The European World c. 1500

Gabriel Glickman

Conrad Celtis (1459-1508)

Niccolo Machiavelli (1469-1527)

European poor relief measures

1478 – Lyons Consultat takes over responsibility for the city’s hospitals from the Church.

1491 – local governments put in charge of poor relief in every canton in the Swiss confederacy.

1497 -Imperial Diet at Lindau declares that each community within the empire should make provisions to care for its own poor

1506 - Lille establishes ‘une bourse commune’.

1522-1545 –c. 60 European towns took steps towards enacting new legislation.

Henry, Duke of Viseu (‘Henry the Navigator’) 1394-1460

Voyages of Vasco da Gama between 1498 and 1519

Imperial circles of the Holy Roman Empire, c. 1550

The Commonwealth of Poland-Lithuania

• Slow weakening of the powers of the Jagiellon dynasty• 1454 – king no longer allowed to summon the nobility for military duty

without consent of representatives in the Sejm.• 1493 –Sejm ew-established as a bicameral parliament, to be elected every

two years.• 1505 – enactment of the nihil novi - no new laws can be passed without

the approval of the Sejm.• 1569 Union of Lublin with Grand Duchy of Lithuania on condition that

monarchy will be elective.

• Polish nobility account for c. 10 per cent of the population – highest of any state in Europe.

Italian city states c. 1500

Venice, unknown artist, 1413

Leonardo da Vinci, Design for a flying machine, 1477

Machiavelli, Discourses on Livy, 1517

• ‘all the things of this world in every era have their counterparts in ancient times…this is because these actions are carried out by men who have and have always had the same passions, which, of necessity, must give rise to the same results’.