THE EUROPEAN WARS THE EUROPEAN WARS OF RELIGIONOF RELIGIONc. 1560-1660c. 1560-1660

Philip II (r. 1556 – 1598)Philip II (r. 1556 – 1598)Son of Charles VSon of Charles VRuled Spanish & Ruled Spanish &

Portuguese Portuguese Empires, Empires, Netherlands and Netherlands and Southern Italy.Southern Italy.

Strongest Strongest military power in military power in the world.the world.

El EscorialEl Escorial

New royal palace/fortress (and monastery and mausoleum) in shape of grill, reflected Philip’s religious and , reflected Philip’s religious and military convictions. military convictions.

Catholic CrusadeCatholic Crusade

Philip IIPhilip II fanatically seeks to reimpose fanatically seeks to reimpose Catholicism in Europe. Catholicism in Europe.

Takes on Calvinists in his Netherlands Takes on Calvinists in his Netherlands territories.territories.

Fights against Protestant England due Fights against Protestant England due to Elizabeth I’s support of the Dutchto Elizabeth I’s support of the Dutch

Takes on Muslim Turks power in the Takes on Muslim Turks power in the Mediterranean.Mediterranean.

Battle of LepantoBattle of Lepanto Encouraged by Pope Pius V, Philip used Encouraged by Pope Pius V, Philip used

combined Spanish and Italian fleets to fight combined Spanish and Italian fleets to fight the Turks.the Turks.

Spain defeated Turkish navy off coast of Spain defeated Turkish navy off coast of Greece.Greece.

Turkish navy severely weakened as result.Turkish navy severely weakened as result.

The Dutch RevoltThe Dutch Revolt

Calvinist Netherlands Calvinist Netherlands resented foreign rule resented foreign rule by Spain (both on by Spain (both on religious, economic, religious, economic, and political grounds).and political grounds).

Philip II sends the Duke Philip II sends the Duke of Alva to suppress of Alva to suppress revolt. 1567-1572 revolt. 1567-1572 reign of terror killing reign of terror killing thousands of rebels.thousands of rebels.

Duke of Alva

The Dutch RevoltThe Dutch Revolt

1579, seven northern provinces form 1579, seven northern provinces form Union of Utrecht to continue fight.Union of Utrecht to continue fight.

William IWilliam I (William of Orange) (1533- (William of Orange) (1533-1584), led 7 provinces against 1584), led 7 provinces against Inquisition and revolt against rule of Inquisition and revolt against rule of Philip II. He was assassinated in 1584.Philip II. He was assassinated in 1584.

Struggle continued to 1609; 12-year Struggle continued to 1609; 12-year truce enacted; Defacto Dutch truce enacted; Defacto Dutch independence formally recognised in P independence formally recognised in P of W in 1648.of W in 1648.

England v. SpainEngland v. Spain

Queen Mary Tudor (Philip’s wife) Queen Mary Tudor (Philip’s wife) reimposes Catholicism in England.reimposes Catholicism in England.

Alliance with England ends with Alliance with England ends with death of Mary in 1558 and the death of Mary in 1558 and the accession of Elizabeth.accession of Elizabeth.

Queen Elizabeth I reverses Mary’s Queen Elizabeth I reverses Mary’s edicts Elizabeth helps Protestant edicts Elizabeth helps Protestant Netherlands gain independence from Netherlands gain independence from Spain.Spain.

Philip plots to reimpose Catholicism Philip plots to reimpose Catholicism in Englandin England

Elizabeth IElizabeth I

Elizabeth I of England (r. 1558-1603) Elizabeth I of England (r. 1558-1603) championed Protestant causes in Europe.championed Protestant causes in Europe.

England was an unlikely foe to Spain (lost England was an unlikely foe to Spain (lost possessions in Europe, had no overseas possessions in Europe, had no overseas possessions)possessions)

Elizabeth carefully crafted her image to Elizabeth carefully crafted her image to instill the love of her people.instill the love of her people.

Elizabeth supported the Dutch Revolt and Elizabeth supported the Dutch Revolt and English privateers regularly attacked English privateers regularly attacked Spanish colonial shipping.Spanish colonial shipping.

The Armada, 1588The Armada, 1588

Philip II attempts to Philip II attempts to invade England to end invade England to end Protestant resistance.Protestant resistance.

Fleet attempts to pick Fleet attempts to pick up Spanish troops in up Spanish troops in the Netherlands for the Netherlands for invasion.invasion.

Armada is harassed by Armada is harassed by smaller, better armed smaller, better armed and more and more manuverable English manuverable English fleetfleet

The Armada, 1588The Armada, 1588

The combination of better The combination of better English seamanship and bad English seamanship and bad weather (“the Protestant weather (“the Protestant Wind”) defeated the Wind”) defeated the Spanish.Spanish.

Forced to return home via Forced to return home via northern route, half the fleet northern route, half the fleet lost.lost.

Marked the beginning of the Marked the beginning of the end of Spanish power; leads end of Spanish power; leads to rise of Netherlands, to rise of Netherlands, England and France.England and France.

The French Wars of Religion -The French Wars of Religion -Catholic and Huguenots Catholic and Huguenots

Despite the spread of Reformation ideas, Despite the spread of Reformation ideas, France remained a largely Catholic France remained a largely Catholic nation.nation.

Of a total of 16 million (in the late 16Of a total of 16 million (in the late 16 thth century) 1.2 million embraced Calvinism.century) 1.2 million embraced Calvinism.

A large portion of French nobility were A large portion of French nobility were Calvinists.Calvinists.

Conflict between the groups led to three Conflict between the groups led to three decades of civil war on religious and decades of civil war on religious and political issues.political issues.

Henry II (r. 1547-1559)Henry II (r. 1547-1559)

Son of King Francis I of Son of King Francis I of the Valois line.the Valois line.

Henry married Henry married Catherine de Medici Catherine de Medici fourteen years old. fourteen years old.

When his older brother When his older brother Francis died in 1536 Francis died in 1536 after a game of tennis, after a game of tennis, Henry became heir to Henry became heir to the throne. the throne.

Henry II (r. 1547-1559)Henry II (r. 1547-1559)Henry was a large, powerful man; but a Henry was a large, powerful man; but a

weak-willed king.weak-willed king.Even so, he persecuted Huguenots.Even so, he persecuted Huguenots.Henry II severely punished them, Henry II severely punished them,

burning them alive or cutting out their burning them alive or cutting out their tongues for speaking their Protestant tongues for speaking their Protestant beliefs. Even those suspected of being beliefs. Even those suspected of being Huguenots could be imprisoned for life. Huguenots could be imprisoned for life.

He was killed in a jousting tournament.He was killed in a jousting tournament.

Catherine de’ MediciCatherine de’ Medici

After Henry II’s death in a After Henry II’s death in a jousting match, Catherine jousting match, Catherine used her position as Regent used her position as Regent to influence her three sons to influence her three sons who would serve as king.who would serve as king.

Francis II (r. 1559-1560), Francis II (r. 1559-1560), Charles IX (r. 1560-1574) Charles IX (r. 1560-1574) and Henry III (r. 1574-1589) and Henry III (r. 1574-1589) ruled under the influence of ruled under the influence of Catherine, but could not Catherine, but could not stop the spreading stop the spreading Huguenot influence.Huguenot influence.

St. Bartholemew's Day St. Bartholemew's Day MassacreMassacre

Open warfare began between the Catholics Open warfare began between the Catholics lead by the Guise family and the Huguenots lead by the Guise family and the Huguenots lead by the Bourbon family in 1562.lead by the Bourbon family in 1562.

First eight years of fighting ended in 1570.First eight years of fighting ended in 1570. Catherine still feared Huguenot power and Catherine still feared Huguenot power and

ordered their massacre on Aug. 24 1572.ordered their massacre on Aug. 24 1572.

War of the Three Henrys War of the Three Henrys (1585-89)(1585-89)

Following the massacre, Henry of Following the massacre, Henry of Navarre (a Bourbon) emerged as Navarre (a Bourbon) emerged as Huguenots leader.Huguenots leader.

Henry III attempted to form a Henry III attempted to form a moderate Catholic faction as an moderate Catholic faction as an alternative to the radical Guise faction.alternative to the radical Guise faction.

Conflict erupted between Henry III, Conflict erupted between Henry III, Henry of Navarre and Henry, Duke of Henry of Navarre and Henry, Duke of Guise.Guise.

War of the Three Henrys War of the Three Henrys (1585-89)(1585-89)

Regarding him as a serious threat, Regarding him as a serious threat, Henry III had Henry of Guise Henry III had Henry of Guise assassinated in Dec. 1588.assassinated in Dec. 1588.

Guise faction retaliated and had Guise faction retaliated and had Henry III killed July 1589.Henry III killed July 1589.

Henry of Navarre was the only one Henry of Navarre was the only one left with a legitimate claim to the left with a legitimate claim to the throne. He became Henry IV in throne. He became Henry IV in 1589.1589.

Henry IV (r. 1589-1610)Henry IV (r. 1589-1610)

First Bourbon king of First Bourbon king of France.France.

Was a Huguenot, but Was a Huguenot, but converts to converts to Catholicism.Catholicism.

Brings peace to the Brings peace to the warring factions.warring factions.

Issues the Edict of Issues the Edict of Nantes in 1589, Nantes in 1589, granting limited granting limited toleration to the toleration to the Huguenots.Huguenots.

Henry IV and Duke of SullyHenry IV and Duke of SullyHenry IV of France begins the process Henry IV of France begins the process

of restoring royal power.of restoring royal power.Appoints the Duke of Sully as finance Appoints the Duke of Sully as finance

ministerministerSully introduces sound accounting Sully introduces sound accounting

practices to increase the crown’s income.practices to increase the crown’s income.Did not attempt any major reforms (such Did not attempt any major reforms (such

as revoke tax-exemptions of nobility & as revoke tax-exemptions of nobility & clergy).clergy).

Neglected industrial development in favor Neglected industrial development in favor of agriculture. Built roads and canals.of agriculture. Built roads and canals.

Promoted mercantilist polices. Promoted mercantilist polices.

MercantilismMercantilism

Mercantilism was the primary set of Mercantilism was the primary set of economic theories that drove economic theories that drove international trade in the 17international trade in the 17thth and 18 and 18thth centuries.centuries.

Government control of the economy Government control of the economy was an essential feature.was an essential feature.

Mercantilism assumed that there was Mercantilism assumed that there was only so much wealth in the world and only so much wealth in the world and the way a nation got wealthy was the way a nation got wealthy was through a favorable through a favorable balance of tradebalance of trade or through the accumulation of bullion or through the accumulation of bullion ((bullionismbullionism).).

Louis XIIILouis XIII

In 1610, Henry IV In 1610, Henry IV was assassinated.was assassinated.

Louis XIII was only Louis XIII was only 10 yrs old, his 10 yrs old, his mother Marie de mother Marie de Medici acted as Medici acted as regent.regent.

In 1621, Cardinal In 1621, Cardinal Richelieu became Richelieu became king’s chief minister.king’s chief minister.

Cardinal RichelieuCardinal Richelieu Richelieu served as chief minister from Richelieu served as chief minister from

1621 until his death in 1642.1621 until his death in 1642. He gradually reduced the influence of the He gradually reduced the influence of the

nobility in government.nobility in government. He established the office of He established the office of indendant.indendant. When the Huguenots attempted to take When the Huguenots attempted to take

advantage of the new king, he defeated advantage of the new king, he defeated their forces at LaRochelle and denied them their forces at LaRochelle and denied them to the right to fortified cities.to the right to fortified cities.

Richelieu revived French animosity toward Richelieu revived French animosity toward the Habsburgs, involving France in the 30 the Habsburgs, involving France in the 30 yrs. War.yrs. War.

Mazarin and Louis XIVMazarin and Louis XIV

Mazarin succeeded Mazarin succeeded Richelieu as chief minister Richelieu as chief minister and continued in the and continued in the position when the 5 yr old position when the 5 yr old Louis XVI came to the Louis XVI came to the throne.throne.

Along with Queen Anne of Along with Queen Anne of Austria he served as Austria he served as regent.regent.

He continued most of He continued most of Richelieu’s policies.Richelieu’s policies.

Cardinal MazarinCardinal Mazarin

The Fronde (1648-1653)The Fronde (1648-1653)

A series of revolts by nobility and A series of revolts by nobility and townspeople broke out against royal townspeople broke out against royal power led by the Parlement of Paris.power led by the Parlement of Paris.

Infighting led to the revolt withering Infighting led to the revolt withering away.away.

Its failure demonstrated the successful Its failure demonstrated the successful strengthening of royal institutions.strengthening of royal institutions.

The disorder of the revolt convinced The disorder of the revolt convinced people that strong central power was people that strong central power was needed.needed.

Economic Crisis in SpainEconomic Crisis in Spain

Influx of silver into Spain from the Influx of silver into Spain from the New World caused rampant inflation; New World caused rampant inflation; when flow stopped in early 1600’s when flow stopped in early 1600’s economy suffered.economy suffered.

Philip II entangled Spain in costly Philip II entangled Spain in costly international wars.international wars.

Tax based depleted through series of Tax based depleted through series of plagues.plagues.

Count of OlivaresCount of Olivares

Attempted to lift Attempted to lift the burden on the burden on Castile through Castile through Union of Arms.Union of Arms.

Provinces felt Provinces felt independence was independence was being taken away.being taken away.

This provoked a This provoked a series of revolts.series of revolts.

Revolts against SpainRevolts against Spain

In the 1640s there were a series of revolts In the 1640s there were a series of revolts in Catalonia, Portugal, Naples and Sicily.in Catalonia, Portugal, Naples and Sicily.

Olivares was dismissed by Philip IV.Olivares was dismissed by Philip IV.Catalonian revolt lasted 11 yrs, thwarted Catalonian revolt lasted 11 yrs, thwarted

by infighting between peasants and by infighting between peasants and nobles.nobles.

Portuguese revolt was peaceful; gained Portuguese revolt was peaceful; gained independence in 1668.independence in 1668.

This period ended Spain as a world This period ended Spain as a world power.power.

United ProvincesUnited ProvincesDutch economic and political power Dutch economic and political power

grew as conflict between the Estates grew as conflict between the Estates General (pro-business) and the House General (pro-business) and the House of Orange (pro-war) continued.of Orange (pro-war) continued.

Amsterdam financial capital; biggest Amsterdam financial capital; biggest international shippers; religious international shippers; religious toleration.toleration.

Jan De Witt led Dutch through golden Jan De Witt led Dutch through golden age from 1653-1672.age from 1653-1672.

French invasion put power back in the French invasion put power back in the hands of the House of Orange under hands of the House of Orange under William III.William III.

SwedenSweden

Gustavus Adolphus (r. 1611-1632) Gustavus Adolphus (r. 1611-1632) established an efficient gov’t and established an efficient gov’t and bureaucracy.bureaucracy.

Nobles took more land and power Nobles took more land and power after the death of Adolphus.after the death of Adolphus.

Queen Christina abdicated in favor of Queen Christina abdicated in favor of her cousin Charles X, using the her cousin Charles X, using the Riksdag to pull power away from the Riksdag to pull power away from the nobles.nobles.

Eastern EuropeEastern Europe

Ottoman rule in Eastern Europe began Ottoman rule in Eastern Europe began to weaken after their defeat at Vienna to weaken after their defeat at Vienna in 1683.in 1683.

Poland’s power continued to decline.Poland’s power continued to decline. In Russia, following the In Russia, following the Time of Time of

TroublesTroubles (1584-1613) the Romanov (1584-1613) the Romanov dynasty came to power; nobles and dynasty came to power; nobles and church brought under control of tsar church brought under control of tsar (czar) and serfdom firmly (czar) and serfdom firmly restablished.restablished.

The Thirty Years WarThe Thirty Years War - -Origins of the ConflictOrigins of the Conflict

Peace of Augsburg of 1555 brought truce Peace of Augsburg of 1555 brought truce to warring religious factions in the Holy to warring religious factions in the Holy Roman Empire.Roman Empire.

The agreement only recognized Catholics The agreement only recognized Catholics and Lutherans (leaving out Calvinists).and Lutherans (leaving out Calvinists).

Calvinists began to make gains in a Calvinists began to make gains in a number or states and began demanding number or states and began demanding rights.rights.

Direct cause of the fighting was a conflict Direct cause of the fighting was a conflict in Bohemia.in Bohemia.

Bohemian Phase, 1618-1625Bohemian Phase, 1618-1625 In 1617, The Bohemian Diet elected In 1617, The Bohemian Diet elected

Ferdinand of StyriaFerdinand of Styria (a Hapsburg) king. (a Hapsburg) king. Two years later he elected HRE Ferdinand II.Two years later he elected HRE Ferdinand II.

His election alarmed Calvinists in Bohemia His election alarmed Calvinists in Bohemia since Ferdinand was a strong supporter of the since Ferdinand was a strong supporter of the Catholic cause.Catholic cause.

Roman Catholic officials ordered the end of Roman Catholic officials ordered the end of construction of some Protestant chapels on construction of some Protestant chapels on land which the Catholic clergy claimed land which the Catholic clergy claimed belonged to them. Protestants, who claimed belonged to them. Protestants, who claimed it was royal it was royal

They interpreted this as a violation of the They interpreted this as a violation of the right of freedom of religious expression as right of freedom of religious expression as granted in the granted in the Letter of MajestyLetter of Majesty issued by issued by Emperor Rudolf II in 1609. Emperor Rudolf II in 1609.

The Defenestration of Prague The Defenestration of Prague

On May 23, 1618, an On May 23, 1618, an assembly of assembly of Protestants tried two Protestants tried two Imperial governors Imperial governors for violating the for violating the Letter of Majesty.Letter of Majesty.

They were found They were found guilty, and thrown guilty, and thrown out of the high out of the high windows of the windows of the Bohemian Bohemian Chancellery. Chancellery.

The Defenestration of PragueThe Defenestration of Prague

They fell some 50 ft, and they landed on They fell some 50 ft, and they landed on a large pile of manure. They all survived.a large pile of manure. They all survived.

Roman Catholic Imperial officials claimed Roman Catholic Imperial officials claimed that they survived due to the mercy of that they survived due to the mercy of the benevolent angels assisting the the benevolent angels assisting the righteousness of the Catholic cause.righteousness of the Catholic cause.

Protestant pamphleteers asserted that Protestant pamphleteers asserted that their survival had more to do with the their survival had more to do with the horse excrement in which they landed horse excrement in which they landed than the benevolent acts of the angels.than the benevolent acts of the angels.

Bohemian Phase, 1618-1625Bohemian Phase, 1618-1625

Taking control of Prague, the Taking control of Prague, the Calvinists deposed Ferdinand and Calvinists deposed Ferdinand and elected a new king, Frederick V.elected a new king, Frederick V.

Emperor Ferdinand II won the Emperor Ferdinand II won the support of Maximilian I of Bavaria.support of Maximilian I of Bavaria.

Under the leadership of Under the leadership of Baron TillyBaron Tilly, , the Catholic League forces defeated the Catholic League forces defeated the Protestants in Bohemia at the the Protestants in Bohemia at the Battle of White Mountain in Nov. Battle of White Mountain in Nov. 1620., ending the Bohemian phase1620., ending the Bohemian phase

Danish Phase, 1625-1629Danish Phase, 1625-1629 King Christian IV intervened King Christian IV intervened

on the side of the Protestants on the side of the Protestants against Ferdinand II.against Ferdinand II.

Albrecht von WallensteinAlbrecht von Wallenstein and Tilly defeated the Danes and Tilly defeated the Danes in 1626 with a independent in 1626 with a independent army of 50,000 men.army of 50,000 men.

In 1629, Ferdinand II issued In 1629, Ferdinand II issued the the the the Edict of Edict of Restitution.Restitution.

The Treaty of Lubeck in 1629 The Treaty of Lubeck in 1629 restored Holstein to Christian restored Holstein to Christian IV while he pledged to stay IV while he pledged to stay out of the war.out of the war.Albrecht von Albrecht von

WallensteinWallenstein

Swedish Phase, 1630-1635Swedish Phase, 1630-1635 Swedish King Gustavus Swedish King Gustavus

Adolphus became the new Adolphus became the new defender of the Protestant defender of the Protestant cause.cause.

In 1630, the Swedes invaded In 1630, the Swedes invaded Germany.Germany.

Later that year, Catholic Later that year, Catholic France signed a alliance with France signed a alliance with Protestant Sweden, entering Protestant Sweden, entering the war against the the war against the Hapsburgs.Hapsburgs.

What had begun as a religious What had begun as a religious war now took political war now took political overtones.overtones. Gustavus AdolphusGustavus Adolphus

Swedish Phase, 1630-1635Swedish Phase, 1630-1635During the early stages the Swedes During the early stages the Swedes

won several victorieswon several victoriesTilly fell in battle in 1632 and Tilly fell in battle in 1632 and

Wallenstein formed a new army.Wallenstein formed a new army. In Nov. 1632, Wallenstein was In Nov. 1632, Wallenstein was

defeated at the Battle of Lutzen, but defeated at the Battle of Lutzen, but Gustavus Adolphus was killed.Gustavus Adolphus was killed.

Wallenstein entered into secret Wallenstein entered into secret negotiations with the French and negotiations with the French and Swedes, Ferdinand had him relieved in Swedes, Ferdinand had him relieved in 1634, he was assassinated a few days 1634, he was assassinated a few days later. later.

Swedish Phase, 1630-1635Swedish Phase, 1630-1635

In the autumn of 1634, Ferdinand II’s In the autumn of 1634, Ferdinand II’s army defeated the Swedes at the army defeated the Swedes at the Battle of Nordlingen.Battle of Nordlingen.

Each side in the conflict was Each side in the conflict was exhausted from years of fighting.exhausted from years of fighting.

In 1635, the Treaty of Prague In 1635, the Treaty of Prague brought an end to the Swedish phase brought an end to the Swedish phase of the war and strengthened the of the war and strengthened the position of the emperor compared to position of the emperor compared to that of the princes.that of the princes.

French Phase, 1635-1648French Phase, 1635-1648

Settlement reached in Settlement reached in the Treaty of Prague the Treaty of Prague was wrecked by the was wrecked by the French decision to French decision to directly intervene. directly intervene.

Cardinal Richelieu, Cardinal Richelieu, Chief Minister of Louis Chief Minister of Louis XIII wanted to weaken XIII wanted to weaken Hapsburg power and Hapsburg power and gain territory. gain territory.

Cardinal Cardinal RichelieuRichelieu

French Phase, 1635-1648French Phase, 1635-1648 The French relied on the German princes and The French relied on the German princes and

Swedes to lead the fight in Germany, while Swedes to lead the fight in Germany, while France moved against the Hapsburg Philip IV of France moved against the Hapsburg Philip IV of Spain.Spain.

The war continued to ravage Germany, with no The war continued to ravage Germany, with no side gaining the upper hand until the French side gaining the upper hand until the French defeated the Spanish and became more directly defeated the Spanish and became more directly involved.involved.

Ferdinand II died in 1637 and was succeeded by Ferdinand II died in 1637 and was succeeded by his son, Ferdinand III (r. 1637-1657).his son, Ferdinand III (r. 1637-1657).

Peace negotiations began in 1641, but made little Peace negotiations began in 1641, but made little progress until the death of Richelieu in 1642 and progress until the death of Richelieu in 1642 and the French occupation of Bavaria in 1646.the French occupation of Bavaria in 1646.

Peace of Westphalia, 1648Peace of Westphalia, 1648 Treaty of Westphalia ended the 30 yrs. War.Treaty of Westphalia ended the 30 yrs. War. France, Sweden, and Brandenburg (Prussia) France, Sweden, and Brandenburg (Prussia)

gained territory.gained territory. Settlement formally recognized the Settlement formally recognized the

independence of Switzerland and Dutch independence of Switzerland and Dutch Republic.Republic.

Granted German states the right to make Granted German states the right to make treaties and alliances, further weakening the treaties and alliances, further weakening the HRE. HRE. 300+ German states became sovereign.300+ German states became sovereign.

Religious rights guaranteed in Peace of Religious rights guaranteed in Peace of Augsburg expanded to Calvinists.Augsburg expanded to Calvinists.

Effects of the ConflictEffects of the Conflict GermanyGermany physically physically

devastated (as much as devastated (as much as 1/2 of pop. in certain 1/2 of pop. in certain areas perished).areas perished).

Religious wars come to Religious wars come to an end.an end.

France becomes the France becomes the predominant power in predominant power in Europe.Europe.

New rules of New rules of international affairs international affairs established (modern established (modern nation-state becomes nation-state becomes supreme).supreme).

The English Civil WarThe English Civil War - -Origins of the ConflictOrigins of the Conflict

The wars were the outcome of tensions The wars were the outcome of tensions between king and subjects over between king and subjects over religious religious and civil issuesand civil issues..

Religious disputesReligious disputes centered on whether centered on whether religion was to be dictated by the monarch religion was to be dictated by the monarch or the choice of the subject.or the choice of the subject.

Civil questionsCivil questions were to what extent the were to what extent the king's rule was constrained by parliaments.king's rule was constrained by parliaments.

The wars also had an element of national The wars also had an element of national conflict, as Ireland and Scotland rebelled conflict, as Ireland and Scotland rebelled against England's primacy within the Three against England's primacy within the Three Kingdoms. Kingdoms.

King James VI & I (r. 1603-King James VI & I (r. 1603-1625)1625) House of Stuart of Scotland.House of Stuart of Scotland. Belief in “divine right of Belief in “divine right of

kings,” wanted to rule kings,” wanted to rule without Parliament without Parliament

Leadership of Church went Leadership of Church went to those with to those with Arminian Arminian beliefs (predestination but beliefs (predestination but with “good works”)with “good works”)

Archbishop LaudArchbishop Laud tried to tried to impose Catholic-style ritual; impose Catholic-style ritual; Puritans dismayed.Puritans dismayed.

King claimed King claimed “no bishop, “no bishop, no kingno king” to Puritan ” to Puritan demand to end bishop demand to end bishop control.control.

Charles I (r. 1625-1649)Charles I (r. 1625-1649) Charles sought to rule Charles sought to rule

without Parliament and to without Parliament and to control the Anglican control the Anglican ChurchChurch

Petition of Right, 1628Petition of Right, 1628: : Parliament attempt to Parliament attempt to bribe king (taxes) in return bribe king (taxes) in return for accepting Parliament’s for accepting Parliament’s right to tax, right to tax, habeas habeas corpuscorpus, no quartering, and , no quartering, and no martial law in no martial law in peacetimepeacetime

Charles dissolved Charles dissolved Parliament in 1629; ruled Parliament in 1629; ruled without until 1640 using without until 1640 using collection of ship moneycollection of ship money

Revolt in ScotlandRevolt in Scotland

In 1637, English gov’t ordered the In 1637, English gov’t ordered the use of Anglican service in Scottish use of Anglican service in Scottish churches (churches (Book of Common Book of Common PrayerPrayer).).

In 1638, thousands of Scots signed In 1638, thousands of Scots signed the the Solemn League and Solemn League and CovenantCovenant, pledging to defend the , pledging to defend the Presbyterianism (Calvinism)Presbyterianism (Calvinism)

In 1639-40, the Scots rose in revolt, In 1639-40, the Scots rose in revolt, in which became in which became The Bishops WarThe Bishops War. .

The Short ParliamentThe Short Parliament

Charles needed money to stop the revolt, so Charles needed money to stop the revolt, so he called Parliament into session in April 1640.he called Parliament into session in April 1640.

The session lasted only three weeks as The session lasted only three weeks as Parliament demanded concessions from the Parliament demanded concessions from the king.king.

Charles dissolved Parliament and used already Charles dissolved Parliament and used already assembled forces in Ireland and Scotland to assembled forces in Ireland and Scotland to suppress the revolt.suppress the revolt.

His forces were defeated at Newburn on Tyne His forces were defeated at Newburn on Tyne in Aug. 1640, he needed to pay the Scots to in Aug. 1640, he needed to pay the Scots to keep peace until settlement was reached, keep peace until settlement was reached, therefore he recalled Parliament.therefore he recalled Parliament.

The Long ParliamentThe Long Parliament

Parliament met on Nov. 3 1640 (and Parliament met on Nov. 3 1640 (and did not dissolve until 1653).did not dissolve until 1653).

Parliament impeached and Parliament impeached and eventually condemned to death the eventually condemned to death the Earl of Strafford and Archbishop Earl of Strafford and Archbishop Laud.Laud.

Parliament barred the levy of taxes Parliament barred the levy of taxes without its approval, that Parliament without its approval, that Parliament should meet every 3 yrs, and the should meet every 3 yrs, and the king could not dissolve Parliamentking could not dissolve Parliament

Civil War BeginsCivil War Begins

In the In the Grand Remonstrance Grand Remonstrance of of Nov. 1641, Parliament summarized Nov. 1641, Parliament summarized its political and religious grievances. its political and religious grievances.

In Jan. 1642, Charles sent troops to In Jan. 1642, Charles sent troops to Parliament to arrest 5 of its leaders, Parliament to arrest 5 of its leaders, they were warned and escaped.they were warned and escaped.

Fearing for his safety, Charles left Fearing for his safety, Charles left London and headed North to gather London and headed North to gather forces.forces.

Civil WarCivil WarCavaliersCavaliers: :

supported the supported the king, strong in king, strong in North and West.North and West.

RoundheadsRoundheads, , Lawyers, doctors, Lawyers, doctors, merchants, merchants, gentry; Puritans gentry; Puritans opposed king; opposed king; strong in South strong in South and East; allied and East; allied with Scots.with Scots.

Civil WarCivil War Oliver CromwellOliver Cromwell led led

“New Model Army”“New Model Army” Defeat the Cavaliers at Defeat the Cavaliers at

Marstoon Moor in July 1644 Marstoon Moor in July 1644 and Nasby in June 1645.and Nasby in June 1645.

King taken prisoner in May King taken prisoner in May 1646.1646.

““Pride’s Purge”Pride’s Purge” creates creates Rump Parliament in Dec. Rump Parliament in Dec. 1648.1648.

Rump Parliament executes Rump Parliament executes Charles in Jan 1649.Charles in Jan 1649.Oliver CromwellOliver Cromwell

The Interregnum:The Interregnum:The Commonwealth (1649-The Commonwealth (1649-

1653)1653) Political power held in one-house parliament.Political power held in one-house parliament. Council of State conducted daily affairs.Council of State conducted daily affairs. Cromwell pushes Puritan religious agenda.Cromwell pushes Puritan religious agenda. English control established over Scotland; English control established over Scotland;

revolt in Ireland brutally crushed.revolt in Ireland brutally crushed. Clashed with radicals and lower classes.Clashed with radicals and lower classes.

LevellersLevellers: Radical religious revolutionaries; sought : Radical religious revolutionaries; sought social and political reform – proto-communism.social and political reform – proto-communism.

QuakersQuakers: believed in “inner light”; rejected church : believed in “inner light”; rejected church authority; pacifists.authority; pacifists.

The Interregnum:The Interregnum:The Protectorate (1653-1659)The Protectorate (1653-1659) Cromwell dissolves the Council of State Cromwell dissolves the Council of State

and the Rump Parliament in Apr. 1653; he and the Rump Parliament in Apr. 1653; he replaces it with 140-member replaces it with 140-member Barebone’s Barebone’s ParliamentParliament..

In late 1653, he dissolves this and takes In late 1653, he dissolves this and takes title of title of Lord ProtectorLord Protector (one man (one man dictatorship supported by the army).dictatorship supported by the army).

Cromwell goes to war with the Dutch and Cromwell goes to war with the Dutch and Spain over commercial issues. Dutch were Spain over commercial issues. Dutch were defeated in 1654; in 1655 the English take defeated in 1654; in 1655 the English take Jamaica from the Spanish.Jamaica from the Spanish.

The Restoration - 1660The Restoration - 1660

Cromwell dies in Sept. Cromwell dies in Sept. 1658. He is succeeded 1658. He is succeeded by his son Richard.by his son Richard.

Richard resigns in May Richard resigns in May 1659 and the army 1659 and the army took power.took power.

General Monk moves to General Monk moves to restore the monarchy.restore the monarchy.

Charles IICharles II (r. 1660- (r. 1660-1685) returns to power 1685) returns to power from Francefrom France

King Charles II