses for spokespersons 20 8
First degrees and master's degreesregu-lation
--
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Recognition andan institutionalrole for the
professional figure
Certificationof competence
Trainingprogrammes
Emergingprofessional
figure
Policies andlegislation
Research Experience
Organi-sation
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There are various innovations in the systemof command of modern civil protection
• information technology has had the effectof flattening the chain of command
• there is more emphasis on autonomous taskforces and less on command and control.
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• information sharing and collaborationare being substituted for rigidmilitary and paramilitary hierarchies
• with the assistance of training courses,emergency planning and management arebeginning to become afully-fledged profession.
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From command and control
to the incident command system
ICS: a modular system fordirecting emergency operations,
starting at the site of the incidentand organised from the bottom up.
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The incident command system- advantages
• flexible and modular
• with a base at the site
• the emergency operations groworganically in relation to theforces available in the field
• the incident commander constitutesthe task forces according to needs.
• non-hierarchical
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• based on 'horizontal' collaborationinstead of a 'vertical' chain of command
• increases informationsharing among task forces
• divides command according tospan of control for ease of management
• easy to transfer command from oneperson to another at the incident site.
The incident command system- advantages
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• it does not work well if personnelare not well integrated intothe structure of command
• it is difficult to direct 'from above'
• it is not idea for very largeemergencies that requirea more centralised command.
The incident command system- disadvantages
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Civil protection must adapt itself withgreat rapidity and flexibility to....
• continual changes in naturaland anthropogenic hazards
• continual changes in humansociety and its vulnerability
• emerging risks, such asSARS and avian influenza.
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• needs, opportunities andlimitations created by thepolitical system in which it exists
• changes in the demand for safety andsecurity manifested by the population,public administrators and businesses.
Civil protection must adapt itself withgreat rapidity and flexibility to....
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CREATIONOF A NEWCULTUREOF CIVIL
PROTECTIONPOTENTIALTO BE
EXPLOITED
DEMAND
NEEDS
SUPPLY
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Now the challenge is to democratise civil protectionso as to induce the public to
assume more responsibility forits own safety and security.
[X]