The Ethnobotany of Brasiliansin the Los Angeles Basin

Laurel SkinnerLA 4782-02

Ethnographic Study of Brasilians-Region

Homeland region:

Brasil is located in South America

8,459,417 square kilometers of land

Became independent in 1822

Language: Portuguese

Population of 205,716,890

The capital is Brasilia

(World Atlas, n.d.).

Predominantly coastal population

(2018 Index of Economic Freedom, 2018)

Largest country in South America and 5th Largest country in the world (Rosa, 2011)

Brazilians are considered Latinx but not Hispanic. Those from countries who speak Portuguese are Lusitanic instead.

(Brightwell, 2016)

(John in Brazil, n.d.)

Economy of Brasil In 2016 the President (Michel Temer) has promoted

slowing the growth of government spending.

Personal income rate tax is 27.5%

Government spending has been 40.5% of total GDP

(2018 Index of Economic Freedom, 2018)

Most significant industries: Aircraft and ships, Steel, Iron ore, Armaments, Textiles, Petroleum, Various Chemicals, Soybeans, Mining/minerals, Coffee, Cotton, Fetilisers, Telecommunications equipment , electronics, transportation equipment, footwear, cement, hydroelectricity.

Predominanly exports products to: China, USA, Argentina, Netherlands, Germany

Economy also depends on tourism

Labor forces are predominantly: Agriculture, 20%, Industry, 14%, and Services 66%

GDP is predominantly: Agriculture, 5.5%, Industry, 28.7%, Services, 65.8%

16% of Brasilians live below the poverty line

6% are unemployed

(Meyer, 2010 c.)

(Focus Economics, 2016)

Ethnographic Study of Brasilians-Native Groups Indigenous nations within Brasil include: Aimoré,

Amanyé, Atikum, Awá-Guajá, Baniwa, Bará, Botocudo, Caeté, Carijó, Charrúa, EnaweneNawe, Goitacá, Guaraní, Kadiwéu, Kaingang, Kamayurá, Karajá, Kaxinawá, Kayapo, Kokama, Korubo, Kubeo, Kulina Madihá, Makuxi, Matsés, Mayoruna, Mbya, Munduruku, Mura, Nambikwara, Ofayé, Pai Tavytera, Paiter, Panará, Pankararu, Pataxó, Pirahã, Potiguara, Potiguara, SateréMawé, Suruí do Pará, Tabajara, Tamoio, Tapirape, Temiminó, Terena, Ticuna, Tremembé, Tupi, Tupinambá, Tupiniquim, Waorani, Wapixana, Wauja, Witoto, Xakriabá, Xavante, Xukuru, and Yanomami

(Brightwell, 2016)

(Inoue & Moreira, 2017)

Ethnographic Study of Brasilians-Immigration In In 1500 Pedro Alveras Cabrel, from

Portugal, invaded Brazil

Africans were brought over as slaves, enslaved alongside the indigenous groups such as Ewe, Fanti-Ashanti, Yoruba.

Harvest Brazilwood

8% of Brazilians have African Ancestory

40% of abducted Africans went to Brazil

Other waves of immigration came from China, Germany, Italy, Japan, Korea, Lebanon, Poland, Spain, Switzerland, Syria, & Ukraine

San Paulo has the largest enclave of Japanese individuals outside of Japan.

(Brightwell, 2016)(Dino Plant, n.d.)

Natural Climate of Brasil Brazil is a large country that is incredibly

varied in climate, terrain, and biomes. All based on what region one is in.

There are essentially four different major regions of Brazil's climate

Equatorial Zone, Semi-Arid Zone, Highland Tropical Zone, Subtropical Zone Northeast is driest portion

Coastal cities are usually warmer

(Meyer, 2010 a.).

90% of the country is considered tropical

On average rainfall is 39.37 inches to 59.05 inches (The Geography Site, n.d.)

(Climate Change, 2016)

Equatorial Zone What is typically thought of as "Brasil"

Night temperatures significantly drop

Heavy and frequent rain

Dense vegetation

Humidity is year round

Usually overcast

The temperature is typically between 77 F and 82 F

Usually the temperature does not exceed 91.4 degrees F

(Meyer, 2010 a.).

(The Golf Club, n.d.)

Semi-Arid Zone Midway point between desert

and humid forest

Vegetation: shrubs and grasses

Not many trees

Sub categories: hot semi-arid climates

cold semi-arid climates

(Meyer, 2010 a.).

Rainfall is sparse.

Drought cycles occur every seven years.

Northeast is the driest area.

Sertão region is used for “low density ranching”

(The Geography Site, n.d.)

(Fernando Ricci, 2018)

Highland Tropical Zone Uniform rainfall

Also known as oceanic climate or maritime climate

These zones temperature does not go below 64.4 F

Cool summers and warm winters

(Meyer, 2010 a.).

There are luxuriant hardwood forests on the Eastern seaboard

(Encyclopaedia Britannica, n.d. b.)

Supplies the majority of minerals the country has.

(Encyclopaedia Britannica, n.d. a.)

(Encyclopedia Britannica, 2018)

Subtropical Zone

Just outside of tropical zones

Is hot but not as much as these tropic zones

Winters mild & cold, with no snow and frost

Rainfall varies by sea level (Meyer, 2010 a.).

Includes cities: Porto Alegre and Curitiba

Is similar to parts of the USA and Europe.

(The Geography Site, n.d.)

(Boo

king

s, n

.d.)

Brasilian Relationship to Natural Environment- Food Food in Brasil is divided into 4 essential

categories, largely based on a mix of indigenous food and influences from cuisine from around the world

Center-West (Goias), North (Acre, Amazonas, Amapa, Para, Rondonia, Roraima, Tocantins), Northeast (Pernambuco and Bahia), Southeast (Rio de Janeiro, San Paulo, & Minas Gerais)

Typical indigenous ingredients include: acai, cashews, cassava, chili, cumaru, cupuacu, guarana, guava, hog plums, maize, manioc, passion fruit, peanuts, pineapples, pinhao, tomatoes, tucupi, ducks, fish

(Brightwell, 2016)

Root vegetables are commonly used

Typically most popular fruits include:

Mangos, pappayas (called paw paws), guavas, granndillas, and pinneaples.

(Meyer, 2010 b.)

(Ennes, n.d.)

Immigrant Influence on Relationship to Plants

Europeans brought over: wheat, wine, pigs, cows, dairy

Africans brought over: okra

Influence of African cooking is most evident in coastal areas

North American influences include: Papaya

Asians brought over: mangos, oranges, rice and star fruit

Japanese influence in cooking has influenced the making of empanadas

(Brightwell, 2016)

The influence of immigrants makes food varied by geographic location.

(Meyer, 2010 b.)(Bra

ins

for

Brun

ch,

2012

)

Brasilian Chicken with Okra

Medicine in Brasil Traditional medicine is part of Brasilian heritage

The Brasilian Unified Public Health System (SUS) currently lists 71 plants of interest that they could develop into potential drugs (Mazzari & Prieto, 2014)

66% of the population has no access to commercial medicines (Mazzari & Prieto, 2014)

SUS started in 1988

Brazilian law “health is everyone’s right and duty of the state, guaranteed through social and economic policies aiming at reducing the risk of any illness and other disorders and providing universal and equalitarian access to actions and services for its promotion, protection, and recovery”

In the SUS Traditional Medicine has been used to fight Dengue

Allowance for alternative and traditional medicine by the Policy of Integrative and Complementary Practices (PNPIC)

Includes: Traditional Chinese Medicine, Acupuncture, Homeopathy, Herbal Medicine, Anthroposophical Medicine & Hydrotherapy-Crenotherapy

(Rosa, 2011).

(Guimaraes de Lima e Silva, 2014)

Goiania/Goias Goiania, located in the state of

Goias is the 12th most populated city in Brasil

There is an Alternative Medicine Hospital

Started with Ayurveda medicine in the 1980’s

It includes a garden were medical plants are grown

There is consultants in herbal medicine, homeopathy, acupuncture, psychology, nutrition, social work, nursing, physiotherapy (Rosa, 2011)

(Bra

silT

uris

mo,

n.d

.)

How Destruction of the Rainforest is Changing Ethnobotany in Brasil 20% of the Amazon rainforest has already been lost

(World Wildlife Fund, n.d.)

In Amazonia herbal remedies make up a large amountof healthcare.

New land-use putting pressure on native plants usedfor medicine.

Pressures include: mining, logging, ranching, agricultura

Forest based communities find it increasingly difficultto find trees producing medicinal oils, exudates, and barks

May have guards at certain trees now

Most at risk are plants that grow slowly, are lowdensity with very specific hábitat requirements

High amazonia biodiversity means low density ofindividual species

(Shanley & Luz, 2003)(World Wildlife Fund, n.d.)

Migration into the USA-Timeline

The first wave of immigration happen in the 1960's

In the 1980's there was a financial crisis in Brazil that lead to 1.4 million Brazilians leaving

There are an estimated 10,000 Brazilians in the Los Angeles Basin

30% of those live in Palms and Culver City

No "Little Brasil" established in Los Angeles

In 1991 the first two Brazilian businesses opened in Los Angeles

Bamboo Restuarant (Culver City) and Cafe Brasil (Venice)

In 1994 Zambumba opened, but closed in 2012.

In 2007 the Brazilian Mall opened

(Brightwell, 2016)

(Dav

ies

& A

ssoc

iate

s LL

C.,

n.d.

)

Migration into the USA-Timeline Brasil isn't known for having a

strong community in Los Angeles

World cup is the strongest bringing together or Brazilians

Brasilian mall is on Venice Boulevard

Includes a supermarket

Recession hurt this area

(Stevens, 2014)(Brasileiros no exterior, 2014)

Life of Brasilians in the Los Angeles Basin

In the 2000’s more Brazilian businesses popped up in Los Angeles

On Saturdays radio station KPFQ has “Brazilian Hour”

During February/March at least two Carnival bowls are hosted (Lindenberg, 2014)

In 2018 a Brasilian Cultural Center was opened in Irvine

Irvine also has an OC Brasilian Business Club

Monthly meetings

Hosted in the same building as the cultural center(Brazilian nites, n.d.)

San Bernadino appears to be the least inhabited by Brasilian immigrants

(Los Angeles Zoo & Botanical Gardens, 2014)

Map of Major Enclaves in Los Angeles Basin

None currently (CITATION)

Supermercado Brasil is currently the most cited location of being the most significant Brasilian location in the Los Angeles Basin. (CITATION)

(Policy Map, n.d.)Percent of People Born in Brazil

Current Use of Plants List:

Crinum sp.dale-dale(Pedrollo, 2016)

Anacardium occidentale(Cashew) Caju Fruit/Cajueiro Tree

Bertholletia excelsaBrazil Nut TreeCastanhero-do-para

Bixa OrellanaAnnatto Plant, Lipstick TreeUrucum

Genipa AmericanaJenipapo

Hymenaea courbarilStinking Toe/Kerosene treeJatoba

Ilex paraguariensisErva-mate/Yerba-mate

Maytenus ilicifoliaEspinheira Santa-Holy Spine, Cancerosa, Cangorosa, Maiteno, Espinheira Divina- Divine Spine

Ptychopetalum olacoids

Schinus terebinthifoliusBrazilian Pepper TreeAroeira

Strychnos pseudoquinaFalsa-quina

(Mitra et al., 2007)

(Dutra et al., 2016)

Crinum sp.Dale-dale

Bulb juice emeticIn childbirth helps with postpartum haemorrhagePut on the wounds that are poisonous arrows have causedPoultice made from bulb when pounded helps with osteodynia, rheumatismMade from leaves treats contusions, sprains, fractures, luxationsDecoction of dried leaves treat haemorrhoidsBulb juice put in ear for otitisisLeaf juice for cuts, wounds

(Useful Tropical Plants, n.d.)

(The

Nat

iona

l Gar

deni

ng A

ssoc

iati

on,

n.d.

)

Anacardium occidentale(Cashew) Caju Fruit/Cajueiro Tree

Brought by the Portuguese

Peduncle high nutrient quality- tannins, mineral salts, organic acids, vitamin cAntimicrobal propertiesUsed to treat: Mouth ulcers, diarrhea, acute gastritis, throat problems

Leaves: flavonoids and tannins

Bark: Inhibit skin cancerUsed to treat: inflammation (arthritis)Pataxo Indians: lower extremity pain, skin injuryCaicara Fishermen: diarrhea & hemorrhoids

Gum: Can substitute gum arabic

(Mitra et al., 2007)

(Bot

hra

Nur

sery

, n.

d.)

Bertholletia excelsaBrazil Nut TreeCastanhero-do-para

8th most productive nut tree High in selenium- protects against cancerous tumorsAmazonian river dwellers use to treat anemia, Amazonian river dwellers and rubber tappers use bark and fruit to liver, colic problems, dysentery, strength the body, fever treatment, gastrointestinal disturbance

(Mitra et al, 2007)

(Wild

scre

enAr

kive

, n.

d.)

Bixa OrellanaAnnatto Plant, Lipstick TreeUrucum

Indigenous Amazonians dye to paint bodies and women paint lips Is used as a dye in many productsSeeds medicinially used- powder to gastroinstenital tonic, fortifier and aphrodisiac

Also treat: headaches, control gonorrhea, buccal tumors, gargle sore throats, anti-pruriticLeaves- oral hygiene, antimeticAntimicrobial againsit- Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Salmonella typhi, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans and Escherichia coli

(Mitra et al, 2007)

(Hor

ticu

ltur

e In

dex,

n.d

.)

Genipa AmericanaJenipapo

Fruit high in ironProduced into candies, jellies, lliquers, beverages

Used to treat anemia, asthma, diarrhea

An adaptogen- tonic, fortifier

Contains geniposide which has been shown to discourage tumor growth

(Mitra et al., 2007)

(Zoo

m’s

Edi

ble

Plan

ts,

n.d.

)

Hymenaea courbarilStinking Toe/Kerosene treeJatoba

Bark, resin, leaves treat arthritis, asthma, bronchitis, rheumatism

Resin-Source of diterpene carboxylic acids

Zapotecs of Isthmus-Sierra use bark and leaves as incenseBark/Resin- tonic, fortifier, energizer, counteracting weakness Also an adaptogen- help adapt to stress similar to corticosteroids

Some evidence may act as an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory, hypoglycemic, immunodulator, hyponcholesterolemicEdible part of fruit contains terpenoids

(Mitra et al, 2007)

(TRA

MIL

, n.d

.)

Ilex paraguariensisErva-mate/Yerba-mate Used to prepare mate

Is considered the most commercialized plant in South America

Rich in xanthine, polyphenols, flavonoids, saponins, potassium, magnesium, chlorogenic acid, anti-oxidant properties (biological and chemical systems)

Is a diuretic, anti-inflammatory, mild stimulant

Stimulant- caffeine and theobromine

Traditionally used for choleretic drugs for arthritis, liver disease, headache, rheumatism, obesity and as an eupeptic for gastrointestinal disorders

Some evidence shows might help control hyperlipidemia associated with obesity

As an adaptogen for stress

Xanthine help it elevate stress (Mita et al, 2007)

(Sow

Exo

tic,

n.d

.) (

Ore

gon

Stat

e U

nive

rsit

y, n

.d.)

Maytenus ilicifoliaEspinheira Santa-Holy Spine, Cancerosa, Cangorosa, Maiteno, Espinheira Divina- Divine Spine

Used for fertility control, abortifacient (Southern Brazil especially) and remedy for gastric disorders

Found when tested in mice to discourage embryo implanation

Has also been found to work against ulcers, aging, diabetes, asthenia, and cancer

Tea is called abafado, made from boiling the leaves

Tea leaves used to treat wounds, rashes, skin cancer

(Mitra et al, 2007)

(Use

ful T

ropi

cal P

lant

s, n

.d.

a.)

Ptychopetalumolacoids

In Brazil is currently used a body stimulant, energy tonic, and aphrodisiac

Has antioxidant properties in vitro and in vivo

Is an adoptogen

Good for asthenia and neurasthenia

Traditionally a nerve and brain tonic in Amazon communities

Has been found to effect the central nervous system

Has been used to treat post stroke with some cognitive function recovered (alertness and memory)

(Mitra et al, 2007)

(L’h

erbo

rist

erie

Yann

ick

Bohb

ot,

n.d.

)

Schinus terebinthifoliusBrazilian Pepper TreeAroeira

Leaves and stem bark used for urinary disorders, bloody menstruations, hemorrhages, superior respiratory problems, bronchitis

In densistry for plaque, gingivitis, periodontites, alveolitis

Testing has shown in vitro that it is antibacterial against Bacillus corineforme, Proteus vulgaris, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Citrobacter freundii and Escherichia coli

Studies show may treat stomatisis (mouth inflammation), work as an anti-inflammatory anti-histamine

Oils used to treat respiratory problems, mycosis, candida infection,

Flavones, flavonoids, xanthones, free steroids, anthraquinones, pentacyclic triterpenes

Stem bark show anti-microbial properties for resistant Staph infections (Mitra et al, 2007)

(Bur

eau

of S

tree

t Se

rvic

es C

ity

of L

os A

ngel

es,

n.d.

)

Strychnos pseudoquinaFalsa-quina

200 different species used medicinally (and for poison)

Bark is used as adaptogen

For tonic, aphrodisiac, restorative and counteract nervous debility

Usually used for hepatic diseases, fevers and stomach diseases

Has been researched as a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug and necrotizing agent

(Mitra et al, 2007)

(Use

ful T

ropi

cal P

lant

s, n

.d.

b.)

Products Available in Markets Supermercado Brasil carries products such as:

Frango Pastel- Fried Chicken Pastry

Frango Risole- Chicken Risoles

Frango Empada- Chicken Empanadas

Frango Esfirra- Chicken Esfirra

Empada Palmito- Empanadas with Artichoke Hearts

Risole Camarao- Shrimp Risole

Bolinho Bacalhau- Codfish Cakes

Coxinha- battered shredded chicken

Maracuja Juice- Passionfruit juice

Goiaba juice- Guava Juice

Caju Juice- Cashew Juice

Products Available in Markets Leite de Colonia- Fragrance

Leite de Rosa- Deorderant

Protex-Soap

Sempre Bella Oleo De Macadamia- Macadamia Nut Oil Conditioner

Neutrox Classico Conditioner

Skala-Avacoda Shampoo/Conditioner

Molho de Alho- Garlic Sauce

Molho Ingles- English Sauce

Malagueta- a variety of chili pepper

Azeite de Dende- Palm Oil

Zanuzzo- Spaghetti from Heart of Palm

Madrugada-Euphorbia Tea

Quebra Pedra- Gale of the Wind (Phyllanthus Niruri)

Chamomile tea

Products Available in Markets Passion fruit tea (maracuja)

Cassava flour- Yucca Flour

Cha de Hibisco-Hibiscus Tea

Herbal Tea Boldo – Peumus Boldo

Cada gota contem- zero-cal sweetner

Fuba Mimosa- Corn Meal

Frainha e Rosca- Bread crumbs

Propolis- ginger, mint and malva, pomegranate, original

Catupiry- Spreadable cheese

Aqua de coco- Coconut water

Codfish

Yoki- Cheese Bread

Products Available in Markets- Dried Herbs Boldo

Graviola Soursop- Annona muricata

Unha de Gato-Cat’s Claw

Chapeu de Couro- Echinodorus grandiflorus

Arnica- Wolf’s Bane

Lemongrass

Mulberry leaf

Centella Asiatica Gotu Kola

Porangaba Bugre-Tea

Pata de Vaca- Orchid Tree

Picao Preto-Beggar Ticks

Muracuja-Passion Flower

Eucalyptus

Guaco-Mikania glomerata

Hibisco- Hibiscus

Interview 1- Raquel Reynolds (nee Nunes) Age: 53

Age Left: 23

Town/Region: Curitiba, State of Paraná

Sex: Female

House/Location/Neighborhood: House, North Hills, Predominantly Hispanic Neighborhood

Interview:

Raquel moved directly to the at age 23 to the Los Angeles basin. She notes that when she was in Brazil she didn't cook much and her dad was a doctor who sometimes used herbal remedies. She explains that Boldo tea is frequently drunk for an upset stomach and that her dad used to use Brazilian holly for stomach ulcers. Her dad used to use camphor leaves when she and her siblings had respiratory infection. He would put the leaves in hot water and then put a towel over their heads so they could inhale the steam. Raquel genuinely thought when she moved here that the products would be the same in the market. She called one of her friends when she moved and asked why the grocery store was always out of Yucca flower. She was shocked when her friend (who had moved here before her) informed her that it isn't offered in the USA. She notes that now you can find it but it isn't as good as in Brazil. She also missed products like aloe shampoo. She notes that a lot of women in Brazil rub aloe onto their hair for moisture, sometimes simply breaking it off the plant. There are two kinds of peppers she notes that she misses. One is Malagueta, which is spicy and frequently added to dishes in Brazil. She currently gets it directly from Brazil. She does this with a lot of products because she finds things she's found in ethnic supermarkets to be too expensive and not similar enough to what is at home. The other pepper is very similar to allspice but it is not as sweet. She notes she has never adjusted to using allspice. She tried to plant papaya when she moved here, but notes it didn't work out. She also notes that Oregano is much different here and is more minty. There are a lot of foods that she just had to get used to in terms of taste.

Interview 2- Manoel Manfrio Age: 63

Age Left: 35

Town/Region: São Paulo, State of São Paulo

Sex: Male

House/Location/Neighborhood: Apartment, Orange, Predominantly Hispanic Neighborhood

Interview:

Moved to the Los Angeles basin at age 35. I meet Manoel when I used to teach yoga at a low cost studio in Orange. He moved here for work. Like Raquel his family also always had a garden, but it was much smaller because of where he lived. He notes that there are weeds in Brazil that are frequently foraged in Brazil, which include Passion Fruit and Coyote Squash. He notes that they are much more expensive here. He also notes that because he lived in São Paulo he there was less of a cultural shock that say a place like Curitiba. São Paulo has more immigrants and the food is more varied, although this has increased more than when he lived there. He did however note that when he came he was shocked that Brazilian products here were so (and still are) expensive and was sad that Guaraná Antarctica soda wasn't available. He notes he used to drink it for energy. Overall he noted that food was more something he missed than herbal remedies. He also notes that when he moved to the USA Mate was not a product available in markets. When he first tried black iced tea he said he hated and still does. To him it tastes like "artichoke water". In Brazil he noted Mate can be purchased on tall yogurt-like containers with foil lids, just about anywhere. Another drink he misses is sugar cane juice, which he says there are machines for everywhere in Brazil. He also wishes guava paste was easier to get in the USA. He has never really tried planting any of the plants he was used to having in Brazil because he has never lived somewhere with a backyard to do so. His family visits frequently and smuggles products and fruits and vegetables into the USA. The only herbal remedy he remembers using are various teas, such as Boldo tea and Comfrey tea (and he does not remember what Comfrey tea is used for). He does however also remember using Proplysis mixed with Guaco for sore throats.

Products Tested-Boldo Tea

Ingredients: Boldo, Hot Water.

I went to the Supermercado Brasilin Venice Beach and got Boldo. I then made it at home using instructions Raquel gave me on how long to brew it. I used it for when I felt sick. I wasn’t skeptical using it just because of my prior experience using herbal tea remedies. I used it for when I had a headache, which is an additional use besides upset stomach. It didn’t completely get rid of my headache, but it made it significantly better.

Products Tested-Yerba Mate Lemonade

Ingredients: Half brewed Yerba Mate tea mixed with half lemonade.

I decided to tried Yerba Mate especially because my doctor recommended I stop drinking coffee as my heart tends to race when I wake up in the morning. I’ve tried Yerba Mate before and I hadn’t really liked the taste. I knew from the permaculture class I took previously that some people used it as a replacement for coffee. I tried some Yerba Mate Lemonade that Raquel (my first interviewee) made at her home. Her home is in no way ignorantly different than anyone else’s home I’ve been too (excepting the Brasilian flag outside in the front yard). The taste was significantly better than when I had it before, however it wasn’t low enough in caffeine to not effect me. I ended up having to take some of my Rhodelia tincture to help calm my heart rate down. However, I think for other individuals who have less of an issue with caffeine intact but are trying to cut back on caffeine this could definitively be useful.

(Han

doo,

n.d

.)

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